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{{short description|Indian Independence Organization}}
{{short description|Indian revolution organization (1935–38)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox militant organization
| name               = Communist Consolidation
| name             = Communist Consolidation
| motto              = To Independent Motherland [[India]]
| native_name      = कम्युनिस्ट समेकन
| founded            = {{start date and years ago|26th April 1935|df=yes}}
| leader          = [[Shiv Verma]]<br />[[Hare Krishna Konar]]<br />[[Niranjan Sengupta]]
| founder            = [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
| foundation      = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1935|04|26}} at [[Cellular Jail]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]]
| dissolved          = 15th August 1947
| dissolved        = 1938
| type                = [[Communist Party|Communist organization]]
| country          = [[British Raj|British India]]
| purpose            = [[Revolution]]
| motives          = [[National liberation (Marxism)|National liberation]]
| headquarters        = [[Cellular Jail]] (upto 1947)
| ideology        = {{ubl|[[Communism]]|[[Marxism–Leninism]]|[[Revolutionary socialism]]}}
| location            = [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]]
| position        = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
| methods            = Rebel
| slogan          = "[[Inquilab Zindabad]]"<br />"[[Workers of the world, unite!]]"
| membership          = {{increase}} 1 lack (1940)
| partof          = [[Communism in India]]<br />[[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
| leader_title        = Ideologies
| opponents        = [[British Empire]]
| leader_name        = [[Nationalism]]<br>[[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism]]<br>[[Socialism]]
| key_people          = {{ubl|[[Batukeshwar Dutt]]
|[[Shiv Verma]]
|[[Niranjan Sengupta]]
|[[Sudhangshu Dasgupta]]
|[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]
|[[Jatindra Nath Das]]}}
}}
}}
'''Communist Consolidation''' (26 April 1935 – 15 August 1947) was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and [[Communism|communist]] organization, formed among the prisoners of [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] [[Cellular Jail]] in 26th of april 1935. It was the largest resistance group against [[British Raj|British rule]] in the [[Cellular Jail|Cellular]] Prison. Many legendary [[Freedom fighter|Freedom Fighter]]s was the Members of this [[Organization]] and this organization was towards to uproot the [[British Raj|British rule]] from [[India|INDIA]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Bandi Jeevan|publisher=[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]|date=1 January 2017|isbn=8184408978|language=Hindi}}</ref>
{{Communism in India}}


==History==
'''Communist Consolidation''' (1935{{snd}}1938) was a radical [[Communism|communist]] organization, founded by the prisoners of the [[Cellular Jail]] who get influenced by the philosophy of [[Marxism]]. In the mid-1930s, it became the largest resistance group against [[British Raj|British rule]] in the jail; this organization also led the historical 36-day [[hunger strike]] in 1937, where the british government had to bow before the demands of the political prisoners.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2007-01-13 |title=History of Andaman Cellular Jail |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113111037/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
The group was founded by 39 inmates later the group declared allegiance to the [[Communist Party of India]]. Its founders belong to the minority tendency of the [[Marxism|Marxist]] part of the [[Anushilan Samiti]]. The historic 36-day hunger strike with 187 political prisoners in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]] [[Cellular Jail]] in July 1937 was led by the '''Communist Consolidation'''.<ref name=":0"/>
[[File:Andaman Cellular Jail (1).jpg|thumb|In 2001, Guardian had an article describing Cellular Jail and [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahavir Singh's]] death at this dreaded [[Cellular Jail|Jail]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001-06-23|title=Survivors of our hell|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/jun/23/weekend.adrianlevy|access-date=2022-01-26|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>]]
Narayan Ray, [[Niranjan Sengupta]] and the consolidation's Lahore group smuggled most of the [[Communism|communist]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] literature inside the [[prison]]. The leaders of the group organized study circles, where the principles of [[Socialism]] and [[Communism]] were studied.
[[File:What a man writes in a post.jpg|thumb|A social media post in 2017]]
[[Hare Krishna Konar]], [[Dhanwantri]], [[Bejoy Kumar Sinha]], [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], Bankeshwar, Narayan Roy and [[Niranjan Sengupta]] were appointed to the editorial board of a [[manuscript]] paper called "The Call", which they published from [[Cellular Jail]]. "The Call" began as a monthly [[paper]]. The members of the [[Consolidation]] [[Committee]] contributed articles on various issues related to [[Class conflict|class struggle]]. Only one copy of that one and a half hundred handwritten pages was kept in the library.


