Budha: Difference between revisions

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia
>Leopard2113
No edit summary
 
No edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Hindu deity}}
{{Short description|Deity of Planet Mercury}}
{{distinguish|Buddha}}
{{distinguish|Buddha (disambiguation)}}
{{other uses|Buddha (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
Line 11: Line 10:
| affiliation = [[Graha]], [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
| affiliation = [[Graha]], [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
| abode = Budhaloka
| abode = Budhaloka
| god_of = '''Mercury''' <br> Preserver of nature <ref>https://www.astroved.com/astropedia/en/planets/budha</ref>
| god_of = [[Nature]] <br/> '''[[Mercury (planet)| Mercury]]''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroved.com/astropedia/en/planets/budha|title = Lord Budha, Planet Mercury ,Hindu God Budha - AstroVedPedia}}</ref>
| day = Wednesday
| day = Wednesday
| member_of = [[Navagraha]]
| member_of = [[Navagraha]]
Line 17: Line 16:
| mount = [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]] lion, or chariot hauled by eight horses of deep yellow colour
| mount = [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]] lion, or chariot hauled by eight horses of deep yellow colour
| planet = Mercury
| planet = Mercury
| father = [[Chandra]]
| father = [[Chandra]] [[Brihaspati]]
| mother = [[Taraka (goddess)|Tara]]
| mother = [[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]]
| children = [[Pururavas]]
| children = [[Pururavas]]
| number =  
| number =  
}}
}}
'''Budha''' ({{lang-sa|बुध}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] word that connotes the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref name=Dalal2010>{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |year=2010 |title=Hinduism: An alphabetical guide |page=88 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA88}}</ref><ref name="Life Story of Gautam Budhha in Hindi">{{cite web |title=Best Life Story of Gautam Budhha in Hindi |website=motivatorindia.in |date=September 2019 |url=https://www.motivatorindia.in/2019/09/gautam-buddha-in-hindi.html}}</ref> Budha, in Puranic Hindu legends, is also a deity.<ref name=Mahoney2013/>
'''Budha''' ({{lang-sa|बुध}}) is the [[Sanskrit]] word for the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref name=Dalal2010>{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |year=2010 |title=Hinduism: An alphabetical guide |page=88 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA88}}</ref><ref name="Life Story of Gautam Budhha in Hindi">{{cite web |title=Best Life Story of Gautam Budhha in Hindi |website=motivatorindia.in |date=September 2019 |url=https://www.motivatorindia.in/2019/09/gautam-buddha-in-hindi.html}}</ref> Budha is also a deity.<ref name=Mahoney2013/>


He is also known as '''[[Soumya]]''' (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), '''Rauhineya''' and '''Tunga'''.<ref name=Mahoney2013/>
He is also known as '''[[Soumya]]''' (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. ''son of Moon''), '''Rauhineya''' and '''Tunga'''<ref name=Mahoney2013/> and is the [[Nakshatra]] lord of [[Ashlesha (nakshatra)|Ashlesha]], [[Jyeshtha (nakshatra)|Jyeshtha]] and [[Revati (nakshatra)|Revati]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}


==Planet==
==Planet==
Budha as a planet appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in [[Sanskrit]], such as the 5th&nbsp;century ''Aryabhatiya'' by [[Aryabhatta]], the 6th&nbsp;century ''Romaka'' by Latadeva and ''Panca Siddhantika'' by Varahamihira, the 7th century ''Khandakhadyaka'' by [[Brahmagupta]], and the 8th&nbsp;century ''Sisyadhivrddida'' by Lalla.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Bina |year=1970 |title=The Khandakhadyaka (an astronomical treatise) of Brahmagupta, with the commentary of Bhattotpala |pages=59–64 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |oclc=463213346 |lang=Sanskrit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKOtRmgr1nkC |via=Google Books }}</ref><ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=&nbsp;vii–xi}} These texts present Budha as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=&nbsp;vii–xi}} Other texts such as ''Surya Siddhanta'' dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th&nbsp;century and 10th&nbsp;century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=&nbsp;vii–xi}}
Budha as a planet appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in [[Sanskrit]], such as the 5th century ''Aryabhatiya'' by [[Aryabhatta]], the 6th century ''Romaka'' by Latadeva and ''Panca Siddhantika'' by Varahamihira, the 7th century ''Khandakhadyaka'' by [[Brahmagupta]], and the 8th century ''Sisyadhivrddida'' by Lalla.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Bina |year=1970 |title=The Khandakhadyaka (an astronomical treatise) of Brahmagupta, with the commentary of Bhattotpala |pages=59–64 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |oclc=463213346 |lang=Sanskrit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKOtRmgr1nkC |via=Google Books }}</ref><ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=vii–xi}} These texts present Budha as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=vii–xi}} Other texts such as ''Surya Siddhanta'' dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th&nbsp;century and 10th&nbsp;century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=vii–xi}}


