Dha (Indic): Difference between revisions

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{{Indic glyph |letname = Dha |previousletter = Da |nextletter = Na |devacp = 0927 |devaimg = Devanagari dh.svg |bengcp = 09A7 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dha.svg |gurucp = 0A27 |gujrcp = 0AA7 |oryacp = 0B27 |telucp = 0C27 |kndacp = 0CA7 |mlymcp = 0D27 |sinhcp = 0DB0 |laoocp = 0E98 |tibtcp = 0F52 |mymrcp = 1013 |balicp = 1B25 |limbcp = 190E |sylocp = A817 |saurcp = A8A4 |javacp = A9A3 |chamcp = AA16 |mteicp = ABD9
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Dha
 
|bengcp = 09A7 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dha.svg
|kharcp = 10A22 |kthicp = 110A1 |cakmcp = 11119 |mahjcp = 11166 |shrdcp = 111A3 |khojcp = 1121D |sindcp = 112D0 |grancp = 11327 |tirhcp = 114A1 |modicp = 11620 |takrcp = 1169C
|tibtcp = 0F52
 
|mlymcp = 0D27
|brahcp = 11025 |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka dh.svg |guptaimg = Gupta allahabad dh.svg| ashokaimg = Brahmi dh.svg  
|sinhcp = 0DB0
|tochimg = Tocharian letter dha.gif |brahletname = Brahmi 'Dh'
|brahcp = 11025 |ashokaimg = Brahmi dh.svg
|siddcp = 115A0 |siddimg = Siddham dh.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'Dha'
|devacp = 0927 |devaimg = Devanagari dh.svg
|ipa = dʰ |iast = dh |iscii = C5
|thaicp = 0E18
 
| hbchar = ד
<!-- Mappings for scripts not currently supported in template:Indic glyph-->
| grchar = Δ
|multcp = 11299 |newacp = 11422 |ahomcp = 11714 |dogrcp = 1181C |diakcp = 1191E |nandcp = 119C0 |zanbcp = 11A1C |soyocp = 11A6E |bhkscp = 11C20 |gonmcp = 11D1E |gongcp = 11D79
| lachar = D
 
| cychar = Д
<!--Unknown cognates: |thaicp = 0E |thai2cp = 0E
|ipa = dʰ |iast = dh |iscii = C5
Missing cognates: |tamlcp = 0BA7 |khmrcp = 17 |tglgcp = 17 |hanocp = 17 |buhdcp = 17 |tagbcp = 17 |talecp = 19 |talucp = 19 Tai Tham: |lanacp = 1A |bugicp = 1A |sundcp = 1B |lepccp = 1C |phagcp = A8 |phag2cp = A8 |rjngcp = A9 |kalicp = A9 |tavtcp = AA |soracp = 110 |khoj2cp = 112 |sinh2cp = 112
|ipa2 = | ipa2note = in Tai languages, Mon and Khmer
|batkcp = |pauccp = |marccp = |makacp = -->
}}
}}


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== Āryabhaṭa numeration ==
== Āryabhaṭa numeration ==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
 
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of ध are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of ध are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>  
*ध {{IPA-hi|dʰə|}} = 19 (१९)
*ध {{IPA-hi|dʰə|}} = 19 (१९)
*धि {{IPA-hi|dʰɪ|}} = 1,900 (१ ९००)
*धि {{IPA-hi|dʰɪ|}} = 1,900 (१ ९००)
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===Brahmi Dha===
===Brahmi Dha===
 
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dha]], Dha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[D]] and Greek [[Delta (letter)|Delta]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Dha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dha]], Dha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[D]] and Greek [[Delta (letter)|Delta]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Dha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
 
