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{{Short description|Aspect of radio use since 1977}} | |||
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{{More citations needed|date=December 2012}} | {{More citations needed|date=December 2012}} | ||
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The '''[[FM broadcasting]] in [[India]]''' began in 1977, but boomed after 2001 when the privatisation of FM broadcasting began. | The '''[[FM broadcasting]] in [[India]]''' began in 1977, but boomed after 2001 when the privatisation of FM broadcasting began. | ||
AIR's FM LRS ( Local Radio Station ) was inaugurated on 1 July | AIR's FM LRS ( Local Radio Station ) was inaugurated on 1 July 2000 at 06:00 hours in Kodaikanal relaying Madurai programs in the frequency 100.5 MHz. 100.5 was so much popular and LRS was upgraded to a FM Channel in just two months. The channel covered a radius of about 200km due to its location at 2200 meters above MSL at Kodaikanal. KODAI FM, as it is popularly known. It is the biggest individual FM channel in India in both area coverage and listenership. | ||
As of December 2018, there are more than 369 operational private radio stations in more than 101 cities and towns across India.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181225134639/https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Operational%20FM%20rado%20Channels%20city%20wise%20list_0.pdf</ref> The [[Government of India]]-owned [[All India Radio]] has about 450 FM stations covering 39% of the area and 52% of the population of India.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181225142952/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/06%20AIR%20STATIONS%20HAVING%20FM%20TRANSMITTERS%20191218.pdf</ref><ref>http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Profile/Factss%20at%20Glance/Pages/default.aspx</ref> | As of December 2018, there are more than 369 operational private radio stations in more than 101 cities and towns across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Operational%20FM%20rado%20Channels%20city%20wise%20list_0.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=mib.gov.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225134639/https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Operational%20FM%20rado%20Channels%20city%20wise%20list_0.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Government of India]]-owned [[All India Radio]] has about 450 FM stations covering 39% of the area and 52% of the population of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/06%20AIR%20STATIONS%20HAVING%20FM%20TRANSMITTERS%20191218.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=allindiaradio.gov.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225142952/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/06%20AIR%20STATIONS%20HAVING%20FM%20TRANSMITTERS%20191218.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Profile/Factss%20at%20Glance/Pages/default.aspx|title=Get Apps | Prasar Bharati}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in [[Chennai]], then Madras, and was expanded during the 1990s, nearly 50 years after it mushroomed in the US.<ref>http://allindiaradio.org/milestone.html | FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in [[Chennai]], then Madras, and was expanded during the 1990s, nearly 50 years after it mushroomed in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allindiaradio.org/milestone.html |title= Mile Stone|website=allindiaradio.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525235547/http://allindiaradio.org/milestone.html |archive-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> The country first experimented with private [[FM broadcast]]s in the small [[tourist destination]] of [[Goa]] and the large metropolitan areas of [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Chennai]]. These were followed by private stations in [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Lucknow]]. | ||
Until 1993, [[All India Radio]], a government undertaking, was the only radio broadcaster in India. The government then decided to privatise the radio broadcasting sector.{{Citation needed|date = July 2015}} It sold airtime blocks on its FM channels in Indore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Vizag and Goa to private operators, who developed their own program content. [[The Times Group]] operated its brand, Times FM, till June 1998. After that, the government decided not to renew contracts given to private operators. Instead, in 2000, the government announced the auction of 108 FM frequencies across India, opening up the FM broadcasting industry to private competition. | Until 1993, [[All India Radio]], a government undertaking, was the only radio broadcaster in India. The government then decided to privatise the radio broadcasting sector.{{Citation needed|date = July 2015}} It sold airtime blocks on its FM channels in Indore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Vizag and Goa to private operators, who developed their own program content. [[The Times Group]] operated its brand, Times FM, till June 1998. After that, the government decided not to renew contracts given to private operators. Instead, in 2000, the government announced the auction of 108 FM frequencies across India, opening up the FM broadcasting industry to private competition. | ||
