Historical region of Bihar; Mehsi was an early administrative headquarters of Champaran |
Expanded the history, administrative centres, cities and towns, and urban network of Champarn with government sources; added sourced information on Mehsi and other major urban centres. Tag: references removed |
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|access-date=1 August 2026 | |access-date=1 August 2026 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
== Historical administrative centre == | |||
Mehsi (historically known as ''Mihsī'' or ''Mihsi'') has an important place in the administrative and revenue history of the Champaran region. During the Mughal period, the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' records Parganah Mihsí under Sirkár Champáran (Sarkar Champaran), demonstrating that Mihsi existed as a distinct pargana within the administrative structure of Champaran during the reign of [[Akbar]].<ref>{{cite book | |||
|last=Abu'l-Fazl | |||
|title=Ain-i-Akbari | |title=Ain-i-Akbari | ||
| | |publisher=Asiatic Society | ||
| | |year=1891 | ||
| | |volume=2 | ||
|chapter=Sarkar Champaran | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
In the 18th century, Mihsi continued to have a role in the revenue administration of Champaran. A Persian correspondence entry dated 5 August 1769 explicitly mentions Lal Bishan Lal, Peshkar of Mihsi, in connection with revenue collection and payment in Champaran.<ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=Calendar of Persian Correspondence: 5 August 1769 | |||
|title=Calendar of Persian Correspondence | |||
|url=https://famineanddearth.exeter.ac.uk/displayhtml.html?id=fp_00445_en_calendarofpersiancorrespondence_2 | |url=https://famineanddearth.exeter.ac.uk/displayhtml.html?id=fp_00445_en_calendarofpersiancorrespondence_2 | ||
|publisher=University of Exeter | |publisher=University of Exeter | ||
|access-date= | |access-date=6 October 2026 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| | |||
| | After the [[East India Company]] acquired the [[Champaran]] area in the 18th century, Mehsi retained administrative importance. The 1938 ''Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran'' describes Mehsi as the "Sadar or chief civil station of Champaran" at the time of the Company's acquisition. The same gazetteer records the remains of an old court building and a European bungalow at Mehsi, indicating its former judicial and administrative importance.<ref name="Gazetteer1938">{{cite book | ||
|last=O'Malley | |||
|first=L. S. S. | |||
|title=Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran | |||
|publisher=Government of Bihar and Orissa | |||
|location=Patna | |||
|year=1938 | |||
|page=168 | |||
|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/38302/GIPE-017779.pdf?sequence=3 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
Mehsi was also associated with the historical Mehsi Pargana. The Champaran Gazetteer states that the settlement of Mehsi gave its name to the pargana and records its historical association with the Mughal-period administration. Mehsi also remained a residence of a Muslim qazi for a considerable period.<ref name="Gazetteer1938"/> | |||
The political and zamindari arrangements of the late 18th century further demonstrate the continuing importance of the Mehsi pargana. In 1771, the parganas of Mehsi and Babra were recorded as separate territorial units and were assigned to Srikrishna Singh and Awadhut Singh. The arrangement was subsequently reflected in the Decennial Settlement of 1791 and confirmed under the Permanent Settlement of 1793.<ref>{{cite book | |||
|last=Prasad | |||
|first=Rajendra | |||
|title=Satyagraha in Champaran | |title=Satyagraha in Champaran | ||
|url=https:// | |publisher=Servants of India Society | ||
| | |year=1928 | ||
| | |chapter=History of Champaran | ||
|url=https://vvgnli.gov.in/sites/default/files/Satyagraha%20in%20Champaran.pdf | |||
}}</ref> | |||
The historical name Mihsi also continued to appear in later records. In 1885, John Beames listed Mihsi among the historical mahals associated with Sarkar Champaran.<ref>{{cite journal | |||
|last=Beames | |||
|first=John | |||
|title=Notes on the History and Geography of Bihar | |||
|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | |||
|year=1885 | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
=== Mehsi and the later district headquarters at Motihari === | |||
