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{{Short description|Hill fort in Maharashtra, India}}
{{For|the town in Chhattisgarh|Raigarh}}
{{For|the town in Chhattisgarh|Raigarh}}
{{distinguish|Rajgad Fort}}
{{distinguish|Rajgad Fort}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2021}}
{{sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{short description|Historic fortification in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox military installation
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Raigad Fort
| name         = Raigad Fort
| partof =
| partof       =  
| location = [[Raigad District]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />(near [[Mahad]])
| location     = [[Raigad District]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />(near [[Mahad]])
| image = Raigad fort towers.jpg
| image         = Nagarkhana, Raigad Fort, India.jpg
| caption = Raigad Fort towers
| caption       = Raigad Fort entrance
| pushpin_map =India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map   = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_mapsize =300
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption =Shown within [[Maharashtra]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Shown within [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.2335|73.4406|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|format=dms|display=inline}}
| coordinates   = {{coord|18.2335|73.4406|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| type = Hill fort
| type         = Hill fort
| code =
| code         =  
| height = {{convert|1356|m|ft|-2}} ASL
| height       = {{convert|1356|m|ft|-2}} ASL
| ownership =  
| ownership     = *[[Maratha Empire]] (1656–1689; 1707–1818)
*[[Maratha Empire]] (1656–1689; 1707–1818)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1689–1707)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1689–1707)
*[[British East India Company]] (1818–1858)
*[[East India Company]] (1818–1858)
*[[British Empire]] (1858–1947)
*[[British Empire]] (1858–1947)
*[[Government of India|Central Government]] of (1947–present)
*[[Government of India]] (1947–present)
| open_to_public = Yes
| open_to_public = Yes
| condition =
| condition     =  
| built =
| used         =  
| builder =  Hirojee Indulkar
| materials     = Stone, Lead
| used =
| demolished   =  
| materials = Stone, Lead
| battles       =  
| demolished =
| current_commander =  
| battles =
| past_commanders = {{ubl|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji]]|[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]}}
| current_commander =
| occupants     = chatrapati
| past_commanders = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]]
| events       =  
| occupants = [[Maharaj]]
| events =
}}
}}


'''Raigad''' is a [[hill fort]] situated in [[Mahad]], [[Raigad district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is one of the strongest fortresses on the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref>Here's why you should visit Raigad fort:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/this-is-why-you-should-visit-maharashtras-raigad-fort/as65783005.cms</ref>
'''Raigad''' is a [[hill fort]] situated in [[Mahad, Raigad district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India. It is one of the strongest fortresses on the [[Deccan Plateau]]. It was previously known as Rairee or Rairy fort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/this-is-why-you-should-visit-maharashtras-raigad-fort/articleshow/65783005.cms|title=This is why you should visit Maharashtra’s Raigad Fort|first=Resham|last=Sengar|website=Times of India Travel}}</ref>


Many constructions and structures on Raigad were built by [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] when he made it his capital in 1674 upon being crowned the king of the Maratha kingdom, which later developed into the [[Maratha Empire]], eventually covering much of western and central India.<ref name=imp>{{cite web | title =Raigarh |publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Volume 21|pages= 47–48|year=1909| url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_053.gif| access-date = 2014-02-19 }}</ref> In 1765, the fort was the location of an armed campaign by the British East India Company. Finally, on 9 May 1818, the fort was looted and destroyed by the British.
Many constructions and structures on Raigad were built by Chhatrapati Shivaji and the Chief Engineer was [[Hiroji Indulkar]]. When Chhatrapati Shivaji made it his capital in 1674 upon being crowned the king of the Maratha kingdom, which later developed into the [[Maratha Empire]], eventually covering much of western and central India.<ref name=imp>{{cite web | title =Raigarh |publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Volume 21|pages= 47–48|year=1909| url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_053.gif| access-date = 2014-02-19 }}</ref>  


The fort rises {{convert|820|m|ft|-2}} above sea level in the [[Sahyadri]] mountain range. There are approximately 1,737 steps leading to the fort. The [[Raigad Ropeway]], an [[aerial tramway]], reaches 400 meters in height and 750 meters in length, and allows visitors to reach the fort from the ground in only four Minutes
The fort rises {{convert|820|m|ft|-2}} above base level and 1356 m above sea level in the [[Sahyadri]] mountain range. There are approximately 1,737 steps leading to the fort. The [[Raigad Ropeway]], an [[aerial tramway]], reaches 400 meters in height and 750 meters in length, and allows visitors to reach the fort from the ground in only four minutes.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
 