The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Budha's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives. The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Budha's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters.<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=&nbsp;ix-xi}} For example, both ''Khandakhadyaka'' and ''Surya Siddhanta'' of Varaha state that Budha completes 17,937,000&nbsp;revolutions on its own axis every 4,320,000&nbsp;years, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 220&nbsp;degrees in 499&nbsp;CE; while another manuscript of ''Surya Siddhanta'' increases the revolutions by 60 to 17,937,060, and the apogee to 220&nbsp;degrees and 26&nbsp;seconds.<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=&nbsp;ix-x}}
The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Budha's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives. The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Budha's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters.<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=ix-xi}} For example, both ''Khandakhadyaka'' and ''Surya Siddhanta'' of Varaha state that Budha completes 17,937,000 revolutions on its own axis every 4,320,000 years, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 220 degrees in 499 CE; while another manuscript of ''Surya Siddhanta'' increases the revolutions by 60 to 17,937,060, and the apogee to 220 degrees and 26 seconds.<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=ix-x}}


The 1st&nbsp;millennium&nbsp;CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Budha, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=&nbsp;26-27}}
The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Budha, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=26-27}}


{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
Line 37: Line 36:
|-style="text-align: center;"
|-style="text-align: center;"
   ! width=200px | Source
   ! width=200px | Source
   ! width=340px | Estimated time per sidereal revolution<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=&nbsp;26-27}}
   ! width=340px | Estimated time per sidereal revolution<ref name=Burgess1989/>{{rp|pages=26-27}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|-style="text-align: center;"
   ! width=200px style="background: #ffad66;" | ''Surya Siddhanta''
   ! width=200px style="background: #ffad66;" | ''Surya Siddhanta''
Line 51: Line 50:
   | width=340px | 87&nbsp;days, 23&nbsp;hours, 15&nbsp;minutes, 43.9&nbsp;seconds
   | width=340px | 87&nbsp;days, 23&nbsp;hours, 15&nbsp;minutes, 43.9&nbsp;seconds
|}
|}
[[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|thumb|Budha as the benovolent planet  [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]|286x286px]]
[[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|thumb|Budha as the benevolent planet  [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]|286x286px]]


==Legends==
==Legends==
Budha appears as a deity in Indian texts, often as the son of [[Soma (deity)|Soma]] (moon god, [[Chandra]]) and [[Taraka (goddess)|Tara]] (wife of [[Bṛhaspati]], Jupiter god). Budha's legendary parental deities are not consistent in Hindu ''[[Puranas]]'': He is alternatively described as the son of goddess [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]] (a daughter of [[Daksha]]) and god [[Soma (deity)|Soma]].<ref name=Mahoney2013/> Budha had a son, king [[Pururavas]], by his spouse [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]].
Budha appears as a deity in Indian texts, often as the son of [[Soma (deity)|Soma]] (a moon god, alternatively known as [[Chandra]]) and [[Taraka (goddess)|Tara]] (wife of [[Bṛhaspati]], the god of Jupiter). He is described as the son of goddess [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]] (a daughter of [[Daksha]]) and the god [[Chandra]].<ref name=Mahoney2013/> Budha had only one offspring, King [[Pururavas]], by his spouse [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]].