The historical administrative role of Mehsi should be distinguished from the later establishment of the modern Champaran district headquarters at [[Motihari]]. The Champaran district was formally constituted in 1866, and Motihari became its district headquarters. Motihari subsequently remained the headquarters when Champaran was divided into East Champaran district and [[West Champaran district]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=East Champaran District: History | |||
|publisher=District Administration, East Champaran | |||
}}</ref> | |||
Thus, the historical record reflects two different administrative phases: Mehsi was an earlier administrative, civil and revenue centre of the Champaran region, while Motihari became the headquarters of the newly constituted Champaran district in 1866 and is the present headquarters of East Champaran. | |||
The distinction is particularly important because the expression "Sadar or chief civil station of Champaran" used for Mehsi in the 1938 gazetteer refers to its earlier administrative role and should not be equated automatically with the later district-headquarters status of Motihari.<ref name="Gazetteer1938"/> | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
! Period !! Place !! Historical status / role !! Evidence | |||
|- | |||
| Mughal period, 16th century || [[Mehsi]] (Mihsī) || Pargana Mihsí under Sarkar Champaran || ''Ain-i-Akbari'' | |||
|- | |||
| c. 16th century || Mehsi (Mihsi) region || Associated with the Mughal jagir and territorial administration of Champaran || Historical and academic records | |||
|- | |||
| 5 August 1769 || [[Mehsi]] (Mihsi) || A Peshkar of Mihsi is recorded in Persian revenue correspondence || ''Calendar of Persian Correspondence'' | |||
|- | |||
| 18th century, East India Company period || [[Mehsi, Bihar|Mehsi]] || Described as the Sadar or chief civil station of Champaran at the time of the Company's acquisition || ''Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran'' (1938) | |||
|- | |||
| 18th–19th century || [[Mehsi, Bihar|Mihsi]] || Associated with a historical pargana and local judicial and administrative institutions || Champaran Gazetteer | |||
|- | |||
| 1771 || Mehsi and Babra || Recorded as separate parganas in the zamindari arrangements of Champaran || ''Satyagraha in Champaran'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1791 || Mehsi and Babra || Included in the Decennial Settlement associated with the Sheohar Raj estate || ''Satyagraha in Champaran'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1793 || Mehsi and Babra || Settlement confirmed under the Permanent Settlement || Champaran Gazetteer | |||
|- | |||
| 1885 || Mihsi || Recorded among the historical mahals associated with Sarkar Champaran || J. Beames | |||
|- | |||
| 1938 || Mehsi || Historical civil station and place that gave its name to Mehsi Pargana; former judicial and administrative importance noted || Champaran Gazetteer | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 1866 || Motihari || District headquarters of the newly constituted Champaran district || Government district history / gazetteer | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 1866–1972 || Motihari || Headquarters of Champaran district || Government records and Imperial Gazetteer | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 1972 || Motihari || Became the headquarters of East Champaran following the division of Champaran into East and West Champaran || District administration | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Present || Motihari || District headquarters of East Champaran || East Champaran district administration | ||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== Champaran's wider historical background === | |||
|title= | |||
|url=https:// | [[Champaran district|Champaran]] has a long and important history extending from ancient traditions to the modern Indian independence movement. According to traditional accounts, the region was associated with the ancient kingdom of [[Mithila]] and later with the [[Vajji]] confederacy. Buddhist traditions also associate the wider Champaran region with [[Gautama Buddha]], while the archaeological remains of the region include monuments associated with the [[Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]]. | ||
The region subsequently came under a succession of dynasties and local rulers before becoming part of the Mughal administrative system. During the Mughal period, Champaran was organised into administrative units including parganas such as Mihsi. The administrative and revenue importance of Mehsi is therefore part of the wider historical development of the Champaran region.<ref>{{cite book | |||
