Mudra (music): Difference between revisions

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==Etymology==
==Etymology==
A [[mudra]] is a [[pen name]], ''nom de plume'', or [[pseudonym]] adopted by a musician to serve as their sign of authorship in a musical composition. A pen name may be used to make the author's name more distinctive, to disguise their gender, to distance an author from some or all of their previous works, to protect the author from retribution for their writings, to combine more than one author into a single author, or for any of a number of reasons related to the marketing or aesthetic presentation of the work. The author's name may be known only to the publisher, or may come to be common knowledge.
A [[mudra]] is a [[pen name]], ''nom de plume'', or [[pseudonym]] adopted by a musician to serve as their sign of authorship in a musical composition. A pen name may be used to make the author's name more distinctive, to disguise their gender, to distance an author from some or all of their previous works, to protect the author from retribution for their writings, to combine more than one author into a single author, or for any of a number of reasons related to the marketing or aesthetic presentation of the work. The author's name may be known only to the publisher, or may come to be common knowledge.
All most every time, the penname is inserted in the wordings of the composition or poem in a artistically meaningfull way.


==List of Mudras used by Musicians==
==List of Mudras used by Musicians==
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|[[Adarang|Adārang]] () || Firoz Khān of Delhi ||  || 18th-century [[dhrupad]]iya in [[Mohammed Shah II|Rangile's]] Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=138|title=Artist - Niyamat Khan 'Sadarang' (Vocal), Gharana - None|website=www.swarganga.org}}</ref>
|[[Adarang|Adārang]] () || Firoz Khān of Delhi ||  || 18th-century [[dhrupad|dhrupadiya]](dhrupad vocalisy) in [[Mohammed Shah II|Rangile's]] Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=138|title=Artist - Niyamat Khan 'Sadarang' (Vocal), Gharana - None|website=www.swarganga.org}}</ref>
|-
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| Ālam || Ālamara Begum Khāsmahal ||  ||
| Ālam || Ālamara Begum Khāsmahal ||  ||
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| Daras-piyā || Mehboob Khān of Agra ||  || Agra Gharana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ramprapanna.blogspot.com/2018/08/pen-names-of-great-composers-of.html|title=My Music Diary: Pen names of Great Composers of Hindustani Music|first=Ramprapanna|last=Bhattacharya|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
| Daras-piyā || Mehboob Khān of Agra ||  || Agra Gharana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ramprapanna.blogspot.com/2018/08/pen-names-of-great-composers-of.html|title=My Music Diary: Pen names of Great Composers of Hindustani Music|first=Ramprapanna|last=Bhattacharya|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Daras-piyā || Shafi Ahmed Khān of Atrauli ||  || Atrauli Gharana.<ref>https://dilrangacademy.org/down-memory-lane/</ref>
|-
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| Darpan ||[[Yunus Hussain Khan]]|| "Mirror." ||
| Darpan ||[[Yunus Hussain Khan]]|| "Mirror." ||
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| Gauhar, Gauharpyari ||[[Gauharjan]]||  ||
| Gauhar, Gauharpyari ||[[Gauharjan]]||  ||
|-
|-
| Guna-piyā ||[[Chhota Gandharva]]|| ||
| Guna-piyā ||[[Chhota Gandharva]]|| "Lover of Qualities." ||
|-
| Guna-rang<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhar |first1=Sheila |title=Raga'n Josh: Stories from a Musical Life |date=2005 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=9788178241173 |page=236}}</ref> ||[[Fayyaz Ahmad Khan]]|| "Colors of Qualities." ||
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| Guni-dās ||[[Jagganathbuwa Purohit]]|| "Servant of Qualities." ||
|-
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| Guni-dās ||[[Jagganathbuwa Purohit]]||  ||
| Guni-jān ||[[CR Vyas]]||  ||
|-
|-
| Guni-jan ||[[CR Vyas]]||  ||
| Gyān-rang || Aarshin Karande ||  ||
|-
|-
| Hara-rang ||[[Muhammad Ali Khan]]||  ||
| Hara-rang ||[[Muhammad Ali Khan]]||  ||
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| Hinga-rang || Hussain Ali Khan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-Bandish-divide/articleshow/9221751.cms|title=The Bandish divide - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>||  ||  