[[May Day]], [[October Revolution|November Revolution]], etc. were celebrated with due dignity in prison. [[Nationalism|Nationalist slogans]] like [[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bandemataram]], [[Bharat Mata|Bharat mata ki jai]] etc. were never used, instead slogans of class struggle like “[[Inquilab Zindabad]]”, “[[Workers of the world, unite!|Duniya ke Mazdooron ek ho]]”, etc. Were the first choice of the [[prisoner]]s.
==History (Before 1935)==
[[File:Andaman Cellular Jail (2).jpg|thumb|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]] was 28 when he set foot on [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]] on July 4th 1911.
The history of Communist Consolidation starts before its official formation in 1935. On 12 May 1933, some of the prisoners of [[Cellular Jail]] gathered and started a [[hunger strike]], causing the deaths of [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahavir Singh]], [[Mohan Kishore Namadas]], and [[Mohit Moitra]]. The [[British Raj]] acceded to the demands of the freedom fighters to stop the hunger strike, and finally, after 46 days, the hunger strike ended on 26 June 1933.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2007-03-11 |title=www.tripurainfo.com |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311111509/http://tripurainfo.com/cgi-bin/news/display.cgi?MODE=ShowDetails&ID=27 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>


No one else in [[Cellular Jail]] submitted to the [[British Empire|British]] like [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]] did.]]
==Formation in 1935==
'''Khushi Ram Mehta, a nationalist prisoner, not sympathetic to the revolutionary group, betrayed other prisoners in way proving his loyalty to the monarchy by reporting to the Intelligence Bureau; He reports:'''
In 1935, Communist Consolidation was founded by 39 inmates, but the main mastermind to form this group was [[Hare Krishna Konar]]. The majority of its members belong to the minority tendency of the [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[Communism|Communist]] or [[Jugantar]] part of [[Anushilan Samiti]]. Although this was a secret revolutionary group, the members of this organization swelled higher and higher.<ref name="majumdar">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=Penal Settlement in Andamans |publisher=Government of India |year=1975 |location=Delhi |pages= |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bejoy Kumar |author-link=Bejoy Kumar Sinha |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_Andamans_the_Indian_Bastille.html?id=0EpuAAAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |title=In Andamans, the Indian Bastille |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1988 |isbn=8170070775 |language=English}}</ref>
{{blockquote|“Finally, the control of the library passed into the hands of the terrorists. This was about the year 1935. The prisoners spent most of their time in reading communist or socialist literature with the result that there was hardly any left who had not been become a confirmed Communist or Socialist.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=ahmed|first=zubair|title=Cellular Jail: Stories of Clemency and Betrayal|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15951/cellular-jail-stories-of-clemency-and-betrayal|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.thecitizen.in|language=en-US}}</ref>}}


==Membership==
They started a study circle named ''"A Veritable University of Freedom Fighters"'' and this group also started to teach about the principles of [[Socialism]], [[Marxism]], and [[Communism]], explaining how the [[October Revolution]] happened, who was [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], and finally, in 1936, the members of this organization claimed that they were fighting to uproot [[British Raj]] as well as to fight for the working class and backward class people; they understood that class struggle is equally important as freedom.<ref name=":0" />
The organization's membership expanded rapidly to more than 500 inmates. ''By 1940 the membership had grown to over 1 lack.''


Some of the members were:
They only used the class struggle and political slogans “[[Inquilab Zindabad]]” and “[[Workers of the world, unite!|Duniya ke Mazdooron, ek ho!]]” because they claimed that at first they were [[Nationalism|nationalist]] prisoners, but after the formation of the Communist Consolidation and reading about the principals of [[Socialism]], [[Marxism]], and [[Communism]], they started believing themselves as political prisoners.<ref name="majumdar" />
*[[Hare Krishna Konar]], Founder of this organization, in 1935
 
*[[Niranjan Sengupta]]
==Second Hunger Strike==
*[[Sudhangshu Dasgupta]]
The long hunger strike movement in the Andamans in July and August 1937, led by the Communists, marked an important phase in India's national struggle. As nine-tenths of the total convicts in Andaman were from Bengal, the hunger strike of Andaman prisoners caused widespread outrage in Bengal, where a strong movement for the release of political prisoners began.<ref name=":1" />
*[https://mayday.leftword.com/blog/post/the-photo-of-nalini-gupta Nalini Dasgupta]
 