|last=Prasad | |||
|first=Rajendra | |||
|title=Satyagraha in Champaran | |||
|publisher=Servants of India Society | |||
|year=1928 | |||
|chapter=History of Champaran | |||
|url=https://vvgnli.gov.in/sites/default/files/Satyagraha%20in%20Champaran.pdf | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
The modern political history of Champaran is particularly associated with the [[Champaran Satyagraha]] of 1917. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] came to Champaran at the invitation of the peasant leader [[Raj Kumar Shukla]] and began his campaign against the exploitative indigo cultivation system, including the ''tinkathia'' system. The movement became an important episode in the history of the [[Indian independence movement]]. | |||
=== Mehsi and the Champaran Satyagraha === | |||
Mehsi | |||
Mehsi also has a historical association with the Champaran Satyagraha. Contemporary and later accounts of the movement associate Gandhi's journey through Champaran with the railway route serving the region, including a stop at Mehsi railway station. Local historical accounts state that Gandhi stopped at Mehsi during his journey and was welcomed by local people.<ref name="चंपारण में सत्याग्रह">{{cite web | |||
|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/satyagrahaincham029158mbp/satyagrahaincham029158mbp_djvu.txt | |||
|title=चंपारण में सत्याग्रह | |||
|access-date=13 August 2009 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619183644/http://www.archive.org/stream/satyagrahaincham029158mbp/satyagrahaincham029158mbp_djvu.txt | |||
|archive-date=19 June 2009 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
The | The association of Mehsi with the Champaran Satyagraha forms part of the town's later historical identity, while its earlier role as a pargana, revenue centre and civil station demonstrates that its significance predates the 1917 movement by several centuries. | ||
Overall, historical records portray Mehsi not simply as an ordinary rural settlement, but as a historically significant administrative, revenue and civil centre of the Champaran region. Its appearance as ''Mihsī'' in the ''Ain-i-Akbari'', the reference to a Peshkar of Mihsi in 1769 Persian correspondence, its association with the Mehsi Pargana, and the 1938 Champaran Gazetteer's description of Mehsi as the "Sadar or chief civil station of Champaran" together demonstrate the continuity of its historical administrative importance.<ref name="Gazetteer1938"/><ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=Calendar of Persian Correspondence: 5 August 1769 | |||
|url=https://famineanddearth.exeter.ac.uk/displayhtml.html?id=fp_00445_en_calendarofpersiancorrespondence_2 | |||
|publisher=University of Exeter | |||
|access-date=6 October 2026 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
At the same time, Motihari's later status as the district headquarters from 1866 should be stated separately. This distinction provides a clearer and more historically accurate account of the transition from the older administrative geography of Champaran to the modern district administration. | |||
== Geography == | == Geography == | ||
| Line 200: | Line 235: | ||
* [[Sanjeev K Jha]] – Indian script writer, filmmaker | * [[Sanjeev K Jha]] – Indian script writer, filmmaker | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Latest revision as of 03:10, 8 October 2026
Champaran | |
|---|---|
Historical region | |
  Champaran | |
| Coordinates: 26°21′22.698″N 85°5′54.787″E / 26.35630500°N 85.09855194°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Bihar |
| Historical Headquarters | Mehsi ( 1730-1866)[1]; Motihari (1866-parsent) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Part of a series on the |
| History of Bihar |
|---|
 |
Champaran is a historical region of northern Bihar, India. During the Mughal period, particularly during the reign of Emperor Akbar (1556–1605), Mihsī (Mehsi) was a documented pargana of Sarkar Champaran. The Ain-i-Akbari directly records “Parganah Mihsí, Sirkár Champáran”, providing early documentary evidence of Mehsi's status as an established territorial and revenue unit of Champaran.[2]