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Dha historic forms
|+Brahmi Dha historic forms
|-
|-
!Ashoka<br />([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar<br />(~150 BCE) !! Kushana<br />([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat<br />(~250 CE) !! Gupta<br />([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
!Ashoka<br />([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar<br />(~150 BCE) !! Kushana<br />([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat<br />(~250 CE) !! Gupta<br />([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
|-
| [[File:Brahmi dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|37px]]
| [[File:Brahmi dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat dh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|37px]]
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===Tocharian Dha===
===Tocharian Dha===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter dha.gif|25px|Dha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dha]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter dha.gif|25px|Dha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dha]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Dha with vowel marks
|+Tocharian Dha with vowel marks
|-
|-
! Dha !! Dhā !! Dhi !! Dhī !! Dhu !! Dhū !! Dhr !! Dhr̄ !! Dhe !! Dhai !! Dho !! Dhau !! Dhä  
! Dha !! Dhā !! Dhi !! Dhī !! Dhu !! Dhū !! Dhr !! Dhr̄ !! Dhe !! Dhai !! Dho !! Dhau !! Dhä
|-
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter dha.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhrr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhe.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dho.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhä.gif|37px]]  
| [[File:Tocharian letter dha.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhrr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhe.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dho.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhä.gif|37px]]
|}
|}


===Kharoṣṭhī Dha===
===Kharoṣṭhī Dha===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква DHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DHA.svg|15px|Dha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[D]] and [[Delta (letter)|Delta]], in addition to the Brahmi Dha.<ref name="Buhler"/>
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква DHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DHA.svg|15px|Dha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[D]] and [[Delta (letter)|Delta]], in addition to the Brahmi Dha.<ref name="Buhler"/>


==Devanagari Dha==
==Devanagari Dha==
{{main|Devanagari dha}}
{{main|Devanagari dha}}
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
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===Devanagari-using Languages===
===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, ध is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|dʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|dʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
In all languages, ध is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|dʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|dʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari ध with vowel marks
|+ Devanagari ध with vowel marks
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|ध्
|ध्
|}
|}
<!--Certain words that have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] implement the [[nukta]] to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a ''<letter>''.
<!--Certain words that have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] implement the [[nukta]] to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a ''<letter>''.
*[[wikt:#Hindi|]] = ''<tranliteration>'' {{IPA-hi|<pronunciation>|}} "<word>"-->
*[[wikt:#Hindi|]] = ''<tranliteration>'' {{IPA-hi|<pronunciation>|}} "<word>"-->
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====Ligature conjuncts of ध====
====Ligature conjuncts of ध====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa: {{ref|note|note}}
* Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDha.svg|100px]]
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDha.svg|100px]]
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====Stacked conjuncts of ध====
====Stacked conjuncts of ध====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa:
* ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDha.svg|100px]]
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDha.svg|100px]]
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==Bengali Dha==
==Bengali Dha==
The Bengali script ধ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham dh.svg|13px]], and is marked by the same lack of a horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ध. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ধ will sometimes be transliterated as "dho" instead of "dha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪ʱo/.
The Bengali script ধ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham dh.svg|13px]], and is marked by the same lack of a horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ध. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ধ will sometimes be transliterated as "dho" instead of "dha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪ʱo/.
Like all Indic consonants, ধ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
Like all Indic consonants, ধ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali ধ with vowel marks
|+ Bengali ধ with vowel marks
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===ধ in Bengali-using languages===
===ধ in Bengali-using languages===
ধ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. <!--It is also used with a nukta, ়, for foreign borrowings of //.-->
ধ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. <!--It is also used with a nukta, ়, for foreign borrowings of //.-->


===Conjuncts with ধ===
===Conjuncts with ধ===
Bengali ধ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards linear (horizontal) ligatures, and few stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
Bengali ধ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards linear (horizontal) ligatures, and few stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
* দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ddha.svg |100px]]
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ddha.svg |100px]]
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===Gujarati-using Languages===
===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ધ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|dʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|dʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ધ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|dʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|dʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
|-
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[[File:Gujarati letter Dha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Dha.]]
[[File:Gujarati letter Dha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Dha.]]
Gujarati ધ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
Gujarati ધ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha:
* ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RDha.svg|100px]]
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RDha.svg|100px]]
* ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa:
* ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DhRa.svg|100px]]
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DhRa.svg|100px]]
* દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:
* દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DDha.svg|100px]]
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DDha.svg|100px]]
* ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:
* ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DhNa.svg|100px]]
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DhNa.svg|100px]]
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}}
}}
'''Dha''' ('''ధ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಧ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
'''Dha''' ('''ధ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಧ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.