One of the earliest mentions of ''Budha'' as a celestial body appears in the [[Vedas|Vedic text]] ''[[Pancavimsa Brahmana]]'', and it appears in other ancient texts such as the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] as well, but not in the context of astrology. In the [[Vedas]], Budha is linked to three steps of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]].<ref name=Mahoney2013>{{cite book |last=Mahoney |first=Terry |title=Mercury |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-1-4614-7951-2 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC65BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
One of the earliest mentions of ''Budha'' as a celestial body appears in the [[Vedas|Vedic text]] ''[[Pancavimsa Brahmana]]'', and it appears in other ancient texts such as the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] as well, but not in the context of astrology. In the [[Vedas]], Budha is linked to three steps of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]].<ref name=Mahoney2013>{{cite book |last=Mahoney |first=Terry |title=Mercury |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-1-4614-7951-2 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC65BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
Line 61: Line 60:
Budha is the root of the word 'Budhavara' or [[Wednesday]] in the Hindu calendar.<ref name=Dalal2010/> The word "Wednesday" in the Greco-Roman and other Indo-European calendars is also dedicated to planet Mercury ("day of Woden or Oden").  
Budha is the root of the word 'Budhavara' or [[Wednesday]] in the Hindu calendar.<ref name=Dalal2010/> The word "Wednesday" in the Greco-Roman and other Indo-European calendars is also dedicated to planet Mercury ("day of Woden or Oden").  


Budha is part of the [[Navagraha]] in Hindu zodiac system, considered benevolent, associated with an agile mind and memory. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. Deifying planetary bodies and their astrological significance occurred as early as the [[Vedic period]] and was recorded in the [[Vedas]]. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the [[Vedanga Jyotisha]] which began to be compiled in the 14th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BCE. It was possibly based on works from the Indus Valley Civilization as well as various foreign influences. [[Babylonian astrology]] which was the first astrology and calendar to develop, and was adopted by multiple civilizations including India. The [[Classical planet|classical planets]], including Mercury, were referenced in the [[Atharvaveda]] around 1000&nbsp;BCE.
Budha is part of the [[Navagraha]] in Hindu zodiac system, considered benevolent, associated with an agile mind and memory. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. Deifying planetary bodies and their astrological significance occurred as early as the [[Vedic period]] and was recorded in the [[Vedas]]. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the [[Vedanga Jyotisha]] which began to be compiled in the 14th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BCE. The [[Classical planet|classical planets]], including Mercury, were referenced in the [[Atharvaveda]] around 1000&nbsp;BCE.


The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from [[Western Asia]], including [[Zoroastrian calendar|Zoroastrian]] and [[Hellenistic astrology|Hellenistic]] influences. The ''[[Yavanajataka]]'', or ''Science of the [[Yavana|Yavanas]]'', was written by the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] named "[[Yavanesvara]]" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the [[Western Kshatrapa]] king [[Rudrakarman I]]. The Yavanajataka written in 120&nbsp;CE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology. The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the [[Shaka era]] with the [[Saka]], or Scythian, people. Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the [[Indian national calendar]], which is also called the Saka calendar.
The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from [[Western Asia]], including [[Zoroastrian calendar|Zoroastrian]] and [[Hellenistic astrology|Hellenistic]] influences. The ''[[Yavanajataka]]'', or ''Science of the [[Yavana|Yavanas]]'', was written by the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] named "[[Yavanesvara]]" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the [[Western Kshatrapa]] king [[Rudrakarman I]]. The Yavanajataka written in 120&nbsp;CE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology. The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the [[Shaka era]] with the [[Saka]], or Scythian, people. Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the [[Indian national calendar]], which is also called the Saka calendar.
Line 68: Line 67:


