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Vatteluttu: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Abugida used in southern Indian subcontinent (c. 6th–12th centuries)}} | {{short description|Abugida used in southern Indian subcontinent (c. 6th–12th centuries)}} | ||
{{Infobox Writing system | {{Infobox Writing system | ||
|name | | name = ''Vatteluttu'' | ||
|type | | type = [[Abugida]] | ||
|time = | | time = | ||
|languages = | | languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] | ||
| sample = Shukla Vatteluttu.svg | |||
| imagesize = 220px | |||
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | | caption = 'Vatteluttu' in modern Vatteluttu typeface<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/vatteluttu.htm|title=Vatteluttu|website=Omniglot.com}}</ref> | ||
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | | fam1 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | ||
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | | fam2 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | ||
|fam4=[[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" /> | | fam3 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup> | ||
|fam5=[[Tamil Brahmi|Tamil-Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" /> | | fam4 = [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" /> | ||
|sisters=* [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha]] | | fam5 = [[Tamil Brahmi|Tamil-Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| sisters = * [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha]] | |||
* [[Tamil script]]<ref name="coulmas" /> | * [[Tamil script]]<ref name="coulmas" /> | ||
|children=[[Kolezhuthu|Koleluttu (script)]]<ref name=":1" /> | | children = [[Kolezhuthu|Koleluttu (script)]]<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| direction = left-to-right | |||
| footnotes = [a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. | |||
|direction= left to right | |||
|footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Contains special characters|Indic}} | {{Contains special characters|Indic}} | ||
{{Italic title|reason=Tamil-Malayalam loanword}} | {{Italic title|reason=Tamil-Malayalam loanword}} | ||
{{brahmic}} | {{brahmic}} | ||
'''''Vatteluttu,''''' popularly romanised as '''''Vattezhuthu,''''' ({{lang-ta|வட்டெழுத்து}}, ''{{transl|ta|ISO|Vaṭṭeḻuttu}}'' and {{lang-ml|വട്ടെഴുത്ത്}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ}}'' | '''''Vatteluttu,''''' popularly romanised as '''''Vattezhuthu,''''' ({{lang-ta|வட்டெழுத்து}}, ''{{transl|ta|ISO|Vaṭṭeḻuttu}}'' and {{lang-ml|വട്ടെഴുത്ത്}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ}}'', {{IPA-ml|ʋɐʈːeɻut̪ːɨ̆|IPA}}), was a syllabic alphabet of [[south India]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]) and [[Sri Lanka]] used for writing the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam|Malayalam languages]] .<ref name="coulmas">{{Cite book|last1=Coulmas|first1=Florian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems|year=1999|isbn=9780631214816|page=542|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|date=|title=Tamil Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | ||
{{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} belonged to the group of Tamil-Malayalam scripts among the [[Brahmi|Southern Brahmi]] derivatives.<ref name="coulmas" /><ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /> The script was used for centuries in inscriptions and manuscripts of south India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=|editor-last=Sheldon|editor-first=Pollock|location=|pages=481|chapter=The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala}}</ref> | {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} belonged to the group of Tamil-Malayalam scripts among the [[Brahmi|Southern Brahmi]] derivatives.<ref name="coulmas" /><ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /> The script was used for centuries in inscriptions and manuscripts of south India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=|editor-last=Sheldon|editor-first=Pollock|location=|pages=481|chapter=The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala}}</ref> | ||
| Line 34: | Line 32: | ||
The three suggestions are: | The three suggestions are: | ||
* ''Vatte'' + ''eluttu''; 'rounded script'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages= | * ''Vatte'' + ''eluttu''; 'rounded script'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=379-80 and 398|orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> | ||
* ''Vata'' + ''eluttu''; 'northern script'<ref name=":1" /> | * ''Vata'' + ''eluttu''; 'northern script'<ref name=":1" /> | ||
* ''Vette'' + ''eluttu''; 'chiseled script'<ref name=":1" /> | * ''Vette'' + ''eluttu''; 'chiseled script'<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| Line 42: | Line 40: | ||
{{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} probably started developing from [[Tamil-Brahmi]] from around 4th-5th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Rajan|first=K.|year=2001|title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518|journal=East and West|volume=51|pages=359–367|jstor=29757518|via=|number=3/4}}</ref><ref name="Mahadevan2003p210">{{cite book|author=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1|location=|pages=210–213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=2004|title=Review: Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132283|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society|series=|publisher=Harvard Oriental Series|volume=124|issue=3|pages=565–569|doi=10.2307/4132283|jstor=4132283|via=}}</ref> The earliest forms of the script have been traced to memorial stone inscriptions from the 4th century AD.