[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Bangalore, started on July 3, 2001, is India's first private FM radio station.<ref name="SAGE">{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Biswarup|date=26 August 2014|title=A new kind of radio: FM broadcasting in India|journal=Media, Culture & Society|language=en|volume=36|issue=8|pages=1084–1099|doi=10.1177/0163443714544998|s2cid=143785018}}</ref> It launched with presenters such as Vera, Rohit Barker, Seetal Iyer, Jonzie Kurian, Geeta Modgil, Suresh Venkat, and Chaitanya Hegde and Priya Ganapathy on the weekends.<ref>[[Radio City (Indian radio station)]]</ref> [[The Times Group]] rebranded their radio operations, establishing the [[Radio Mirchi]] brand. The first [[Radio Mirchi]] station began broadcasting on October 4, 2001 in [[Indore]]. | [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Bangalore, started on July 3, 2001, is India's first private [https://radioly.app FM radio] station.<ref name="SAGE">{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Biswarup|date=26 August 2014|title=A new kind of radio: FM broadcasting in India|journal=Media, Culture & Society|language=en|volume=36|issue=8|pages=1084–1099|doi=10.1177/0163443714544998|s2cid=143785018}}</ref> It launched with presenters such as Vera, Rohit Barker, Seetal Iyer, Jonzie Kurian, Geeta Modgil, Suresh Venkat, and Chaitanya Hegde and Priya Ganapathy on the weekends.<ref>[[Radio City (Indian radio station)]]</ref> [[The Times Group]] rebranded their radio operations, establishing the [[Radio Mirchi]] brand. The first [[Radio Mirchi]] station began broadcasting on October 4, 2001 in [[Indore]]. | ||
Indian policy currently states that these broadcasters are assessed a one-time entry fee (OTEF), for a license period of 10 years. Under the Indian accounting system, this amount is amortised over the 10-year period at 10% per annum. The annual license fee for private broadcasters is either 4% of revenue share or 10% of [[Reservation price|reserve price]], whichever is higher. | Indian policy currently states that these broadcasters are assessed a one-time entry fee (OTEF), for a license period of 10 years. Under the Indian accounting system, this amount is amortised over the 10-year period at 10% per annum. The annual license fee for private broadcasters is either 4% of revenue share or 10% of [[Reservation price|reserve price]], whichever is higher. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Radio Jamia (''see [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]'') | |Radio Jamia (''see [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]'') | ||
|90.4 MHz | |'''90.4 MHz''' | ||
|Multilingual | |Multilingual | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|[[FM Rainbow Lucknow]] | |[[FM Rainbow Lucknow]] | ||
|100. | |100.7 MHZ | ||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Kolkata, West Bengal=== | ===Kolkata, West Bengal=== | ||
{{div col|colwidth=25em}} | {{div col|colwidth=25em}} | ||
*[[Community radio|Radio]] [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute|SRFTI]] (90.4 MHz, Available within a 10 Km radius of the film institute)<ref>https://communityvoices.in/directory/community-media-profile/1409/</ref> | *[[Community radio|Radio]] [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute|SRFTI]] (90.4 MHz, Available within a 10 Km radius of the film institute)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communityvoices.in/directory/community-media-profile/1409/|title=Community Media: SRFTI 90.4 F.M., Kolkata, West Bengal | profile by CommunityVoices.in}}</ref> | ||
*[[Community radio|Radio]] [[Jadavpur University|JU]] (90.8 MHz, Available within a 5 km radius of the University, from 11:00 AM to 7:30 PM) <ref>http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/radioju.php</ref> | *[[Community radio|Radio]] [[Jadavpur University|JU]] (90.8 MHz, Available within a 5 km radius of the University, from 11:00 AM to 7:30 PM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/radioju.php|title = Welcome to Jadavpur University website}}</ref> | ||
*[[Community radio|Y FM]] NSHM (91.2 MHz, Available within a 10 km radius of the institute, from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM)<ref>http://www.nshm.com/fm-nshm-community-radio/</ref> | *[[Community radio|Y FM]] NSHM (91.2 MHz, Available within a 10 km radius of the institute, from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nshm.com/fm-nshm-community-radio/|title = Home}}</ref> | ||
*[[Friends FM]] (91.9 MHz) | *[[Friends FM]] (91.9 MHz) | ||
*[[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] (92.7 MHz) | *[[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] (92.7 MHz) | ||
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz) | *[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz) | ||
*[[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] (94.3 MHz) | *[[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] (94.3 MHz) | ||