| Hinga-rang || Hussain Ali Khan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-Bandish-divide/articleshow/9221751.cms|title=The Bandish divide - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>||  ||  
|-
|-
| Ināyat ||[[Inayat Hussain Khan]]|| ||
| Ināyat, Ināyat-piyā ||[[Inayat Hussain Khan]]|| "Lover of [[Inayat]]." ||
|-
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| Jas ||[[Jasraj|Pandit Jasraj]]|| ||
| Jas ||[[Jasraj|Pandit Jasraj]]|| "Glory." ||
|-
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| Jyoti-rang ||[[Rajaram Shukla]]||  ||
| Jyoti-rang ||[[Rajaram Shukla]]||  ||
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| Kharaharapriya-dās<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=8942|title=HM Ragamalika! - rasikas.org}}</ref>||[[Bholanath Bhatt]]||  ||
| Kharaharapriya-dās<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=8942|title=HM Ragamalika! - rasikas.org}}</ref>||[[Bholanath Bhatt]]||  ||
|-
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| Khush-rang ||[[Aslam Hussein Khan]]||  ||
| Khush-rang ||[[Aslam Hussain Khan]]||  ||
|-
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| Krishna-dās ||[[Master Krishnarao]]||  ||
| Krishna-dās ||[[Master Krishnarao]]||  ||
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| Lāl-rang ||[[Chaman Lal Varma]]||  ||
| Lāl-rang ||[[Chaman Lal Varma]]||  ||
|-
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| Madhur-piyā || [http://goswamigokulutsavji.com/mainpage.php?pageid=1 Founder of Sarvang Sampurn Gayki Pt.Gokulotsav Maharaj] || ||Founder of his own unique and distinguished style and parampara of singing [http://goswamigokulutsavji.com/mainpage.php?pageid=11 'Sarvang Sampurn Gayki"]
| Madhur-piyā || [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj]] || ||
|-
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| Manhar ||[[Murli Manohar Shukla]]||  ||
| Manhar ||[[Murli Manohar Shukla]]||  ||
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| Nād-rang ||[[Sandeep Ranade]]|| "Colors of [[naad]]." ||
| Nād-rang ||[[Sandeep Ranade]]|| "Colors of [[naad]]." ||
|-
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| Nāth-piyā ||[[Vilayat Khan]]||  || Sitarist. Enayet Khan's Rajput name was "Nath Singh."
| Nāth-piyā ||[[Vilayat Khan]]||  || Sitarist. [[Enayet Khan|Enayet Khan's]] Rajput name was "Nath Singh."
|-
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| Prān-piyā ||[[Vilayat Hussain Khan]]||  || Agra Gharana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/kanada-page3/|title=The Kanada Constellation (Part 3/3)}}</ref>
| Prān-piyā ||[[Vilayat Hussain Khan]]||  || Agra Gharana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/kanada-page3/|title=The Kanada Constellation (Part 3/3)}}</ref>
|-
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| Pranav-rang ||[[Omkarnath Thakur]]|| ||
| Pranav-rang ||[[Omkarnath Thakur]]|| "Colors of [[Om]]." ||
|-
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| Prem-piyā ||[[Faiyaz Khan]]|| ||
| Prem-piyā ||[[Faiyaz Khan]]|| "Lover of Affect." ||
|-
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| Prem-rang ||[[Sharafat Hussain Khan]]|| ||
| Prem-rang ||[[Sharafat Hussain Khan]]|| "Colors of Affect." ||
|-
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| Prem-dās ||[[Latafat Hussain Khan]]|| ||
| Prem-dās ||[[Latafat Hussain Khan]]|| "Servant of Affect." ||
|-
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| Prem-rang ||[[Ratnakar Ramnathkar]]|| ||
| Prem-rang ||[[Ratnakar Ramnathkar]]|| "Colors of Affect." ||
|-
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| Qadar-piyā ||[[Mirza Bala Qadar]] of Rampur ||  || Thumri composer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wmcinfo.blogspot.com/2012/07/thumri.html|title=Classical Music: Thumri|first=Classical|last=Music|date=15 July 2012}}</ref>
| Qadar-piyā ||[[Mirza Bala Qadar]] of Rampur ||  || Thumri composer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wmcinfo.blogspot.com/2012/07/thumri.html|title=Classical Music: Thumri|first=Classical|last=Music|date=15 July 2012}}</ref>
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| Rasa-dās ||[[Arun Kashalkar]]||  ||  
| Rasa-dās ||[[Arun Kashalkar]]||  ||  
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| Rasa-piyā ||[[Babanrao Haldankar]]||  ||
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| Rasa-rang ||[[Ustad Bade Inayat Hussain Khan|Bade Inayat Hussain Khan]]||  ||
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| Rasik-rang ||[[Ashok Ranade]]||  || Musicologist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=267|title=Artist - Ashok Da Ranade (Vocal), Gharana - Gwalior|website=www.swarganga.org}}</ref>