According to the Valmiki Ramayana, it was a part of the ancient Kingdom of Videha also known as Mithila. It was under the territory of the King Janaka in Mithila. The Sita Kund in the present region of Champaran is revered as the holy tank where the prince Sita of Mithila took bathe during her journey from Mithila to Ayodhya after her marriage.[3][4]
The historical importance of Mehsi continued beyond the Mughal period. A Persian correspondence entry dated 5 August 1769 refers to the Peshkar of Mihsi in Champaran, demonstrating the continued administrative and revenue use of the name in the eighteenth century.[5] In 1771, the historical parganas of Mehsi and Babra were incorporated into the zamindari arrangements that subsequently formed the basis of the Sheohar Raj, with the settlement being confirmed under the Permanent Settlement of 1793.[6]
Nineteenth-century historical records continued to identify Mihsi as one of the mahals of Sarkar Champaran. J. Beames, writing in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1885, listed Simranw, Mihsi and Majhowa as the three mahals of Sarkar Champaran.[7] The 1938 Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran further records Mehsi as an important settlement of the southern part of the headquarters subdivision and states that it was regarded as a sadar or chief civil station in Champaran when the East India Company first acquired possession of the area. The Gazetteer also records that the settlement gave its name to the Mehsi Pargana and notes its earlier administrative and judicial importance.[8]
The modern administrative headquarters are located at Motihari for East Champaran and Bettiah for West Champaran.[9][10]
Champaran is internationally known for the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 led by Mahatma Gandhi.[11]
Historical administrative centre[edit | edit source]
Mehsi (historically known as Mihsī or Mihsi) has an important place in the administrative and revenue history of the Champaran region. During the Mughal period, the Ain-i-Akbari records Parganah Mihsí under Sirkár Champáran (Sarkar Champaran), demonstrating that Mihsi existed as a distinct pargana within the administrative structure of Champaran during the reign of Akbar.[12]
In the 18th century, Mihsi continued to have a role in the revenue administration of Champaran. A Persian correspondence entry dated 5 August 1769 explicitly mentions Lal Bishan Lal, Peshkar of Mihsi, in connection with revenue collection and payment in Champaran.[13]
After the East India Company acquired the Champaran area in the 18th century, Mehsi retained administrative importance. The 1938 Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran describes Mehsi as the "Sadar or chief civil station of Champaran" at the time of the Company's acquisition. The same gazetteer records the remains of an old court building and a European bungalow at Mehsi, indicating its former judicial and administrative importance.[14]
Mehsi was also associated with the historical Mehsi Pargana. The Champaran Gazetteer states that the settlement of Mehsi gave its name to the pargana and records its historical association with the Mughal-period administration. Mehsi also remained a residence of a Muslim qazi for a considerable period.[14]
The political and zamindari arrangements of the late 18th century further demonstrate the continuing importance of the Mehsi pargana. In 1771, the parganas of Mehsi and Babra were recorded as separate territorial units and were assigned to Srikrishna Singh and Awadhut Singh. The arrangement was subsequently reflected in the Decennial Settlement of 1791 and confirmed under the Permanent Settlement of 1793.[15]
The historical name Mihsi also continued to appear in later records. In 1885, John Beames listed Mihsi among the historical mahals associated with Sarkar Champaran.[16]
Mehsi and the later district headquarters at Motihari[edit | edit source]
The historical administrative role of Mehsi should be distinguished from the later establishment of the modern Champaran district headquarters at Motihari. The Champaran district was formally constituted in 1866, and Motihari became its district headquarters. Motihari subsequently remained the headquarters when Champaran was divided into East Champaran district and West Champaran district in 1972.[17]
Thus, the historical record reflects two different administrative phases: Mehsi was an earlier administrative, civil and revenue centre of the Champaran region, while Motihari became the headquarters of the newly constituted Champaran district in 1866 and is the present headquarters of East Champaran.