==Malayalam Dha==
==Malayalam Dha==
[[File:Malayalam letter Dha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Dha]]
[[File:Malayalam letter Dha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Dha]]
'''Dha''' ('''ധ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Dha.svg|x15px|Dha]] ''Dha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
'''Dha''' ('''ധ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Dha.svg|x15px|Dha]] ''Dha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Dha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Dha matras: Dha, Dhā, Dhi, Dhī, Dhu, Dhū, Dhr̥, Dhr̥̄, Dhl̥, Dhl̥̄, Dhe, Dhē, Dhai, Dho, Dhō, Dhau, and Dh.]]
[[File:Malayalam Dha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Dha matras: Dha, Dhā, Dhi, Dhī, Dhu, Dhū, Dhr̥, Dhr̥̄, Dhl̥, Dhl̥̄, Dhe, Dhē, Dhai, Dho, Dhō, Dhau, and Dh.]]


===Conjuncts of ധ===
===Conjuncts of ധ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* ദ് (d) +  ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
* ദ് (d) +  ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct DDha.svg]]
[[File:Malayalam conjunct DDha.svg]]
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| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Dha.
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Dha.
}}
}}
'''Dha''' ('''ଧ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham dh.svg|x15px|Dha]] ''Dha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. Like other Oriya letters with an open top, ଧ takes the subjoined matra form of the vowel ''i'' (ଇ):
'''Dha''' ('''ଧ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dh.svg|13px|Dh]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham dh.svg|x15px|Dha]] ''Dha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. Like other Oriya letters with an open top, ଧ takes the subjoined matra form of the vowel ''i'' (ଇ):
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Dha with vowel matras
|+ Odia Dha with vowel matras
Line 305: Line 274:
=== Conjuncts of ଧ ===
=== Conjuncts of ଧ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
* ଦ୍ (d) +  ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
* ଦ୍ (d) +  ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:
[[File:Odia conjunct DDha.svg]]
[[File:Odia conjunct DDha.svg]]
* ନ୍ (n) +  ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:
* ନ୍ (n) +  ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NDha.svg]]
[[File:Odia conjunct NDha.svg]]
* ଧ୍ (dʱ) +  ୟ (ya){{ref||a}} gives the ligature dʱya:
* ଧ୍ (dʱ) +  ୟ (ya) gives the ligature dʱya:
[[File:Odia conjunct DhYva.svg]]
[[File:Odia conjunct DhYva.svg]]