*[[Shiv Verma]]
==Prominent members==
*[[Ganesh Ghosh]]
<!--Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia-->
*[[Batukeshwar Dutt]]
<!--Please keep the list in alphabetical order by FIRST NAME-->
*[[Jaidev Kapoor]]
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
*[[Ambika Chakrabarty]]
|-
*[http://radhikaranjan.blogspot.com/2014/10/767-satish-chandra-pakrasi-1893-1973.html?m=1 Satish Prakrashi]
! width = "200" | Name
*[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]]
! width =" 300" |Involved in
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517111941/http://www.uttarpara.com/people/dhrubesh.htm Biplabi Dhruvesh Chattopadhyay]
! Later life
*Ananta Chakroborty
|-
*[[Subodh Roy]]
| [[Ambika Chakrabarty]]
*[[Bejoy Kumar Sinha]]
| [[Chittagong armoury raid]] of the [[Jugantar|Jugantar Party]]
*[[Jatindra Nath Das]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]], became elected to the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]], and became a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].
*Fakir Sen
|-
*[[Manmath Nath Gupta]]
| [[Ananta Singh]]
'''Most of the inmates of the [[Cellular Jail]] were members of the Communist Consolidation from [[Anushilan Samiti]] comprising [[Communism|Communist]] revolutionaries of undivided [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].'''
| [[Chittagong armoury raid]] of the [[Jugantar|Jugantar Party]]
[[File:Sitaram Y has said.jpg|thumb|[[Sitaram Yechury]] says in [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2017.]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]]. In the late 1960s, he formed a new far-left political group, the [[Revolutionary Communist Council of India]], in [[Calcutta]], but its members committed a number of bank robberies to raise funds for the purchase of weaponry and ammunition. This time of his life is extremely controversial.
|-
| [[Bejoy Kumar Sinha]]
| [[Bhagat Singh#Delhi Assembly bombing and arrest|Lahore Conspiracy Case]] of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]]. In 1962, he contested the election from the Kanpur constituency but got defeated in that election.
|-
| [[Ganesh Ghosh]]
| [[Chittagong armoury raid]] of the [[Jugantar|Jugantar Party]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]], during the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], he sided with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], became the Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and the Member of the [[4th Lok Sabha]].
|-
| [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
| Begut Robbery Case of the [[Jugantar|Jugantar Party]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]], and during the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]] he became the founding member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the chief architect of the West Bengal land distribution, became the [[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Minister of Land and Land Reforms]] and the Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].
|-
| [[Niranjan Sengupta]]
| Leader of the [[Barisal]] branch of the [[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]] and became a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and During the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], he sided with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and became the Minister of Refugees, Relief and Rehabilitation, and Jails, of the [[Government of West Bengal]].
|-
| [[Satish Pakrashi]]
| [[Anushilan Samiti]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]], became a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Council]]. During the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], he sided with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and became a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Shiv Verma]]
| [[Bhagat Singh#Delhi Assembly bombing and arrest|Lahore Conspiracy Case]] of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]] and became Secretary of the Uttar Pradesh state committee. During the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], he sided with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].
|-
| [[Subodh Roy]]
| [[Chittagong armoury raid]] of the [[Jugantar|Jugantar Party]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]], during the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], he sided with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and became a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Sudhangshu Dasgupta]]
| Mechuabazar Bomb Case of the [[Anushilan Samiti]]
| Joint the [[Communist Party of India]], later became the founder editor of the Deshhitaishee. During the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], he sided with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and became a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]], and also became a member of the state secretariat for a period.
|}
 
==See also==
*[[Indian independence movement]]
*[[List of communist parties in India]]
*[[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
* Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p21
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113111037/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |title=Andaman Cellular Jail |date=2007-01-13}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503013636/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/D1.htm], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060714121900/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/C1.htm]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311111509/http://tripurainfo.com/cgi-bin/news/display.cgi?MODE=ShowDetails&ID=27 |title=Tripurainfo.com |date=2007-03-11}}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010828/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1915/19150780.htm Frontline: Tale of Two Bhagat Singhs]}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526005520/http://www.ganashakti.com/archive/hkonar.htm |title=Ganashakti, Remembrance: Harekrishna Konar |date=2006-05-26}}
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409220902/http://cpim.org/misc/1997_pd_shivverma_hks.htm |title=People's Democracy: Comrade Shiv Verma |date=2009-04-09}}


==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Communism|Socialism}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1935]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Communism in India]]
[[Category:Communist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Politics of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Politics of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1935]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]

Latest revision as of 23:26, 10 October 2024



Communist Consolidation
कम्युनिस्ट समेकन
LeaderShiv Verma
Hare Krishna Konar
Niranjan Sengupta
Foundation26 April 1935 (90 years ago) (1935-04-26) at Cellular Jail, Andaman
Dissolved1938
CountryBritish India
MotivesNational liberation
Ideology
Political positionFar-left
Part ofCommunism in India
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
OpponentsBritish Empire
Part of a series on
Communism in India
South Asian Communist Banner.svg
Personalities
Colonial Period and Partition
Cold War years
Contemporary movements
Other articles