==Iconography==
==Iconography==
[[File:Planet budha.JPG|right|thumb|upright=0.8|Budha as depicted on a mural in [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]], [[Jaipur]]]]
Budha's iconography, according to Roshen Dalal, is as a benevolent<ref>{{cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |year=2002 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=A-M |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n396 324] |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration}}</ref> but a minor male deity with light yellow colored (or green) body, draped into yellow clothes,  holding a scimitar, a club, and a shield. He is canonically represented riding a chariot made of air and fire, drawn by eight wind horses; but in some illustrations, he rides a lion and has four arms, and in [[Swetharanyeswarar Temple|Bhudhan Temple]] he is depicted riding a winged lion.<ref name=Dalal2010/>
Budha's iconography, according to Roshen Dalal, is as a benevolent<ref>{{cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |year=2002 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=A-M |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n396 324] |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration}}</ref> but a minor male deity with light yellow colored (or green) body, draped into yellow clothes,  holding a scimitar, a club, and a shield. He is canonically represented riding a chariot made of air and fire, drawn by eight wind horses; but in some illustrations, he rides a lion and has four arms, and in [[Swetharanyeswarar Temple|Bhudhan Temple]] he is depicted riding a winged lion.<ref name=Dalal2010/>


''Budha'' has been linguistically related to  ''[[Gautama_Buddha|Buddha]]'', the founder of [[Buddhism]], though this is controversial <ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/b.html |title=[no title cited] |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Patrick |year=2015 |title=Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and their functions in history |page=46, footnote&nbsp;[19] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935972-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHM_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
Budha has been linguistically related to  ''[[Gautama_Buddha|Buddha]]'', the founder of [[Buddhism]], though this is controversial <ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/b.html |title=[no title cited] |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Patrick |year=2015 |title=Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and their functions in history |page=46, footnote&nbsp;[19] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935972-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHM_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |via=Google Books}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Days of the week]]
 
* [[Days of the week]]
* [[Navagraha]]
** [[Navagraha temples|List of Navagraha temples]]
* [[Nakshatra]]
** [[List of Natchathara temples]]
** [[Jyotisha]]
** [[Saptarishi]]
* [[List of Hindu deities]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 95: Line 103:
* {{cite book |last=Svoboda |first=Robert |year=1997 |title=The Greatness of Saturn: A therapeutic myth |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0-940985-62-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Svoboda |first=Robert |year=1997 |title=The Greatness of Saturn: A therapeutic myth |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0-940985-62-4}}


* {{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |year=1973 |title=The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |publisher=SAGE |doi=10.1177/002182867300400102 |bibcode=1973JHA.....4....1P |s2cid=125228353 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |author-link1= David Pingree |year=1973 |title=The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |publisher=SAGE |doi=10.1177/002182867300400102 |bibcode=1973JHA.....4....1P |s2cid=125228353 }}


* {{cite book |last=Pingree |first=David |year=1981 |title=Jyotihśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3447021654}}
* {{cite book |last=Pingree |first=David |year=1981 |title=Jyotihśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3447021654}}

Latest revision as of 01:45, 11 January 2023


Not to be confused with Buddha (disambiguation).

Budha
Member of Navagraha
Budha graha.JPG
Budha, British Museum-13th century, Konark
AffiliationGraha, Deva
AbodeBudhaloka
PlanetMercury
DayWednesday
MountYali lion, or chariot hauled by eight horses of deep yellow colour
Personal information
Parents
ConsortIla[2]
ChildrenPururavas

Budha (Sanskrit: बुध) is the Sanskrit word for the planet Mercury.[2][3] Budha is also a deity.[4]

He is also known as Soumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. son of Moon), Rauhineya and Tunga[4] and is the Nakshatra lord of Ashlesha, Jyeshtha and Revati.[citation needed]

Planet[edit]

Budha as a planet appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhatta, the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta, and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.[5][6](ppvii–xi) These texts present Budha as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.[6](ppvii–xi) Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.[6](ppvii–xi)

The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Budha's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives. The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Budha's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters.[6](ppix-xi) For example, both Khandakhadyaka and Surya Siddhanta of Varaha state that Budha completes 17,937,000 revolutions on its own axis every 4,320,000 years, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 220 degrees in 499 CE; while another manuscript of Surya Siddhanta increases the revolutions by 60 to 17,937,060, and the apogee to 220 degrees and 26 seconds.[6](ppix-x)

The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Budha, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:[6](pp26-27)