{{note||a}} The dʱya conjunct is formed with the second "ya" consonant in Odia.
<!--
<!--
==Gurmukhi==
==Gurmukhi==
--><!--
--><!--
==Tamil==
==Tamil==
--><!--
--><!--
==Kannada==
==Kannada==
--><!--
--><!--
==Sinhala==
==Sinhala==
--><!--
--><!--
==Thai==
==Thai==
--><!--
--><!--
==Lao==
==Lao==
--><!--
--><!--
==Tibetan==
==Tibetan==
--><!--
--><!--
==Burmese==
==Burmese==
--><!--
--><!--
==Khmer==
==Khmer==
--><!--
--><!--
==Philippine ==
==Philippine ==
===Baybayin (Telugu)===
===Baybayin (Telugu)===
===Hanunoo===
===Hanunoo===
===Buhid===
===Buhid===
--><!--
--><!--
==Tagbanwa==
==Tagbanwa==
--><!--
--><!--
==Lontara==
==Lontara==
--><!--
--><!--
==Balinese==
==Balinese==
--><!--
--><!--
==Sundanese==
==Sundanese==
--><!--
--><!--
==Limbu==
==Limbu==
--><!--
--><!--
==Tai Le==
==Tai Le==
--><!--
--><!--
==New Tai Lue==
==New Tai Lue==
--><!--
--><!--
==Lepcha==
==Lepcha==
--><!--
--><!--
==Saurashtra==
==Saurashtra==
--><!--
--><!--
==Rejang==
==Rejang==
--><!--
--><!--
==Cham==
==Cham==
--><!--
--><!--
==Tai Viet==
==Tai Viet==
===Low===
===High===
-->
==Comparison of Dha==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Dha, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Dha
|devacp = 0927 |devaimg = Devanagari dh.svg
|bengcp = 09A7 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dha.svg
|telucp = 0C27
|oryacp = 0B27
|kndacp = 0CA7
|mlymcp = 0D27
|gujrcp = 0AA7
|gurucp = 0A27


===Low===
|brahcp = 11025 |ashokaimg = Brahmi dh.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka dh.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad dh.svg
|kharcp = 10A22
|siddcp = 115A0 |siddimg = Siddham dh.svg
|grancp = 11327
|tibtcp = 0F52
|zanbcp = 11A1C
|newacp = 11422
|bhkscp = 11C20
|shrdcp = 111A3
|mymrcp = 1013
|khmrcp = 1792
|thaicp = 0E18
|laoocp = 0E98
|lanacp = 1A35
|talucp = 1992
|sinhcp = 0DB0
|cakmcp = 11119
|ahomcp = 11714
|diakcp = 1191E
|saurcp = A8A4
|chamcp = AA16
|modicp = 11620
|nandcp = 119C0
|soyocp = 11A6E
|sylocp = A817
|gongcp = 11D79
|kthicp = 110A1
|tirhcp = 114A1
|limbcp = 190E
|mteicp = ABD9
|takrcp = 1169C
|dogrcp = 1181C
|khojcp = 1121D
|sindcp = 112D0
|mahjcp = 11166
|multcp = 11299
|balicp = 1B25
|javacp = A9A3
|gonmcp = 11D1E
|tochimg = Tocharian letter dha.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi dha.svg
| armiimg = Daleth.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Dha.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana dh.svg
}}


===High===
==Character encodings of Dha==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Dha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Dha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Dha
|devacp = 0927 |devaimg = Devanagari dh.svg
|bengcp = 09A7 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dha.svg
|telucp = 0C27
|oryacp = 0B27
|kndacp = 0CA7
|mlymcp = 0D27
|gujrcp = 0AA7
|gurucp = 0A27
|iscii = C5


-->
|brahcp = 11025 |ashokaimg = Brahmi dh.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka dh.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad dh.svg
|kharcp = 10A22
|siddcp = 115A0 |siddimg = Siddham dh.svg
|grancp = 11327
|tibtcp = 0F52 |tibtimg = Да_тибетское.png
|tibtaltcp = 0FA2
|zanbcp = 11A1C
|newacp = 11422
|bhkscp = 11C20
|shrdcp = 111A3
|khmrcp = 1792
|mymrcp = 1013
|thaicp = 0E18
|laoocp = 0E98
|talucp = 1992
|lanacp = 1A35
|sinhcp = 0DB0
|cakmcp = 11119
|ahomcp = 11714
|diakcp = 1191E
|saurcp = A8A4
|chamcp = AA16
|modicp = 11620
|nandcp = 119C0
|soyocp = 11A6E
|sylocp = A817
|gongcp = 11D79
|kthicp = 110A1
|tirhcp = 114A1
|limbcp = 190E
|mteicp = ABD9
|takrcp = 1169C
|dogrcp = 1181C
|khojcp = 1121D
|sindcp = 112D0
|mahjcp = 11166
|multcp = 11299
|balicp = 1B25
|javacp = A9A3
|gonmcp = 11D1E
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}
{{Devanagari_abugida}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Dha (Indic)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dha (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Latest revision as of 07:49, 18 June 2022

Template:Infobox Indic letter

Dha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Dha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter Gupta allahabad dh.svg.