| Rasik-rang ||[[Ashok Ranade]]||  || Musicologist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=267|title=Artist - Ashok Da Ranade (Vocal), Gharana - Gwalior|website=www.swarganga.org}}</ref>
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| Rasik-rang ||[[Deepak Chatterjee]]||  ||  
| Rasik-rang ||[[Deepak Chatterjee]]||  ||  
|-
| Rasa-piyā ||[[Babanrao Haldankar]]||  ||
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| Razā-piya ||[[Raza Ali Khan]]||  || Nawab.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sangeet Natak |last=Akademi |title=Sangeet Natak |date=2006 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |page=21 |edition=Volume 40}}</ref>
| Razā-piya ||[[Raza Ali Khan]]||  || Nawab.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sangeet Natak |last=Akademi |title=Sangeet Natak |date=2006 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |page=21 |edition=Volume 40}}</ref>
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| Sab-ras || Ghulam Maulvi Khan ||  || Patiala Gharana.
| Sab-ras || Ghulam Maulvi Khan ||  || Patiala Gharana.
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|[[Sadarang|Sadā-rang]] () || Niyamat Khān of Delhi ||  || Descendant of Tansen. 18th-century [[dhrupad]]iya in [[Mohammed Shah II|Rangile's]] Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=144|title=Artist - Firoz Khan 'Adarang' (Vocal), Gharana - None|website=www.swarganga.org}}</ref>
|[[Sadarang|Sadā-rang]] () || Niyamat Khān of Delhi ||  || Descendant of Tansen. 18th-century [[dhrupad|dhrupadiya]] in [[Mohammed Shah II|Rangile's]] Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=144|title=Artist - Firoz Khan 'Adarang' (Vocal), Gharana - None|website=www.swarganga.org}}</ref>
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| Sagun-piyā ||[[Yashpal]]||  ||  
| Sagun-piyā ||[[Yashpal]]||  ||  
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| Vinod-piyā || Tasadduq Hussain Khan ||  || Son of Kallan Khan, Agra Gharana.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/bhimpalasi/|title=Bhimpalasi Inc}}</ref>
| Vinod-piyā || Tasadduq Hussain Khan ||  || Son of Kallan Khan, Agra Gharana.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/bhimpalasi/|title=Bhimpalasi Inc}}</ref>
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|[https://www.vrajrang.com/ VrajRang & GuruRang]<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}}{{!}} VrajRang - Vrajotsavji {{!}}{{!}}|url=https://sites.google.com/view/vrajrang|access-date=2020-07-29|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|[https://www.vrajrang.com/ VrajRang and GuruRang]<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}}{{!}} VrajRang - Vrajotsavji {{!}}{{!}}|url=https://sites.google.com/view/vrajrang|access-date=2020-07-29|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|[https://www.vrajrang.com/acharya-dr-vrajotsavji Pt.Vrajotsavji Gokulotsavji Maharaj]<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}}{{!}} VrajRang - Vrajotsavji {{!}}{{!}} - Acharya Dr. Vrajotsavji|url=https://sites.google.com/view/vrajrang/acharya-dr-vrajotsavji|access-date=2020-07-29|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|[https://www.vrajrang.com/acharya-dr-vrajotsavji Pt.Vrajotsavji Gokulotsavji Maharaj]<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}}{{!}} VrajRang - Vrajotsavji {{!}}{{!}} - Acharya Dr. Vrajotsavji|url=https://sites.google.com/view/vrajrang/acharya-dr-vrajotsavji|access-date=2020-07-29|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
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|[[Tallapaka Annamayya]]
|[[Tallapaka Annamayya]]
|Venkata
|Venkata
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|[[Vyasatirtha]]
|Sri Krishna/ Siri Krishna/Krishna
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|[[Vadiraja Tirtha]]
|Hayavadana
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|[[Sripadaraja]]
|Ranga Vitthala
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|[[Jagannatha Dasa]]
| Jagannatha Vitthala
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|[[Gopala Dasa]]
|Gopala Vithala
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|[[Vijaya Dasa]]
|Vijaya Vithala
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|[[Kanaka Dasa]]
|[[Kanaka Dasa]]
|Kaginele Adi Keshava
| Adi Keshava
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{{Carnatic-music-stub}}
{{Carnatic-music-stub}}
{{en-Wikipedia}}