==History==
[[File:The Ghats from Ryghur.jpg|thumb|left|The Ghats from Raigad]]
 
[[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] seized the fort in 1656, then known as the fort of ''Rairi'' from Chandraraoji More, the king of Jawali. Shivaji renovated and expanded the fort of Rairi and renamed it as Raigad (''King's Fort''). It became the capital of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's Maratha kingdom.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
 
The villages of Pachad & Raigadwadi are located at the base of the Raigad fort. These two villages were considered very important during the Maratha rule in Raigad. The actual climb to the top of the Raigad fort starts from Pachad. During Shivaji's rule, A cavalry of 10,000 was always kept on standby in Pachad village. {{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Shivaji also built another fort [[Lingana]] around 2 miles away from Raigad. The Lingana fort was used to keep prisoners.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
 
In 1689, Zulfikhar Khan captured Raigad and Aurangzeb renamed it as ''Islamgad''. In 1707, Siddi Fathekan captured the fort and held it until 1733. After 1733 Maratha chiefs captured Raigad again and held it until 1818.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naravane|first1=M.S.|title=The maritime and coastal forts of India|date=1998|publisher=APH Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170249108|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=siddi&pg=PR9}}</ref>
 
In 1765, The fort of Raigad along with [[Malwan]] in present [[Sindhudurg District]], the southernmost district of [[Maharashtra]], was the target of an armed expedition by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]], which considered it a [[pirate|piratical]] stronghold.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
 
In 1818, the fort was bombarded and destroyed by cannons from the hill of Kalkai. And on 9 May 1818, as per the treaty, it was handed over to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}


==Major features==
==Major features==
[[File:MahaDarwaja Raigad Fort.JPG|thumb|The Maha Darwaja]]
[[File:MahaDarwaja Raigad Fort.JPG|thumb|The Maha Darwaja]]
[[File:Jijamata Samadhi at Pachad, Raigadh, Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|The Samadhi of Rajmata Jijabai "Ausaheb"]]
[[File:Jijamata Samadhi at Pachad, Raigadh, Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|The Samadhi of Rajmata Jijabai "Ausaheb"]]
 
The main palace was constructed using wood, of which only the base pillars remain. The main fort ruins consist of the queen's quarters, six chambers, with each chamber having its own private restroom. The chambers do not have any windows. In addition, ruins of three watch towers can be seen directly in front of the palace grounds out of which only two remain as the third one was destroyed during a bombardment. The Raigad Fort also has ruins of a market which was accessible to horseback riders. The fort also overlooks an artificial lake known as the Ganga Sagar Lake.<ref name=fort>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=1985|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|page=86-9|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref>
The Raigad Fort was built by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} and the chief architect/engineer was Hiroji Indulkar. The main palace was constructed using wood, of which only the base pillars remain. The main fort ruins consist of the queen's quarters, six chambers, with each chamber having its own private restroom. In addition, ruins of three watch towers can be seen directly in front of the palace grounds out of which only two remain as the third one was destroyed during a bombardment. The Raigad Fort also has ruins of a market which was accessible to horseback riders. The fort also overlooks an artificial lake known as the Ganga Sagar Lake.{{cn|date=February 2021}}


The only main pathway to the fort passes through the "Maha Darwaja" (Huge Door) which was previously closed at sunset. The Maha Darwaja has two huge bastions on both sides of the door which are approximately 65–70 feet in height. The top of the fort is 600&nbsp;ft above this door.
The only main pathway to the fort passes through the "Maha Darwaja" (Huge Door) which was previously closed at sunset. The Maha Darwaja has two huge bastions on both sides of the door which are approximately 65–70 feet in height. The top of the fort is 600&nbsp;ft above this door.