Āryabhaṭa numeration[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ध are:[1]

Historic Dha[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Dha as found in standard Brahmi, Dha was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Dha. The Tocharian Dha Dha did not have an alterante Fremdzeichen form. The third form of dha, in Kharoshthi (Dha) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Dha[edit]

The Brahmi letter Dha, Dha, is probably derived from the Aramaic Dalet Daleth.svg, and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Dha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Dha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
Brahmi dh.svg Gupta girnar dh.svg Gupta ashoka dh.svg Gupta gujarat dh.svg Gupta allahabad dh.svg

Tocharian Dha[edit]

The Tocharian letter Dha is derived from the Brahmi Dha, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Dha with vowel marks
Dha Dhā Dhi Dhī Dhu Dhū Dhr Dhr̄ Dhe Dhai Dho Dhau Dhä
Tocharian letter dha.gif Tocharian letter dhaa.gif Tocharian letter dhi.gif Tocharian letter dhii.gif Tocharian letter dhu.gif Tocharian letter dhuu.gif Tocharian letter dhr.gif Tocharian letter dhrr.gif Tocharian letter dhe.gif Tocharian letter dhai.gif Tocharian letter dho.gif Tocharian letter dhau.gif Tocharian letter dhä.gif

Kharoṣṭhī Dha[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Dha is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Dalet Daleth.svg, and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Dha.[2]

Devanagari Dha[edit]

Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar Dha () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter Gupta allahabad dh.svg. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘠.

Devanagari-using Languages[edit]

In all languages, ध is pronounced as [dʱə] or [] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ध with vowel marks
Dha Dhā Dhi Dhī Dhu Dhū Dhr Dhr̄ Dhl Dhl̄ Dhe Dhai Dho Dhau Dh
धा धि धी धु धू धृ धॄ धॢ धॣ धे धै धो धौ ध्

Conjuncts with ध[edit]

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Dha however, does not have a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, and either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ध[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa: note

Devanagari Conjunct RDha.svg

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDha.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

Devanagari Conjunct DhRa.svg

  • Repha र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rdʱra:

Devanagari Conjunct RDhRa.svg

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature cʰdʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct ChDha.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

Devanagari Conjunct DhNa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct DDha.svg

  • न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct NDDha.svg

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct RDDha.svg

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:

Devanagari Conjunct DDhMa.svg

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ddʱva:

Devanagari Conjunct DDhVa.svg

Stacked conjuncts of ध[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct DdDha.svg

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍʱdʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct DdhDha.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature dʱca:

Devanagari Conjunct DhCa.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dʱḍa:

Devanagari Conjunct DhDda.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dʱja:

Devanagari Conjunct DhJa.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dʱjña:

Devanagari Conjunct DhJNya.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ल (la) gives the ligature dʱla:

Devanagari Conjunct DhLa.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dʱŋa:

Devanagari Conjunct DhNga.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dʱña:

Devanagari Conjunct DhNya.svg

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ŋdʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct NgDha.svg

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭdʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct TtDha.svg

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭʰdʱa:

Devanagari Conjunct TthDha.svg

Bengali Dha[edit]

The Bengali script ধ is derived from the Siddhaṃ Siddham dh.svg, and is marked by the same lack of a horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ध. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ধ will sometimes be transliterated as "dho" instead of "dha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪ʱo/. Like all Indic consonants, ধ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ধ with vowel marks
dha dhā dhi dhī dhu dhū dhr dhr̄ dhe dhai dho dhau dh
ধা ধি ধী ধু ধূ ধৃ ধৄ ধে ধৈ ধো ধৌ ধ্

