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{{Short description| | {{Short description|Mangrove wetland in Odisha, India}} | ||
{{Infobox ecoregion | {{Infobox ecoregion | ||
|name = Bhitarkanika Mangroves<ref name="Protected Planet">{{cite web |title=Bhitarkanika Mangroves |website=Protected Planet |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/bhitarkanika-mangroves-ramsar-site-wetland-of-international-importance |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925114448/https://www.protectedplanet.net/bhitarkanika-mangroves-ramsar-site-wetland-of-international-importance |archive-date=2019-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |name = Bhitarkanika Mangroves<ref name="Protected Planet">{{cite web |title=Bhitarkanika Mangroves |website=Protected Planet |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/bhitarkanika-mangroves-ramsar-site-wetland-of-international-importance |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925114448/https://www.protectedplanet.net/bhitarkanika-mangroves-ramsar-site-wetland-of-international-importance |archive-date=2019-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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|map_alt = | |map_alt = | ||
|map_caption = | |map_caption = | ||
|biogeographic_realm = [[Indomalayan realm | |biogeographic_realm = [[Indomalayan realm]] | ||
|biome = | |biome = | ||
|animals = [[saltwater crocodile]], [[olive ridley turtle]] | |animals = [[saltwater crocodile]], [[olive ridley turtle]] | ||
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|geology = | |geology = | ||
|seas = [[Bay of Bengal]] | |seas = [[Bay of Bengal]] | ||
|rivers = [[Brahmani River | |rivers = [[Brahmani River]] | ||
|climate = Am | |climate = Am | ||
|soil = | |soil = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Bhitarkanika Mangroves ''' is a [[mangrove]] wetland in [[Odisha]], | '''Bhitarkanika Mangroves ''' is a [[mangrove]] wetland in [[Odisha]], India, covering an area of {{cvt|650|km}} in the [[Brahmani River]] and [[Baitarani River]] deltas. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The Bhitarkanika Mangroves were [[zamindari]] forests until 1952, when the government of Odisha abolished the zamindari system, and put the zamindari forests in the control of the state forest department. In 1975, an area of 672 | The Bhitarkanika Mangroves were [[zamindari]] forests until 1952, when the government of Odisha abolished the zamindari system, and put the zamindari forests in the control of the state forest department. In 1975, an area of {{cvt|672|km2}} was declared the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary. The core area of the sanctuary, with an area of {{cvt|145|km2}}, was declared [[Bhitarkanika National Park]] in September 1998. [[Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary|The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary]], which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Bhitarkanika Mangroves were designated a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar Wetland of International Importance]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramsar Convention Official site|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-india/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16561_4000_0__|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212153814/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-india/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16561_4000_0__|archive-date=2013-12-12}}</ref> | ||
== Flora and fauna== | == Flora and fauna== | ||
[[File:Bhitarkanika Mangroves Flora and Fauna 03.JPG|thumb| | [[File:Bhitarkanika Mangroves Flora and Fauna 03.JPG|thumb|A saltwater crocodile in Bhitarkanika Mangroves]] | ||
About 62 [[mangrove]] [[species]] occur in the Bhitarkanika Mangroves, including ''[[ | About 62 [[mangrove]] [[species]] occur in the Bhitarkanika Mangroves, including ''[[Avicennia]]'', ''[[Bruguiera]]'', ''[[Heritiera]]'' and ''[[Rhizophora]]''. [[Reptile]]s present in the mangroves include [[saltwater crocodile]], [[king cobra]], [[Indian python]] and [[water monitor]]. Between August 2004 and December 2006, 263 [[bird]] species were recorded, encompassing 147 resident and 99 [[Bird migration|migrant]] species. A [[heronry]] encloses about {{convert|4|ha|abbr=on}}, where 11,287 nests were counted in 2006.<ref name=Gopi2007>{{cite journal |author1=Gopi, G. V. |author2=Pandav, B. |year=2007 |title=Avifauna of Bhitarkanika mangroves, India |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=2839–2847 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261207818|doi=10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1716.2839-47 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
[[Olive ridley turtle]]s arrive in January to March for nesting at [[Gahirmatha Beach]]. An average of 240,000 nests per season was estimated between 1976 and 1996. Up to 80,000 | [[Olive ridley turtle]]s arrive in January to March for nesting at [[Gahirmatha Beach]]. An average of 240,000 nests per season was estimated between 1976 and 1996. Up to 80,000 turtles were captured every year until 1982. Since 1983, collecting and marketing turtles and their eggs has been banned.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rajagopalan, M. |author2=Vivekanandan, E. |author3=Pillai, S. K. |author4=Srinath, M. |author5=Bastian, F. |year=1996 |title=Incidental catch of sea turtles in India |journal=Marine Fisheries Information Service |series=Technical and Extension Series |issue=143 |pages=8–17 |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/3817/1/Article_04.pdf |access-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102210106/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/3817/1/Article_04.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== See also == | |||
* [[Mangroves in India]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 12:42, 11 March 2026
Bhitarkanika Mangroves is a mangrove wetland in Odisha, India, covering an area of 650 km (400 mi) in the Brahmani River and Baitarani River deltas.
History[edit | edit source]
The Bhitarkanika Mangroves were zamindari forests until 1952, when the government of Odisha abolished the zamindari system, and put the zamindari forests in the control of the state forest department. In 1975, an area of 672 km2 (259 sq mi) was declared the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary. The core area of the sanctuary, with an area of 145 km2 (56 sq mi), was declared Bhitarkanika National Park in September 1998. The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the Bay of Bengal. Bhitarkanika Mangroves were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002.[1]
Flora and fauna[edit | edit source]
About 62 mangrove species occur in the Bhitarkanika Mangroves, including Avicennia, Bruguiera, Heritiera and Rhizophora. Reptiles present in the mangroves include saltwater crocodile, king cobra, Indian python and water monitor. Between August 2004 and December 2006, 263 bird species were recorded, encompassing 147 resident and 99 migrant species. A heronry encloses about 4 ha (9.9 acres), where 11,287 nests were counted in 2006.[2]
Olive ridley turtles arrive in January to March for nesting at Gahirmatha Beach. An average of 240,000 nests per season was estimated between 1976 and 1996. Up to 80,000 turtles were captured every year until 1982. Since 1983, collecting and marketing turtles and their eggs has been banned.[3]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Ramsar Convention Official site". Archived from the original on 2013-12-12.
- ↑ Gopi, G. V.; Pandav, B. (2007). "Avifauna of Bhitarkanika mangroves, India". Zoos' Print Journal. 22 (10): 2839–2847. doi:10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1716.2839-47.
- ↑ Rajagopalan, M.; Vivekanandan, E.; Pillai, S. K.; Srinath, M.; Bastian, F. (1996). "Incidental catch of sea turtles in India" (PDF). Marine Fisheries Information Service. Technical and Extension Series (143): 8–17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Bhitarkanika.org Archived 2021-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
- Mangroves of Orissa (Orissa State Forest Department: Wildlife Organisation)
- Bhitarkanika Trip report - Wildlife Times
- Bhitarakanika : Tourists Place in Odisha
- YouTube Video
Template:Protected areas of Odisha Template:Ramsar sites in India