The king's court, inside the Raigad Fort has a replica of the original throne that faces the main doorway called the ''Nagarkhana Darwaja''. This enclosure had been acoustically designed to aid hearing from the doorway to the throne. A secondary entrance, called the ''Mena Darwaja'', was supposedly the private entrance for the royal ladies of the fort that lead to the queen's quarters. The convoy of the king and the king himself used the ''Palkhi Darwaja.'' To the right of Palkhi Darwaja, is a row of three dark and deep chambers. Historians believe that these were the granaries for the fort.<ref>[http://www.raigadropeway.com/fort.htm Write-up from the Raigad ropeway]</ref>
The king's court, inside the Raigad Fort has a replica of the original throne that faces the main doorway called the ''Nagarkhana Darwaja''. It faces the East Side. It was here where Shivaji's Rajyabhishek took place. This enclosure had been acoustically designed to aid hearing from the doorway to the throne. A secondary entrance, called the ''Mena Darwaja'' on south side, was supposedly the private entrance for the royal ladies of the fort that lead to the queen's quarters. The convoy of the king and the king himself used the ''Palkhi Darwaja.'' on the north side. To the right of Palkhi Darwaja, is a row of three dark and deep chambers. Historians believe that these were the granaries for the fort.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.raigadropeway.com/fort.htm |title=Write-up from the Raigad ropeway |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-date=5 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105182232/http://raigadropeway.com/fort.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


From the fort, one can view the execution point called ''Takmak Tok'', a cliff from which sentenced prisoners were thrown to their death. This area has been fenced off.<ref name="gunaji">{{cite book|last=Gunaji|first=Milind|title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2005|pages=41|isbn=81-7154-669-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIjmDLardesC&q=raigad+fort&pg=PA41|access-date=2009-03-17}}</ref>
From the fort, one can view the execution point called ''Takmak Tok'', a cliff from which sentenced prisoners were thrown to their death. This area has been fenced off.<ref name="gunaji">{{cite book|last=Gunaji|first=Milind|title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2005|pages=41|isbn=81-7154-669-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIjmDLardesC&q=raigad+fort&pg=PA41|access-date=2009-03-17}}</ref>


A statue of Shivaji Maharaj is erected in front of the ruins of the main market avenue that leads to the ''Jagdishwar Mandir'' and his own [[Samādhi|Samadhi]] and that of his dog named ''Waghya''. The Samadhi of Rajmata Jijabai, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's mother, can be seen at the base village of Pachad.
A statue of Shivaji is erected in front of the ruins of the main market avenue that leads to the ''Jagdishwar Mandir'', which has [[Hiroji Indulkar]]'s name engraved on the first step, his own [[Samādhi|Samadhi]] and that of his dog named ''Waghya''. The Samadhi of Rajmata Jijabai, Shivaji's mother, can be seen at the base village of Pachad. Additional famous attractions of the fort include the Khubladha Buruj, Nane Darwaja and the Hatti Talav (Elephant Lake). Henry Oxienden was on the fort from 13 May to 13 June 1674 & he quoted "We arrived at the top of that strong mountain about sunn sett, which is fortified by nature more than art, being off very difficult access, and but one advance to it, which is guarded by two narrow gates, and fortified with a strong high wall, and bastions thereto. All the other parte of the mountaine is a direct precipice, so that it is impregnable except the treachery of some in it betrayes it. On the Mountaine are many strong buildings, as the Rajahs Court,and houses for other Ministers of State, to the number of about 300, It is in length about 21 miles and breadth * a mile, but noe pleasant trees nor any sort of grains growes thereon. Our house was about a mile from the Rajahs Pallaoe, into which wee retired with noe little content."<ref name=fort/>
 
Additional famous attractions of the fort include the Khubladha Buruj, Nane Darwaja and the Hatti Talav (Elephant Lake).


===''Hirakani Buruj''===
===''Hirakani Buruj''===
The fort has a famous wall called "Hirakani Buruj" (Hirakani Bastion) constructed over a huge steep cliff. The legend goes "that a woman by the name of Hirakani from a nearby village had come to sell milk to the people living at the fort. She happened to be inside the fort when the gates got closed and locked at sunset. Hearing the cries of her infant son back at the village echo after nightfall, the anxious mother couldn't wait till dawn and courageously climbed down the steep cliff in pitch darkness all for the love of her little one. She later repeated this extraordinary feat in front of Shivaji and was bravely rewarded for it." In appreciation of her courage and bravery, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built the Hirakani Bastion over this cliff.
The fort has a famous wall called "Hirakani Buruj" (Hirakani Bastion) constructed over a huge steepcliff. The legend goes "that a woman by the name of Hirakani from a nearby village had come to sell milk to the people living at the fort. She happened to be inside the fort when the gates got closed and locked at sunset. Hearing the cries of her infant son back at the village echo after nightfall, the anxious mother couldn't wait till dawn and courageously climbed down the steep cliff in pitch darkness all for the love of her little one. She later repeated this extraordinary feat in front of Shivaji and was rewarded for her bravery." In appreciation of her courage and bravery, Chhatrapati Shivaji built the Hirakani Bastion over this cliff.<ref name=fort/>.Hirkani Buruj is important aspect of raigada,it is symbol of courage.