ধ in Bengali-using languages[edit]

ধ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ধ[edit]

Bengali ধ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards linear (horizontal) ligatures, and few stacked ligatures.[5]

  • দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Bengali Conjunct Ddha.svg

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dʱma:

Bengali Conjunct DHma.svg

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

Bengali Conjunct DHna.svg

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

Bengali Conjunct DHra.svg

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature dʱva, with the va phala suffix:

Bengali Conjunct DHva.svg

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature dʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

Bengali Conjunct DHya.svg

  • গ্ (g) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:

Bengali Conjunct Gdha.svg

  • গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

Bengali Conjunct Gdhra.svg

  • গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature gdʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

Bengali Conjunct Gdhya.svg

  • ন্ (n) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

Bengali Conjunct Ndha.svg

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

Bengali Conjunct Ndhra.svg

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

Bengali Conjunct Ndhya.svg

  • র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa, with the repha prefix:

Bengali Conjunct Rdha.svg

  • র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:

Bengali Conjunct Rdhva.svg

Gujarati Dha[edit]

Gujarati Dha.

Dha () is the nineteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Dha Dha, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Dha. ધ (Dha) is similar in appearance to ઘ (Gha), and care should be taken to avoid confusing the two when reading Gujarati script texts.

Gujarati-using Languages[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ધ is pronounced as [dʱə] or [] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Dha Dhā Dhi Dhī Dhu Dhū Dhr Dhl Dhr̄ Dhl̄ Dhĕ Dhe Dhai Dhŏ Dho Dhau Dh
Gujarati Dha Matras.svg
Gujarati Dha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ધ[edit]

Half form of Dha.

Gujarati ધ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha:

Gujarati conjunct RDha.svg

  • ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa:

Gujarati conjunct DhRa.svg

  • દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:

Gujarati conjunct DDha.svg

  • ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:

Gujarati conjunct DhNa.svg

Javanese Dha[edit]

Telugu Dha[edit]

Telugu Dha
Telugu subjoined Dha
Telugu independent and subjoined Dha.

Dha () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Dh. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Dha[edit]

Malayalam letter Dha

Dha () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Dh, via the Grantha letter Dha Dha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Dha matras: Dha, Dhā, Dhi, Dhī, Dhu, Dhū, Dhr̥, Dhr̥̄, Dhl̥, Dhl̥̄, Dhe, Dhē, Dhai, Dho, Dhō, Dhau, and Dh.

Conjuncts of ധ[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Malayalam conjunct DDha.svg

  • ന് (n) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

Malayalam conjunct NDha.svg

Odia Dha[edit]

Odia independent letter Dha
Odia subjoined letter Dha
Odia independent and subjoined letter Dha.

Dha () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Dh, via the Siddhaṃ letter Dha Dha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. Like other Oriya letters with an open top, ଧ takes the subjoined matra form of the vowel i (ଇ):

Odia Dha with vowel matras
Dha Dhā Dhi Dhī Dhu Dhū Dhr̥ Dhr̥̄ Dhl̥ Dhl̥̄ Dhe Dhai Dho Dhau Dh
ଧା ଧି ଧୀ ଧୁ ଧୂ ଧୃ ଧୄ ଧୢ ଧୣ ଧେ ଧୈ ଧୋ ଧୌ ଧ୍

Conjuncts of ଧ[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Odia conjunct DDha.svg

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

Odia conjunct NDha.svg

  • ଧ୍ (dʱ) + ୟ (ya) gives the ligature dʱya:

Odia conjunct DhYva.svg


Comparison of Dha[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Dha, are related as well.

Comparison of Dha in different scripts
Notes


Character encodings of Dha[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Dha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Dha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Template:Indic encoding

References[edit]

  1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".