Sanskrit texts: How many days for Budha (Mercury) to complete its orbit?
Source Estimated time per sidereal revolution[6](pp26-27)
Surya Siddhanta 87 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes, 22.3 seconds
Siddhanta Shiromani 87 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes, 41.5 seconds
Ptolemy (Almagest) 87 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes, 42.9 seconds
20th century calculation 87 days, 23 hours, 15 minutes, 43.9 seconds
Budha as the benevolent planet Mercury

Legends[edit]

Budha appears as a deity in Indian texts, often as the son of Soma (a moon god, alternatively known as Chandra) and Tara (wife of Bṛhaspati, the god of Jupiter). He is described as the son of goddess Rohini (a daughter of Daksha) and the god Chandra.[4] Budha had only one offspring, King Pururavas, by his spouse Ila.

One of the earliest mentions of Budha as a celestial body appears in the Vedic text Pancavimsa Brahmana, and it appears in other ancient texts such as the Shatapatha Brahmana as well, but not in the context of astrology. In the Vedas, Budha is linked to three steps of the Hindu god Vishnu.[4]

Calendar and Hindu astrology[edit]

Budha is the root of the word 'Budhavara' or Wednesday in the Hindu calendar.[2] The word "Wednesday" in the Greco-Roman and other Indo-European calendars is also dedicated to planet Mercury ("day of Woden or Oden").

Budha is part of the Navagraha in Hindu zodiac system, considered benevolent, associated with an agile mind and memory. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. Deifying planetary bodies and their astrological significance occurred as early as the Vedic period and was recorded in the Vedas. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the Vedanga Jyotisha which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE. The classical planets, including Mercury, were referenced in the Atharvaveda around 1000 BCE.

The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from Western Asia, including Zoroastrian and Hellenistic influences. The Yavanajataka, or Science of the Yavanas, was written by the Indo-Greek named "Yavanesvara" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I. The Yavanajataka written in 120 CE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology. The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the Shaka era with the Saka, or Scythian, people. Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the Indian national calendar, which is also called the Saka calendar.

Budha is also the root for name for the week day in many other Indian languages. In modern Hindi, Odia, Telugu, Bengali, Marathi, Urdu, Kannada and Gujarati, Wednesday is called Budhavara; Tamil: Budhan kizhamai; Malayalam: Budhanazhcha; Thai: Wan Phut (วันพุธ).[citation needed]

Iconography[edit]

Budha as depicted on a mural in Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur

Budha's iconography, according to Roshen Dalal, is as a benevolent[7] but a minor male deity with light yellow colored (or green) body, draped into yellow clothes, holding a scimitar, a club, and a shield. He is canonically represented riding a chariot made of air and fire, drawn by eight wind horses; but in some illustrations, he rides a lion and has four arms, and in Bhudhan Temple he is depicted riding a winged lion.[2]

Budha has been linguistically related to Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, though this is controversial [8][9]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Lord Budha, Planet Mercury ,Hindu God Budha - AstroVedPedia".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An alphabetical guide. Penguin Books India. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  3. ↑ "Best Life Story of Gautam Budhha in Hindi". motivatorindia.in. September 2019.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Mahoney, Terry (2013). Mercury. Springer Science. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4614-7951-2 – via Google Books.
  5. ↑ Chatterjee, Bina (1970). The Khandakhadyaka (an astronomical treatise) of Brahmagupta, with the commentary of Bhattotpala (in Sanskrit). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 59–64. OCLC 463213346 – via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Burgess, Ebenezer (1989). Ganguly, P.; Sengupta, P. (eds.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (reprint); Yale University Press, American Oriental Society (original). ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2 – via Google Books.
  7. ↑ Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Vol. A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
  8. ↑ "[no title cited]". University of Washington.
  9. ↑ Gray, Patrick (2015). Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and their functions in history. Oxford University Press. p. 46, footnote [19]. ISBN 978-0-19-935972-1 – via Google Books.

Further reading[edit]

  • Svoboda, Robert (1997). The Greatness of Saturn: A therapeutic myth. Lotus Press. ISBN 0-940985-62-4.
  • Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654.
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budha&oldid=378488"