==Incidents==
==Incidents==
* The statue of Shivaji's pet dog was removed by alleged members of the [[Sambhaji Brigade]]<ref>{{cite news|title=73 held for removing Shivaji Maharaj's dog's statue from Raigad fort|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_73-held-for-removing-shivaji-dogs-statue-from-raigad-fort_1723352|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=DNA}}</ref> in July 2012 as a protest but was re-instated by Shri Shivaji Raigad Smarak Samiti, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], sculptor Rambhau Parkhi and the District Administration<ref>{{cite news|title=Vaghyacha putala punha basavala|url=http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/3Aug2012/Enlarge/PuneCity/page8.htm|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=Sakal}}</ref>
The statue of Shivaji's pet dog was removed by alleged members of the [[Sambhaji Brigade]]<ref>{{cite news|title=73 held for removing Shivaji's dog's statue from Raigad fort|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_73-held-for-removing-shivaji-dogs-statue-from-raigad-fort_1723352|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=DNA}}</ref> in July 2012 as a protest but was re-instated by Shri Shivaji Maharaj Raigad Smarak Samiti, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], sculptor Rambhau Parkhi and the District Administration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vaghyacha putala punha basavala|url=http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/3Aug2012/Enlarge/PuneCity/page8.htm|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=Sakal}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
Line 87: Line 68:
File:RaigadFort1.jpg|Raigad Fort Palace Ruins
File:RaigadFort1.jpg|Raigad Fort Palace Ruins
</gallery>
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[List of forts in Maharashtra]]
* [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]


==References==
==References==
Line 95: Line 80:
* [http://indiaouting.com/maharashtra/raigad-fort/ Raigad Fort Travel Guide]
* [http://indiaouting.com/maharashtra/raigad-fort/ Raigad Fort Travel Guide]
* [http://www.yashwantnaik.com/outing/one-trip-raigad-travel-guide-tourist-information/ (Raigad Fort Place to See)]
* [http://www.yashwantnaik.com/outing/one-trip-raigad-travel-guide-tourist-information/ (Raigad Fort Place to See)]
 
* [https://marathisuchak.com/raigad-fort-information-marathi/ Raigad Fort Information in Marathi]
== See also ==
* [[List of forts in Maharashtra]]
* [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]


{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{Forts in Maharashtra}}

Revision as of 20:19, 7 December 2022


For the town in Chhattisgarh, see Raigarh.
Not to be confused with Rajgad Fort.

Raigad Fort
Raigad District, Maharashtra
(near Mahad)
Raigad Fort entrance
Raigad Fort is located in Maharashtra
Raigad Fort
Raigad Fort
Shown within Maharashtra
Raigad Fort is located in India
Raigad Fort
Raigad Fort
Raigad Fort (India)
Coordinates18°14′01″N 73°26′26″E / 18.2335°N 73.4406°E / 18.2335; 73.4406
TypeHill fort
Height1,356 metres (4,400 ft) ASL
Site information
Owner
Open to
the public		Yes
Site history
MaterialsStone, Lead
Garrison information
Past
commanders
Occupantschatrapati

Raigad is a hill fort situated in Mahad, Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. It is one of the strongest fortresses on the Deccan Plateau. It was previously known as Rairee or Rairy fort.[1]

Many constructions and structures on Raigad were built by Chhatrapati Shivaji and the Chief Engineer was Hiroji Indulkar. When Chhatrapati Shivaji made it his capital in 1674 upon being crowned the king of the Maratha kingdom, which later developed into the Maratha Empire, eventually covering much of western and central India.[2]

The fort rises 820 metres (2,700 ft) above base level and 1356 m above sea level in the Sahyadri mountain range. There are approximately 1,737 steps leading to the fort. The Raigad Ropeway, an aerial tramway, reaches 400 meters in height and 750 meters in length, and allows visitors to reach the fort from the ground in only four minutes.[citation needed]

Major features

The Maha Darwaja
The Samadhi of Rajmata Jijabai "Ausaheb"

The main palace was constructed using wood, of which only the base pillars remain. The main fort ruins consist of the queen's quarters, six chambers, with each chamber having its own private restroom. The chambers do not have any windows. In addition, ruins of three watch towers can be seen directly in front of the palace grounds out of which only two remain as the third one was destroyed during a bombardment. The Raigad Fort also has ruins of a market which was accessible to horseback riders. The fort also overlooks an artificial lake known as the Ganga Sagar Lake.[3]

The only main pathway to the fort passes through the "Maha Darwaja" (Huge Door) which was previously closed at sunset. The Maha Darwaja has two huge bastions on both sides of the door which are approximately 65–70 feet in height. The top of the fort is 600 ft above this door.

