Dha (Indic): Difference between revisions
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{{Indic | {{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Dha | ||
|bengcp = 09A7 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dha.svg | |||
|tibtcp = 0F52 | |||
|mlymcp = 0D27 | |||
|brahcp = 11025 | | |sinhcp = 0DB0 | ||
| | |brahcp = 11025 |ashokaimg = Brahmi dh.svg | ||
| | |devacp = 0927 |devaimg = Devanagari dh.svg | ||
|ipa = dʰ |iast = dh |iscii = C5 | |thaicp = 0E18 | ||
| hbchar = ד | |||
| grchar = Δ | |||
| | | lachar = D | ||
| cychar = Д | |||
|ipa = dʰ |iast = dh |iscii = C5 | |||
|ipa2 = tʰ | ipa2note = in Tai languages, Mon and Khmer | |||
}} | }} | ||
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== Āryabhaṭa numeration == | == Āryabhaṭa numeration == | ||
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}} | {{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}} | ||
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of ध are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref> | |||
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of ध are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref> | |||
*ध {{IPA-hi|dʰə|}} = 19 (१९) | *ध {{IPA-hi|dʰə|}} = 19 (१९) | ||
*धि {{IPA-hi|dʰɪ|}} = 1,900 (१ ९००) | *धि {{IPA-hi|dʰɪ|}} = 1,900 (१ ९००) | ||
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===Brahmi Dha=== | ===Brahmi Dha=== | ||
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dha]], Dha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[D]] and Greek [[Delta (letter)|Delta]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Dha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style. | |||
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dha]], Dha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[D]] and Greek [[Delta (letter)|Delta]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Dha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style. | |||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+Brahmi Dha historic forms | |+Brahmi Dha historic forms | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Ashoka<br />([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" ( | !Ashoka<br />([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar<br />(~150 BCE) !! Kushana<br />([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat<br />(~250 CE) !! Gupta<br />([[Gupta script|~350 CE]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Brahmi dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|37px]] | | [[File:Brahmi dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|37px]] | ||
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===Tocharian Dha=== | ===Tocharian Dha=== | ||
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter dha.gif|25px|Dha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dha]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. | The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter dha.gif|25px|Dha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dha]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+Tocharian Dha with vowel marks | |+Tocharian Dha with vowel marks | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dha !! Dhā !! Dhi !! Dhī !! Dhu !! Dhū !! Dhr !! Dhr̄ !! Dhe !! Dhai !! Dho !! Dhau !! Dhä | ! Dha !! Dhā !! Dhi !! Dhī !! Dhu !! Dhū !! Dhr !! Dhr̄ !! Dhe !! Dhai !! Dho !! Dhau !! Dhä | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Tocharian letter dha.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhrr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhe.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dho.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhä.gif|37px]] | | [[File:Tocharian letter dha.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhrr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhe.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dho.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhä.gif|37px]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Kharoṣṭhī Dha=== | ===Kharoṣṭhī Dha=== | ||
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква DHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DHA.svg|15px|Dha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[D]] and [[Delta (letter)|Delta]], in addition to the Brahmi Dha.<ref name="Buhler"/> | The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква DHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DHA.svg|15px|Dha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[D]] and [[Delta (letter)|Delta]], in addition to the Brahmi Dha.<ref name="Buhler"/> | ||
==Devanagari Dha== | ==Devanagari Dha== | ||
{{main|Devanagari dha}} | {{main|Devanagari dha}} | ||
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}} | {{Devanagari abugida sidebar}} | ||
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===Devanagari-using Languages=== | ===Devanagari-using Languages=== | ||
In all languages, ध is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|dʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|dʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: | In all languages, ध is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|dʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|dʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Devanagari ध with vowel marks | |+ Devanagari ध with vowel marks | ||