Revision as of 01:46, 4 August 2021

A mudra (IAST: Mudrā; Sanskrit for sign or symbol) is a term woven into compositions in Indian classical music, particularly Carnatic music, that indicates the identity of the composer, a patron, the raga, tala, or style. A composer might use his own name or a pseudonym.[1] Not all composers have mudras, and they do not necessarily relate to the composer's name.[2][3]

Etymology

A mudra is a pen name, nom de plume, or pseudonym adopted by a musician to serve as their sign of authorship in a musical composition. A pen name may be used to make the author's name more distinctive, to disguise their gender, to distance an author from some or all of their previous works, to protect the author from retribution for their writings, to combine more than one author into a single author, or for any of a number of reasons related to the marketing or aesthetic presentation of the work. The author's name may be known only to the publisher, or may come to be common knowledge.

All most every time, the penname is inserted in the wordings of the composition or poem in a artistically meaningfull way.

List of Mudras used by Musicians

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Hindustani Musicians

Mudra Musician Translation Details
Adārang () Firoz Khān of Delhi 18th-century dhrupadiya(dhrupad vocalisy) in Rangile's Court.[4]
Ālam Ālamara Begum Khāsmahal
Ahmed-piyā Alladiya Khan Founder of Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.
Akhtar-piyā Wajid Ali Shah
Amar, Amar-piyā Aman Ali Khan
Amardās, Amar-piyā Navrang Nagpurkar
Anang-rang Acharya Brihaspati
Bhāv-rang Balwantrai Bhatt
Bindā Bindadin Maharaj
Chakra-piyā Chakradhar Singh
Chānd-piyā Chand Khan Delhi Gharana.[5]
Chatur, Chatur Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande
Chit-Ānand Chidanand Nagarkar "Elated consciousness." Agra Gharana.[6]
Daras-piyā Mehboob Khān of Agra Agra Gharana.[7]
Daras-piyā Shafi Ahmed Khān of Atrauli Atrauli Gharana.[8]
Darpan Yunus Hussain Khan "Mirror."
Deva-rang Daibashish Gangopadhyay "Divine colors and effulgence" Musician, Composer, Music director
Dhyān-rang-piyā Mani Prasad
Dil-rang Azmat Hussain Khan "Colors of the World."
Din-rang Dinkar Kaikini "Colors of the Day."
Gauhar, Gauharpyari Gauharjan
Guna-piyā Chhota Gandharva "Lover of Qualities."
Guna-rang[9] Fayyaz Ahmad Khan "Colors of Qualities."
Guni-dās Jagganathbuwa Purohit "Servant of Qualities."