*[[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz) | *[[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz)(Bengali,Hindi) | ||
*[[AIR FM Gold]] (100.1 MHz) | *[[AIR FM Gold]] (100.1 MHz) | ||
*[[Vividh Bharati|AIR FM Vividh Bharati]] (101.8 MHz) | *[[Vividh Bharati|AIR FM Vividh Bharati]] (101.8 MHz) | ||
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*[[Gyan Vani]] (106.4 MHz) | *[[Gyan Vani]] (106.4 MHz) | ||
*[[AIR FM Gold]] (736 MW) | *[[AIR FM Gold]] (736 MW) | ||
{{div col end}} | |||
=== Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh === | |||
{{div col|colwidth=22em}} | |||
*[[All India Radio|AIR Ayodhya]] Radio (101.4 MHz) | |||
*[[Ayodhya|Awadhi Radio]] (98.2 MHz) | |||
*[[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]] (92.7 MHz) | |||
*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] (93.5 MHz) | |||
*[[Fever 104 FM]] (95.0 MHz) | |||
*[[All India Radio|Radio Ayodhya]] (102.9 MHz) | |||
*[[Vividh Bharati]] (103.7 MHz) | |||
*[[Air|Awadh University Radio]] (96.9 MHz) | |||
*[[Ayodhya|NAG FM]] (106.4 MHz) | |||
{{div col end}} | {{div col end}} | ||
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{{div col end}} | {{div col end}} | ||
=== Ahmedabad, Gujarat=== | === Ahmedabad, Gujarat === | ||
{{div col|colwidth=22em}} | {{div col|colwidth=22em}} | ||
*[[Radio Mirchi]] - 98.3 FM (Times Group) | *[[Radio Mirchi]] - 98.3 FM (Times Group) | ||
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|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] | |[[Telugu language|Telugu]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Big 92.7 FM]] | |[[Big 92.7 FM (Just for fun)]]:) . (: | ||
|92.7 | |92.7 | ||
|Telugu/Hindi | |Telugu/Hindi | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|[[All India Radio]] (AIR / AIR / Twin Cities FM Rainbow) | |[[All India Radio]] (AIR / AIR / Twin Cities FM Rainbow) | ||
| | |143.3 | ||
|Telugu | |Telugu | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Kool 104]] | |[[Kool 104]] | ||
|104 | |104 | ||
|English | |English | ||
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*[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 93.5 FM - [[Hindi]] | *[[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 93.5 FM - [[Hindi]] | ||
*[[Radio One (India)|Radio ONE]] FM 94.3 - [[English language|English]] | *[[Radio One (India)|Radio ONE]] FM 94.3 - [[English language|English]] | ||
*[[Mirchi | *[[Radio Mirchi]] 95 FM - [[Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Tune-into-Radio-Mirchi-95-FM-for-the-latest-Bollywood-music/articleshow/52115907.cms|title = Tune into Radio Mirchi 95 FM for the latest Bollywood music | Bengaluru News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> | ||
*[[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 FM Kannada | *[[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 FM Kannada | ||
*[[Ragam]] 100.1 FM (Classical) | *[[Ragam]] 100.1 FM (Classical) | ||
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*Hello FM (106.4), Tamil | *Hello FM (106.4), Tamil | ||
*[[Suryan FM |Suryan FM 93.5]], Tamil | *[[Suryan FM |Suryan FM 93.5]], Tamil | ||
*Fever FM 91.9, Tamil | *[[Fever 104 FM|Fever FM 91.9]], Tamil | ||
*[[BIG FM 92.7]],Tamil | *[[BIG FM 92.7]],Tamil | ||
*[[Radio City (Indian Radio Station)|Radio City FM 91.1]], Tamil | *[[Radio City (Indian Radio Station)|Radio City FM 91.1]], Tamil | ||
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*[[Radio DC]] FM 90.4, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] | *[[Radio DC]] FM 90.4, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] | ||
*Radio Macfast FM 90.4, [[Thiruvalla]] | *Radio Macfast FM 90.4, [[Thiruvalla]] | ||
*AIR Real FM 103.6 in [[ | *AIR Real FM 103.6 in [[Kozhikode]] | ||
*Best FM 95.00 in [[Thrissur]] & [[Kannur]] | *Best FM 95.00 in [[Thrissur]] & [[Kannur]] | ||
*[[Radio Mango 91.9]], in [[Kochi]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kozhikode]] & [[Kannur]] | *[[Radio Mango 91.9]], in [[Kochi]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kozhikode]] & [[Kannur]] & 92.7 in Alappuzha | ||
*[[Red FM 93.5]] in [[ | *[[Red FM 93.5]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]] & [[Kannur]] | ||
* Red FM 91.1 in [[Thrissur]] | * Red FM 91.1 in [[Thrissur]] | ||
*[[Club FM 94.3]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]] & [[Kannur]] ; | *[[Club FM 94.3]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]] & [[Kannur]] ; | ||
* | *[[94.3 Club FM|Club FM]] 104.8 [[Alappuzha]] | ||
* Club FM 104.8 in [[Thrissur]] & [[Kozhikode]] | |||
*[[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], | *[[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], | ||
*[[BIG FM 92.7]] in Thiruvananthapuram | *[[BIG FM 92.7]] in Thiruvananthapuram | ||
*AIR FM Rainbow 107.5 in [[Kochi]] | *AIR FM Rainbow 107.5 in [[Kochi]] | ||
*AIR Ananthapuri FM 101.9 in [[ | *AIR Ananthapuri FM 101.9 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], | ||
*AIR Thiruvananthapuram 106.5 | *AIR Thiruvananthapuram 106.5 | ||
*AIR Thrissur 101.1 | *AIR Thrissur 101.1 | ||