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|ध् | |ध् | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!--Certain words that have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] implement the [[nukta]] to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a ''<letter>''. | <!--Certain words that have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] implement the [[nukta]] to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a ''<letter>''. | ||
*[[wikt:#Hindi|]] = ''<tranliteration>'' {{IPA-hi|<pronunciation>|}} "<word>"--> | *[[wikt:#Hindi|]] = ''<tranliteration>'' {{IPA-hi|<pronunciation>|}} "<word>"--> | ||
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====Ligature conjuncts of ध==== | ====Ligature conjuncts of ध==== | ||
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha. | True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha. | ||
* Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa: {{ref|note|note}} | * Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa: {{ref|note|note}} | ||
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDha.svg|100px]] | [[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDha.svg|100px]] | ||
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====Stacked conjuncts of ध==== | ====Stacked conjuncts of ध==== | ||
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. | Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. | ||
* ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa: | * ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa: | ||
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDha.svg|100px]] | [[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDha.svg|100px]] | ||
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==Bengali Dha== | ==Bengali Dha== | ||
The Bengali script ধ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham dh.svg|13px]], and is marked by the same lack of a horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ध. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ধ will sometimes be transliterated as "dho" instead of "dha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪ʱo/. | The Bengali script ধ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham dh.svg|13px]], and is marked by the same lack of a horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ध. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ধ will sometimes be transliterated as "dho" instead of "dha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪ʱo/. | ||
Like all Indic consonants, ধ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a". | Like all Indic consonants, ধ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a". | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Bengali ধ with vowel marks | |+ Bengali ধ with vowel marks | ||
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===ধ in Bengali-using languages=== | ===ধ in Bengali-using languages=== | ||
ধ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. <!--It is also used with a nukta, ়, for foreign borrowings of //.--> | ধ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. <!--It is also used with a nukta, ়, for foreign borrowings of //.--> | ||
===Conjuncts with ধ=== | ===Conjuncts with ধ=== | ||
Bengali ধ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards linear (horizontal) ligatures, and few stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> | Bengali ধ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards linear (horizontal) ligatures, and few stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> | ||
* দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa: | * দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa: | ||
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ddha.svg |100px]] | [[File:Bengali Conjunct Ddha.svg |100px]] | ||
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===Gujarati-using Languages=== | ===Gujarati-using Languages=== | ||
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ધ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|dʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|dʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: | The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ધ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|dʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|dʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: | ||
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;" | {| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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[[File:Gujarati letter Dha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Dha.]] | [[File:Gujarati letter Dha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Dha.]] | ||
Gujarati ધ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. | Gujarati ધ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. | ||
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. | True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. | ||
* ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha: | * ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha: | ||
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RDha.svg|100px]] | [[File:Gujarati conjunct RDha.svg|100px]] | ||
* ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa: | * ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa: | ||
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DhRa.svg|100px]] | [[File:Gujarati conjunct DhRa.svg|100px]] | ||
* દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha: | * દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha: | ||
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DDha.svg|100px]] | [[File:Gujarati conjunct DDha.svg|100px]] | ||
* ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa: | * ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa: | ||
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DhNa.svg|100px]] | [[File:Gujarati conjunct DhNa.svg|100px]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Dha''' ('''ధ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಧ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. | '''Dha''' ('''ధ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಧ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. | ||
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct. | Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct. | ||
==Malayalam Dha== | ==Malayalam Dha== | ||
[[File:Malayalam letter Dha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Dha]] | [[File:Malayalam letter Dha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Dha]] | ||
'''Dha''' ('''ധ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Dha.svg|x15px|Dha]] ''Dha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. | '''Dha''' ('''ധ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Dha.svg|x15px|Dha]] ''Dha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. | ||
[[File:Malayalam Dha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Dha matras: Dha, Dhā, Dhi, Dhī, Dhu, Dhū, Dhr̥, Dhr̥̄, Dhl̥, Dhl̥̄, Dhe, Dhē, Dhai, Dho, Dhō, Dhau, and Dh.]] | [[File:Malayalam Dha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Dha matras: Dha, Dhā, Dhi, Dhī, Dhu, Dhū, Dhr̥, Dhr̥̄, Dhl̥, Dhl̥̄, Dhe, Dhē, Dhai, Dho, Dhō, Dhau, and Dh.]] | ||
===Conjuncts of ധ=== | ===Conjuncts of ധ=== | ||
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]]. | As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]]. | ||
* ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa: | * ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa: | ||
[[File:Malayalam conjunct DDha.svg]] | [[File:Malayalam conjunct DDha.svg]] | ||
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| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Dha. | | footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Dha. | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Dha''' ('''ଧ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham dh.svg|x15px|Dha]] ''Dha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. Like other Oriya letters with an open top, ଧ takes the subjoined matra form of the vowel ''i'' (ଇ): | '''Dha''' ('''ଧ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham dh.svg|x15px|Dha]] ''Dha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. Like other Oriya letters with an open top, ଧ takes the subjoined matra form of the vowel ''i'' (ଇ): | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|+ Odia Dha with vowel matras | |+ Odia Dha with vowel matras | ||
Line 305: | Line 274: | ||
=== Conjuncts of ଧ === | === Conjuncts of ଧ === | ||
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters. | As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters. | ||
* ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa: | * ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa: | ||
[[File:Odia conjunct DDha.svg]] | [[File:Odia conjunct DDha.svg]] | ||
* ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa: | * ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa: | ||
[[File:Odia conjunct NDha.svg]] | [[File:Odia conjunct NDha.svg]] | ||
* ଧ୍ (dʱ) + ୟ (ya) | * ଧ୍ (dʱ) + ୟ (ya) gives the ligature dʱya: | ||
[[File:Odia conjunct DhYva.svg]] | [[File:Odia conjunct DhYva.svg]] | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
==Gurmukhi== | ==Gurmukhi== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Tamil== | ==Tamil== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Kannada== | ==Kannada== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Sinhala== | ==Sinhala== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Thai== | ==Thai== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Lao== | ==Lao== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Tibetan== | ==Tibetan== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Burmese== | ==Burmese== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Khmer== | ==Khmer== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Philippine == | ==Philippine == | ||
===Baybayin (Telugu)=== | ===Baybayin (Telugu)=== | ||
===Hanunoo=== | ===Hanunoo=== | ||
===Buhid=== | ===Buhid=== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Tagbanwa== | ==Tagbanwa== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Lontara== | ==Lontara== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Balinese== | ==Balinese== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Sundanese== | ==Sundanese== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Limbu== | ==Limbu== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Tai Le== | ==Tai Le== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==New Tai Lue== | ==New Tai Lue== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Lepcha== | ==Lepcha== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Saurashtra== | ==Saurashtra== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Rejang== | ==Rejang== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Cham== | ==Cham== | ||