Guni-jān CR Vyas
Gyān-rang Aarshin Karande
Hara-rang Muhammad Ali Khan
Hara-rang Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande Musicologist.
Hinga-rang Hussain Ali Khan[10]
Ināyat, Ināyat-piyā Inayat Hussain Khan "Lover of Inayat."
Jas Pandit Jasraj "Glory."
Jyoti-rang Rajaram Shukla
Kharaharapriya-dās[11] Bholanath Bhatt
Khush-rang Aslam Hussain Khan
Krishna-dās Master Krishnarao
Lalan-piyā Nandalal Sharma
Lāl-rang Chaman Lal Varma
Madhur-piyā Gokulotsavji Maharaj
Manhar Murli Manohar Shukla
Manhar-piyā Prem Prakash Johri
Mana-rang Bhupat Khan
Mana-rang Mahawat Khan of Jaipur
Manapiya Pamalka Karunanayake of Sri Lanka
Nād-piyā V R Athavale "Lover of naad." Agra Gharana.
Nād-rang Sandeep Ranade "Colors of naad."
Nāth-piyā Vilayat Khan Sitarist. Enayet Khan's Rajput name was "Nath Singh."
Prān-piyā Vilayat Hussain Khan Agra Gharana.[12]
Pranav-rang Omkarnath Thakur "Colors of Om."
Prem-piyā Faiyaz Khan "Lover of Affect."
Prem-rang Sharafat Hussain Khan "Colors of Affect."
Prem-dās Latafat Hussain Khan "Servant of Affect."
Prem-rang Ratnakar Ramnathkar "Colors of Affect."
Qadar-piyā Mirza Bala Qadar of Rampur Thumri composer.[13]
Rām-dās Zahoor Khan Khurja Gharana.[14]
Rām-rang Ramashrey Jha
Rangile Ramzan Khan Agra[15]
Rasa-dās Arun Kashalkar
Rasa-piyā Babanrao Haldankar
Rasa-rang Bade Inayat Hussain Khan
Rasik-rang Ashok Ranade Musicologist[16]
Rasik-rang Deepak Chatterjee
Razā-piya Raza Ali Khan Nawab.[17]
Saba-rang Bade Ghulam Ali Khan Patiala Gharana.
Sab-ras Ghulam Maulvi Khan Patiala Gharana.
Sadā-rang () Niyamat Khān of Delhi Descendant of Tansen. 18th-century dhrupadiya in Rangile's Court.[18]
Sagun-piyā Yashpal
Sajan-piyā Khadim Hussain Khan
Sanada-piyā Tawakkul Husain Khan of Rampur Thumri composer.[19]
Sarasa-piyā Kale Khan Father of Abdul Karim Khan of Kirana Gharana.
Sarasa-rang Dayam Khan Nauhar
Shām-rang Qayam Khan
Shok-rang, Shok Kumar Gandharva
Shori, Shori Miyān Miyan Ghulam Nabi Shori
Shubh-rang Shubhada Paradkar
Shyām-rang Jitendra Abhisheki
Subh-rang Shankarlal Mishra
Sughar-piyā Bhaiya Ganpatrao
Sujan-piyā S N Ratanjankar
Sur-rang Amir Khan
Tan-rang Vishwanath Rao Ringe
Vyakul Vyakul of Ayodhya Guru of Ramashreya Jha[20]
Vinod-piyā Tasadduq Hussain Khan Son of Kallan Khan, Agra Gharana.[20]
VrajRang and GuruRang[21] Pt.Vrajotsavji Gokulotsavji Maharaj[22] Multifaceted vocalist of Indian Classical Music in Khayal , Dhrupad & Dhammar and Haveli Sangeet
Yash-rang Yeshwantbua Joshi