The king's court, inside the Raigad Fort has a replica of the original throne that faces the main doorway called the Nagarkhana Darwaja. It faces the East Side. It was here where Shivaji's Rajyabhishek took place. This enclosure had been acoustically designed to aid hearing from the doorway to the throne. A secondary entrance, called the Mena Darwaja on south side, was supposedly the private entrance for the royal ladies of the fort that lead to the queen's quarters. The convoy of the king and the king himself used the Palkhi Darwaja. on the north side. To the right of Palkhi Darwaja, is a row of three dark and deep chambers. Historians believe that these were the granaries for the fort.[4]

From the fort, one can view the execution point called Takmak Tok, a cliff from which sentenced prisoners were thrown to their death. This area has been fenced off.[5]

A statue of Shivaji is erected in front of the ruins of the main market avenue that leads to the Jagdishwar Mandir, which has Hiroji Indulkar's name engraved on the first step, his own Samadhi and that of his dog named Waghya. The Samadhi of Rajmata Jijabai, Shivaji's mother, can be seen at the base village of Pachad. Additional famous attractions of the fort include the Khubladha Buruj, Nane Darwaja and the Hatti Talav (Elephant Lake). Henry Oxienden was on the fort from 13 May to 13 June 1674 & he quoted "We arrived at the top of that strong mountain about sunn sett, which is fortified by nature more than art, being off very difficult access, and but one advance to it, which is guarded by two narrow gates, and fortified with a strong high wall, and bastions thereto. All the other parte of the mountaine is a direct precipice, so that it is impregnable except the treachery of some in it betrayes it. On the Mountaine are many strong buildings, as the Rajahs Court,and houses for other Ministers of State, to the number of about 300, It is in length about 21 miles and breadth * a mile, but noe pleasant trees nor any sort of grains growes thereon. Our house was about a mile from the Rajahs Pallaoe, into which wee retired with noe little content."[3]

Hirakani Buruj

The fort has a famous wall called "Hirakani Buruj" (Hirakani Bastion) constructed over a huge steepcliff. The legend goes "that a woman by the name of Hirakani from a nearby village had come to sell milk to the people living at the fort. She happened to be inside the fort when the gates got closed and locked at sunset. Hearing the cries of her infant son back at the village echo after nightfall, the anxious mother couldn't wait till dawn and courageously climbed down the steep cliff in pitch darkness all for the love of her little one. She later repeated this extraordinary feat in front of Shivaji and was rewarded for her bravery." In appreciation of her courage and bravery, Chhatrapati Shivaji built the Hirakani Bastion over this cliff.[3].Hirkani Buruj is important aspect of raigada,it is symbol of courage.

Incidents

The statue of Shivaji's pet dog was removed by alleged members of the Sambhaji Brigade[6] in July 2012 as a protest but was re-instated by Shri Shivaji Maharaj Raigad Smarak Samiti, the Archaeological Survey of India, sculptor Rambhau Parkhi and the District Administration.[7]

Gallery

  • Raigad 1896
    Raigad 1896
  • Hidden Walls of the Raigad Fort
    Hidden Walls of the Raigad Fort
  • Raigad Fort Palace Ruins
    Raigad Fort Palace Ruins

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sengar, Resham. "This is why you should visit Maharashtra's Raigad Fort". Times of India Travel.
  2. ↑ "Raigarh". Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 21. 1909. pp. 47–48. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Verma, Amrit (1985). Forts of India. New Delhi: The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 86-9. ISBN 81-230-1002-8.
  4. ↑ "Write-up from the Raigad ropeway". Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
  5. ↑ Gunaji, Milind (2005). Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 41. ISBN 81-7154-669-2. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  6. ↑ "73 held for removing Shivaji's dog's statue from Raigad fort". DNA. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  7. ↑ "Vaghyacha putala punha basavala". Sakal. Retrieved 4 August 2012.

External links

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