--><!-- | --><!-- | ||
==Tai Viet== | ==Tai Viet== | ||
===Low=== | |||
===High=== | |||
--> | |||
==Comparison of Dha== | |||
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Dha, are related as well. | |||
{{Indic glyph |letname = Dha | |||
|devacp = 0927 |devaimg = Devanagari dh.svg | |||
|bengcp = 09A7 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dha.svg | |||
|telucp = 0C27 | |||
|oryacp = 0B27 | |||
|kndacp = 0CA7 | |||
|mlymcp = 0D27 | |||
|gujrcp = 0AA7 | |||
|gurucp = 0A27 | |||
=== | |brahcp = 11025 |ashokaimg = Brahmi dh.svg | ||
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka dh.svg | |||
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad dh.svg | |||
|kharcp = 10A22 | |||
|siddcp = 115A0 |siddimg = Siddham dh.svg | |||
|grancp = 11327 | |||
|tibtcp = 0F52 | |||
|zanbcp = 11A1C | |||
|newacp = 11422 | |||
|bhkscp = 11C20 | |||
|shrdcp = 111A3 | |||
|mymrcp = 1013 | |||
|khmrcp = 1792 | |||
|thaicp = 0E18 | |||
|laoocp = 0E98 | |||
|lanacp = 1A35 | |||
|talucp = 1992 | |||
|sinhcp = 0DB0 | |||
|cakmcp = 11119 | |||
|ahomcp = 11714 | |||
|diakcp = 1191E | |||
|saurcp = A8A4 | |||
|chamcp = AA16 | |||
|modicp = 11620 | |||
|nandcp = 119C0 | |||
|soyocp = 11A6E | |||
|sylocp = A817 | |||
|gongcp = 11D79 | |||
|kthicp = 110A1 | |||
|tirhcp = 114A1 | |||
|limbcp = 190E | |||
|mteicp = ABD9 | |||
|takrcp = 1169C | |||
|dogrcp = 1181C | |||
|khojcp = 1121D | |||
|sindcp = 112D0 | |||
|mahjcp = 11166 | |||
|multcp = 11299 | |||
|balicp = 1B25 | |||
|javacp = A9A3 | |||
|gonmcp = 11D1E | |||
|tochimg = Tocharian letter dha.gif | |||
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi dha.svg | |||
| armiimg = Daleth.svg | |||
| plavaimg = Pallava Dha.svg | |||
| ranjimg = Ranjana dh.svg | |||
}} | |||
=== | ==Character encodings of Dha== | ||
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Dha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Dha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]]. | |||
{{Indic encoding |= Dha | |||
|devacp = 0927 |devaimg = Devanagari dh.svg | |||
|bengcp = 09A7 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dha.svg | |||
|telucp = 0C27 | |||
|oryacp = 0B27 | |||
|kndacp = 0CA7 | |||
|mlymcp = 0D27 | |||
|gujrcp = 0AA7 | |||
|gurucp = 0A27 | |||
|iscii = C5 | |||
|brahcp = 11025 |ashokaimg = Brahmi dh.svg | |||
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka dh.svg | |||
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad dh.svg | |||
|kharcp = 10A22 | |||
|siddcp = 115A0 |siddimg = Siddham dh.svg | |||
|grancp = 11327 | |||
|tibtcp = 0F52 |tibtimg = Да_тибетское.png | |||
|tibtaltcp = 0FA2 | |||
|zanbcp = 11A1C | |||
|newacp = 11422 | |||
|bhkscp = 11C20 | |||
|shrdcp = 111A3 | |||
|khmrcp = 1792 | |||
|mymrcp = 1013 | |||
|thaicp = 0E18 | |||
|laoocp = 0E98 | |||
|talucp = 1992 | |||
|lanacp = 1A35 | |||
|sinhcp = 0DB0 | |||
|cakmcp = 11119 | |||
|ahomcp = 11714 | |||
|diakcp = 1191E | |||
|saurcp = A8A4 | |||
|chamcp = AA16 | |||
|modicp = 11620 | |||
|nandcp = 119C0 | |||
|soyocp = 11A6E | |||
|sylocp = A817 | |||
|gongcp = 11D79 | |||
|kthicp = 110A1 | |||
|tirhcp = 114A1 | |||
|limbcp = 190E | |||
|mteicp = ABD9 | |||
|takrcp = 1169C | |||
|dogrcp = 1181C | |||
|khojcp = 1121D | |||
|sindcp = 112D0 | |||
|mahjcp = 11166 | |||
|multcp = 11299 | |||
|balicp = 1B25 | |||
|javacp = A9A3 | |||
|gonmcp = 11D1E | |||
}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś". | ::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś". | ||
{{Devanagari_abugida}} | {{Devanagari_abugida}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dha (Indic)}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Dha (Indic)}} | ||
[[Category:Indic letters]] | [[Category:Indic letters]] |
Latest revision as of 07:49, 18 June 2022
Dha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Dha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter
.
Āryabhaṭa numeration[edit]
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ध are:[1]
- ध [dʰə] = 19 (१९)
- धि [dʰɪ] = 1,900 (१ ९००)
- धु [dʰʊ] = 190,000 (१ ९० ०००)
- धृ [dʰri] = 19,000,000 (१ ९० ०० ०००)
- धॢ [dʰlə] = 19Template:E (१९×१०८)
- धे [dʰe] = 19Template:E (१९×१०१०)
- धै [dʰɛː] = 19Template:E (१९×१०१२)
- धो [dʰoː] = 19Template:E (१९×१०१४)
- धौ [dʰɔː] = 19Template:E (१९×१०१६)
Historic Dha[edit]
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Dha as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta
. The Tocharian Dha
did not have an alterante Fremdzeichen form. The third form of dha, in Kharoshthi (
) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Dha[edit]
The Brahmi letter , Dha, is probably derived from the Aramaic Dalet
, and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Dha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Tocharian Dha[edit]
The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi
, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
Dha | Dhā | Dhi | Dhī | Dhu | Dhū | Dhr | Dhr̄ | Dhe | Dhai | Dho | Dhau | Dhä |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Kharoṣṭhī Dha[edit]
The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Dalet
, and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Dha.[2]
Devanagari Dha[edit]
Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar
Dha (ध) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter
. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ધ, and the Modi letter 𑘠.