Communist Consolidation (1935 – 1938) was a radical communist organization, founded by the prisoners of the Cellular Jail who get influenced by the philosophy of Marxism. In the mid-1930s, it became the largest resistance group against British rule in the jail; this organization also led the historical 36-day hunger strike in 1937, where the british government had to bow before the demands of the political prisoners.[1]

History (Before 1935)[edit]

The history of Communist Consolidation starts before its official formation in 1935. On 12 May 1933, some of the prisoners of Cellular Jail gathered and started a hunger strike, causing the deaths of Mahavir Singh, Mohan Kishore Namadas, and Mohit Moitra. The British Raj acceded to the demands of the freedom fighters to stop the hunger strike, and finally, after 46 days, the hunger strike ended on 26 June 1933.[2]

Formation in 1935[edit]

In 1935, Communist Consolidation was founded by 39 inmates, but the main mastermind to form this group was Hare Krishna Konar. The majority of its members belong to the minority tendency of the Marxist and Communist or Jugantar part of Anushilan Samiti. Although this was a secret revolutionary group, the members of this organization swelled higher and higher.[3][4]

They started a study circle named "A Veritable University of Freedom Fighters" and this group also started to teach about the principles of Socialism, Marxism, and Communism, explaining how the October Revolution happened, who was Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and finally, in 1936, the members of this organization claimed that they were fighting to uproot British Raj as well as to fight for the working class and backward class people; they understood that class struggle is equally important as freedom.[1]

They only used the class struggle and political slogans “Inquilab Zindabad” and “Duniya ke Mazdooron, ek ho!” because they claimed that at first they were nationalist prisoners, but after the formation of the Communist Consolidation and reading about the principals of Socialism, Marxism, and Communism, they started believing themselves as political prisoners.[3]

Second Hunger Strike[edit]

The long hunger strike movement in the Andamans in July and August 1937, led by the Communists, marked an important phase in India's national struggle. As nine-tenths of the total convicts in Andaman were from Bengal, the hunger strike of Andaman prisoners caused widespread outrage in Bengal, where a strong movement for the release of political prisoners began.[2]

Prominent members[edit]

Name Involved in Later life
Ambika Chakrabarty Chittagong armoury raid of the Jugantar Party Joint the Communist Party of India, became elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly, and became a Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly.
Ananta Singh Chittagong armoury raid of the Jugantar Party Joint the Communist Party of India. In the late 1960s, he formed a new far-left political group, the Revolutionary Communist Council of India, in Calcutta, but its members committed a number of bank robberies to raise funds for the purchase of weaponry and ammunition. This time of his life is extremely controversial.
Bejoy Kumar Sinha Lahore Conspiracy Case of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Joint the Communist Party of India. In 1962, he contested the election from the Kanpur constituency but got defeated in that election.
Ganesh Ghosh Chittagong armoury raid of the Jugantar Party Joint the Communist Party of India, during the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India, he sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist), became the Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly and the Member of the 4th Lok Sabha.
Hare Krishna Konar Begut Robbery Case of the Jugantar Party Joint the Communist Party of India, and during the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India he became the founding member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the chief architect of the West Bengal land distribution, became the Minister of Land and Land Reforms and the Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly.
Niranjan Sengupta Leader of the Barisal branch of the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Joint the Communist Party of India and became a Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly and During the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India, he sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and became the Minister of Refugees, Relief and Rehabilitation, and Jails, of the Government of West Bengal.
Satish Pakrashi Anushilan Samiti Joint the Communist Party of India, became a member of the West Bengal Legislative Council. During the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India, he sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and became a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal
Shiv Verma Lahore Conspiracy Case of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Joint the Communist Party of India and became Secretary of the Uttar Pradesh state committee. During the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India, he sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Subodh Roy Chittagong armoury raid of the Jugantar Party Joint the Communist Party of India, during the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India, he sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and became a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal
Sudhangshu Dasgupta Mechuabazar Bomb Case of the Anushilan Samiti Joint the Communist Party of India, later became the founder editor of the Deshhitaishee. During the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India, he sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and became a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal, and also became a member of the state secretariat for a period.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "History of Andaman Cellular Jail". web.archive.org. 13 January 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "www.tripurainfo.com". web.archive.org. 11 March 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1975). Penal Settlement in Andamans. Delhi: Government of India.
  4. ↑ Sinha, Bejoy Kumar (1988). In Andamans, the Indian Bastille. People's Publishing House. ISBN 8170070775.

External links[edit]

Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement

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