Carnatic Musicians

Name Mudra Notes
Tallapaka Annamayya Venkata
Vyasatirtha Sri Krishna/ Siri Krishna/Krishna
Vadiraja Tirtha Hayavadana
Sripadaraja Ranga Vitthala
Jagannatha Dasa Jagannatha Vitthala
Gopala Dasa Gopala Vithala
Vijaya Dasa Vijaya Vithala
Purandara Dasa Purandara Vitthala
Kanaka Dasa Adi Keshava
Tyagaraja Tyagaraja
Shyama Shastri Shyama Krishna[23]
Muthuswami Dikshitar Guruguha[2] Guha is one of the many names of Murugan, the deity at Tirutani, the site of his first composition.[24]
Swati Tirunal
  • Padmanabha
  • Pankajanabha
Bhadrachala Ramadas Ramadasu
Papanasam Sivan Ramadasan
Gopalakrishna Bharathi Gopalakrishnan
Harikesanallur Muthiah Bhagavatar Harikesha
Narayana Teertha Narayana Teertha
Patnam Subramania Iyer Venkateshwara
Mysore Vasudevacharya Vasudevā
Mysore V. Ramarathnam Rāma
M. D. Ramanathan Varada dasa
M. Balamuralikrishna
  • Hari
  • Murali
Maharajapuram Santhanam Maharajan
Koteeswara Iyer Kavi Kunjara dasa
Kshetrayya Muvva Gopala
Sadashiva Brahmendra swami Paramahamsa
Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar Sri Vidya[25]

References

  1. ↑ Wade, Bonnie C. (1984). Khyal: Creativity Within North India's Classical Music Tradition. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mudrā, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  3. ↑ "Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms M". karnatik.com. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  4. ↑ "Artist - Niyamat Khan 'Sadarang' (Vocal), Gharana - None". www.swarganga.org.
  5. ↑ "Raga Shree: Close Encounters".
  6. ↑ "Short Takes: Malkauns".
  7. ↑ Bhattacharya, Ramprapanna (31 August 2018). "My Music Diary: Pen names of Great Composers of Hindustani Music".
  8. ↑ https://dilrangacademy.org/down-memory-lane/
  9. ↑ Dhar, Sheila (2005). Raga'n Josh: Stories from a Musical Life. Permanent Black. p. 236. ISBN 9788178241173.
  10. ↑ "The Bandish divide - Times of India". The Times of India.
  11. ↑ "HM Ragamalika! - rasikas.org".
  12. ↑ "The Kanada Constellation (Part 3/3)".
  13. ↑ Music, Classical (15 July 2012). "Classical Music: Thumri".
  14. ↑ "Two Variants of Bihag and Thirakhwa's Tabla Solo".
  15. ↑ "Artist - Ramzan Khan 'Rangile' (Vocal), Gharana - Agra". www.swarganga.org.
  16. ↑ "Artist - Ashok Da Ranade (Vocal), Gharana - Gwalior". www.swarganga.org.
  17. ↑ Akademi, Sangeet Natak (2006). Sangeet Natak (Volume 40 ed.). Sangeet Natak Akademi. p. 21.
  18. ↑ "Artist - Firoz Khan 'Adarang' (Vocal), Gharana - None". www.swarganga.org.
  19. ↑ Kumar, Kuldeep (31 October 2013). "A maestro and a master". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Bhimpalasi Inc".
  21. ↑ "|| VrajRang - Vrajotsavji ||". sites.google.com. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  22. ↑ "|| VrajRang - Vrajotsavji || - Acharya Dr. Vrajotsavji". sites.google.com. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  23. ↑ Śyāma Śāstri, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  24. ↑ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical dictionary of the Tamils. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 236. ISBN 9780810864450.
  25. ↑ "Navarathri - Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Compositions - Dr. PPN". www.carnatica.net.


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