The distinction is particularly important because the expression "Sadar or chief civil station of Champaran" used for Mehsi in the 1938 gazetteer refers to its earlier administrative role and should not be equated automatically with the later district-headquarters status of Motihari.[14]
| Period | Place | Historical status / role | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mughal period, 16th century | Mehsi (Mihsī) | Pargana Mihsí under Sarkar Champaran | Ain-i-Akbari |
| c. 16th century | Mehsi (Mihsi) region | Associated with the Mughal jagir and territorial administration of Champaran | Historical and academic records |
| 5 August 1769 | Mehsi (Mihsi) | A Peshkar of Mihsi is recorded in Persian revenue correspondence | Calendar of Persian Correspondence |
| 18th century, East India Company period | Mehsi | Described as the Sadar or chief civil station of Champaran at the time of the Company's acquisition | Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran (1938) |
| 18th–19th century | Mihsi | Associated with a historical pargana and local judicial and administrative institutions | Champaran Gazetteer |
| 1771 | Mehsi and Babra | Recorded as separate parganas in the zamindari arrangements of Champaran | Satyagraha in Champaran |
| 1791 | Mehsi and Babra | Included in the Decennial Settlement associated with the Sheohar Raj estate | Satyagraha in Champaran |
| 1793 | Mehsi and Babra | Settlement confirmed under the Permanent Settlement | Champaran Gazetteer |
| 1885 | Mihsi | Recorded among the historical mahals associated with Sarkar Champaran | J. Beames |
| 1938 | Mehsi | Historical civil station and place that gave its name to Mehsi Pargana; former judicial and administrative importance noted | Champaran Gazetteer |
| 1866 | Motihari | District headquarters of the newly constituted Champaran district | Government district history / gazetteer |
| 1866–1972 | Motihari | Headquarters of Champaran district | Government records and Imperial Gazetteer |
| 1972 | Motihari | Became the headquarters of East Champaran following the division of Champaran into East and West Champaran | District administration |
| Present | Motihari | District headquarters of East Champaran | East Champaran district administration |
Champaran's wider historical background[edit | edit source]
Champaran has a long and important history extending from ancient traditions to the modern Indian independence movement. According to traditional accounts, the region was associated with the ancient kingdom of Mithila and later with the Vajji confederacy. Buddhist traditions also associate the wider Champaran region with Gautama Buddha, while the archaeological remains of the region include monuments associated with the Maurya emperor Ashoka.
The region subsequently came under a succession of dynasties and local rulers before becoming part of the Mughal administrative system. During the Mughal period, Champaran was organised into administrative units including parganas such as Mihsi. The administrative and revenue importance of Mehsi is therefore part of the wider historical development of the Champaran region.[18]
The modern political history of Champaran is particularly associated with the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917. Mahatma Gandhi came to Champaran at the invitation of the peasant leader Raj Kumar Shukla and began his campaign against the exploitative indigo cultivation system, including the tinkathia system. The movement became an important episode in the history of the Indian independence movement.
Mehsi and the Champaran Satyagraha[edit | edit source]
Mehsi also has a historical association with the Champaran Satyagraha. Contemporary and later accounts of the movement associate Gandhi's journey through Champaran with the railway route serving the region, including a stop at Mehsi railway station. Local historical accounts state that Gandhi stopped at Mehsi during his journey and was welcomed by local people.[19]
The association of Mehsi with the Champaran Satyagraha forms part of the town's later historical identity, while its earlier role as a pargana, revenue centre and civil station demonstrates that its significance predates the 1917 movement by several centuries.
Overall, historical records portray Mehsi not simply as an ordinary rural settlement, but as a historically significant administrative, revenue and civil centre of the Champaran region. Its appearance as Mihsī in the Ain-i-Akbari, the reference to a Peshkar of Mihsi in 1769 Persian correspondence, its association with the Mehsi Pargana, and the 1938 Champaran Gazetteer's description of Mehsi as the "Sadar or chief civil station of Champaran" together demonstrate the continuity of its historical administrative importance.[14][20]
At the same time, Motihari's later status as the district headquarters from 1866 should be stated separately. This distinction provides a clearer and more historically accurate account of the transition from the older administrative geography of Champaran to the modern district administration.
Geography[edit | edit source]
Champaran lies in the fertile plains of northern Bihar and is shaped by rivers such as the Gandak.