Devanagari-using Languages[edit]
In all languages, ध is pronounced as [dʱə] or [dʱ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Dha | Dhā | Dhi | Dhī | Dhu | Dhū | Dhr | Dhr̄ | Dhl | Dhl̄ | Dhe | Dhai | Dho | Dhau | Dh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ध | धा | धि | धी | धु | धू | धृ | धॄ | धॢ | धॣ | धे | धै | धो | धौ | ध् |
Conjuncts with ध[edit]
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Dha however, does not have a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, and either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]
Ligature conjuncts of ध[edit]
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
- Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa: note
- Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:
- ध্ (dʱ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:
- Repha र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rdʱra:
- छ্ (cʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature cʰdʱa:
- ध্ (dʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature dʱna:
- द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
- न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:
- Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:
- द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:
- द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ddʱva:
Stacked conjuncts of ध[edit]
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
- ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa:
- ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍʱdʱa:
- ध্ (dʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature dʱca:
- ध্ (dʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dʱḍa:
- ध্ (dʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dʱja:
- ध্ (dʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dʱjña:
- ध্ (dʱ) + ल (la) gives the ligature dʱla:
- ध্ (dʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dʱŋa:
- ध্ (dʱ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dʱña:
- ङ্ (ŋ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ŋdʱa:
- ट্ (ṭ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭdʱa:
- ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭʰdʱa:
Bengali Dha[edit]
The Bengali script ধ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by the same lack of a horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ध. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ধ will sometimes be transliterated as "dho" instead of "dha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪ʱo/.
Like all Indic consonants, ধ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
dha | dhā | dhi | dhī | dhu | dhū | dhr | dhr̄ | dhe | dhai | dho | dhau | dh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ধ | ধা | ধি | ধী | ধু | ধূ | ধৃ | ধৄ | ধে | ধৈ | ধো | ধৌ | ধ্ |
ধ in Bengali-using languages[edit]
ধ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with ধ[edit]
Bengali ধ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards linear (horizontal) ligatures, and few stacked ligatures.[5]
- দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
- ধ্ (dʱ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dʱma:
- ধ্ (dʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature dʱna:
- ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dʱra, with the ra phala suffix:
- ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature dʱva, with the va phala suffix:
- ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature dʱya, with the ya phala suffix:
- গ্ (g) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:
- গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra, with the ra phala suffix:
- গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature gdʱya, with the ya phala suffix:
- ন্ (n) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:
- ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra, with the ra phala suffix:
- ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndʱya, with the ya phala suffix:
- র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa, with the repha prefix:
- র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:
Gujarati Dha[edit]
Dha (ધ) is the nineteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Dha , and ultimately the Brahmi letter
. ધ (Dha) is similar in appearance to ઘ (Gha), and care should be taken to avoid confusing the two when reading Gujarati script texts.
Gujarati-using Languages[edit]
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ધ is pronounced as [dʱə] or [dʱ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Dha | Dhā | Dhi | Dhī | Dhu | Dhū | Dhr | Dhl | Dhr̄ | Dhl̄ | Dhĕ | Dhe | Dhai | Dhŏ | Dho | Dhau | Dh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Gujarati Dha syllables, with vowel marks in red. |
Conjuncts with ધ[edit]
Gujarati ધ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
- ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha:
- ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa:
- દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:
- ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:
Javanese Dha[edit]
Telugu Dha[edit]
Dha (ధ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಧ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Dha[edit]
Dha (ധ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter
Dha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of ധ[edit]
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
- ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
- ന് (n) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:
Odia Dha[edit]
Dha (ଧ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
Dha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. Like other Oriya letters with an open top, ଧ takes the subjoined matra form of the vowel i (ଇ):
Dha | Dhā | Dhi | Dhī | Dhu | Dhū | Dhr̥ | Dhr̥̄ | Dhl̥ | Dhl̥̄ | Dhe | Dhai | Dho | Dhau | Dh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ଧ | ଧା | ଧି | ଧୀ | ଧୁ | ଧୂ | ଧୃ | ଧୄ | ଧୢ | ଧୣ | ଧେ | ଧୈ | ଧୋ | ଧୌ | ଧ୍ |
Conjuncts of ଧ[edit]
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
- ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
- ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:
- ଧ୍ (dʱ) + ୟ (ya) gives the ligature dʱya:
Comparison of Dha[edit]
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Dha, are related as well.
Comparison of Dha in different scripts |
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Notes |
Character encodings of Dha[edit]
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Dha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Dha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Template:Indic encoding
References[edit]
- ↑ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ↑ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ↑ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.