Culture[edit | edit source]
The cultural heritage of the Champaran region was rooted since the Videha Kingdom of the King Janaka. Later, it was gradually encroached upon by Madhyadesha. This encroachment led the region gradually change to the Madheshi linguistic and cultural identification. In the recent pasts, it was linguistically encroached by Bhojpuri. Nowadays, a significant population of the region forms part of the Bhojpuri culture, folk music, festivals, fairs, and rural traditions.[4]
Economy[edit | edit source]
Agriculture remains the primary economic activity in Champaran, along with sugarcane cultivation, food crops, horticulture, and small-scale industries. Mehsi is locally known for agriculture, fruit production, and trade activities.[21]
People[edit | edit source]
- Batak Mian - A cook who saved the life of Mahatma Gandhi
- Manoj Bajpai –
- Dinesh Bhramar – poet and noted figure in Hindi and Bhojpuri literature
- Anuranjan Jha – Indian journalist
- Prakash Jha – Indian filmmaker
- Ramesh Chandra Jha – Indian poet, novelist and freedom fighter
- Abdullah Khan – novelist and screenwriter
- Ravish Kumar – Indian journalist
- Gopal Singh Nepali – Indian poet of Hindi literature, Bollywood lyricist
- George Orwell – English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic
- Kedar Pandey – Congress leader and ex-Chief Minister of Bihar
- Afroz Alam Sahil – Indian journalist
- Raj Kumar Shukla – indigo cultivator, activist
- Radha Mohan Singh – Indian politician
- Sanjeev K Jha – Indian script writer, filmmaker
See also[edit | edit source]
- Bihar and Orissa Province
- Champaran District
- East Champaran District
- West Champaran District
- Zamindars of Bihar
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa. 1938. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ "Ain-i-Akbari". University of Exeter Persian Text Series. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ Vālmīki (1910). The Ramayana of Valmeeki: Rendered Into English with Exhaustive Notes by C. R. Sreenivasa Ayyangar. Balakanda and notes. M.E. Press, A.L.V. Press and Guardian Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mishra, Vijayakanta (1979). Cultural Heritage of Mithila. Mithila Prakasana.
- ↑ "Calendar of Persian Correspondence, 1769". University of Exeter. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ "Satyagraha in Champaran" (PDF). M. K. Gandhi Foundation. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1885" (PDF). Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa. 1938. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ "District East Champaran, Government of Bihar". Government of Bihar. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ "District West Champaran, Government of Bihar". Government of Bihar. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ "Champaran Satyagraha". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 August 2026.
- ↑ Abu'l-Fazl (1891). "Sarkar Champaran". Ain-i-Akbari. Vol. 2. Asiatic Society.
- ↑ "Calendar of Persian Correspondence: 5 August 1769". University of Exeter. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 O'Malley, L. S. S. (1938). Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Champaran (PDF). Patna: Government of Bihar and Orissa. p. 168.
- ↑ Prasad, Rajendra (1928). "History of Champaran". Satyagraha in Champaran (PDF). Servants of India Society.
- ↑ Beames, John (1885). "Notes on the History and Geography of Bihar". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
- ↑ "East Champaran District: History". District Administration, East Champaran.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ Prasad, Rajendra (1928). "History of Champaran". Satyagraha in Champaran (PDF). Servants of India Society.
- ↑ "चंपारण में सत्याग्रह". Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
- ↑ "Calendar of Persian Correspondence: 5 August 1769". University of Exeter. Retrieved 6 October 2026.
- ↑ "East Champaran District". Government of Bihar. Retrieved 15 May 2026.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- "Champaran Gramodyog Sansthan". Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- Singh, Shankar Dayal. Gandhi's first step: Champaran movement, by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1994. ISBN 81-7018-834-2.
- Chakrabarti D.K. (1996b). From Purnea to Champaran: The distribution of sites in the north Bihar plains. South Asian Studies, 12:pp. 147–158