<ref name=":0" /> It is distinctly attested in a number of inscriptions in Tamil Nadu from the 6th century AD.<ref name="coulmas" /> By the 7th to 8th centuries, it had completely evolved from the Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84">{{cite book|author=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|location=|pages=78, 84–85}}</ref> Its use is also attested in north-eastern [[Sri Lanka]]n rock inscriptions, such as those found near [[Trincomalee]], dated c. 5th and 8th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manogaran|first=Chelvadurai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+untold+story+of+ancient+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka|title=The Untold Story of Ancient Tamils in Sri Lanka|publisher=Kumaran Publishers|year=2000|isbn=|location=Chennai|pages=31}}</ref> | {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} probably started developing from [[Tamil-Brahmi]] from around 4th-5th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Rajan|first=K.|year=2001|title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518|journal=East and West|volume=51|pages=359–367|jstor=29757518|via=|number=3/4}}</ref><ref name="Mahadevan2003p210">{{cite book|author=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1|location=|pages=210–213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=2004|title=Review: Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132283|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society|series=|publisher=Harvard Oriental Series|volume=124|issue=3|pages=565–569|doi=10.2307/4132283|jstor=4132283|via=}}</ref> The earliest forms of the script have been traced to memorial stone inscriptions from the 4th century AD.<ref name=":0" /> It is distinctly attested in a number of inscriptions in Tamil Nadu from the 6th century AD.<ref name="coulmas" /> By the 7th to 8th centuries, it had completely evolved from the Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84">{{cite book|author=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|location=|pages=78, 84–85}}</ref> Its use is also attested in north-eastern [[Sri Lanka]]n rock inscriptions, such as those found near [[Trincomalee]], dated c. 5th and 8th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manogaran|first=Chelvadurai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+untold+story+of+ancient+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka|title=The Untold Story of Ancient Tamils in Sri Lanka|publisher=Kumaran Publishers|year=2000|isbn=|location=Chennai|pages=31}}</ref> | ||
{{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} was replaced by the [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha script]] from the 7th century AD in the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] court. From the 11th century AD onwards the [[Tamil script]] displaced the Pallava-Grantha as the principle script for writing Tamil.<ref name=" | {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} was replaced by the [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha script]] from the 7th century AD in the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] court. From the 11th century AD onwards the [[Tamil script]] displaced the Pallava-Grantha as the principle script for writing Tamil.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /><ref name=":0" /> In what is now [[Kerala]], {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} continued for a much longer period than in [[Tamil Nadu]] by incorporating characters from [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha]] to represent Sanskrit loan words in early [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /><ref name=":1" /> Early [[Malayalam]] inscriptions (c. 9th and 12th century AD) are composed mostly in {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala." ''Studies in People’s History'', vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.</ref> The script went on evolving in Kerala during this period and in c. 12th century onwards.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
=== Replacement === | === Replacement === | ||
| Line 186: | Line 184: | ||
File:8th Century Grantha and Vatteluttu Scripts Velvikudi Grant in Sanskrit and Tamil, with labels.jpg|Velvikudi Grant (8th century AD, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) | File:8th Century Grantha and Vatteluttu Scripts Velvikudi Grant in Sanskrit and Tamil, with labels.jpg|Velvikudi Grant (8th century AD, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) | ||
File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plates 1 and 4.jpg|[[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Quilon Plates]] (9th century AD, [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]) | File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plates 1 and 4.jpg|[[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Quilon Plates]] (9th century AD, [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]) | ||
File:Jewish copper plates of Cochin - (plate I, side I) (early 11th century AD).jpg| [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin|Jewish Plates]] (11th century AD, [[Malayalam]]) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
*[[Tamil script]] | * [[Tamil script]] | ||
* [[Pallava script]] | * [[Pallava script]] | ||
*[[Malayalam script]] | * [[Malayalam script]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 16:03, 24 May 2022
Template:Infobox Writing system
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmic script and its descendants |
Vatteluttu, popularly romanised as Vattezhuthu, (Tamil: வட்டெழுத்து, Vaṭṭeḻuttu and Malayalam: വട്ടെഴുത്ത്, Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ, IPA: [ʋɐʈːeɻut̪ːɨ̆]), was a syllabic alphabet of south India (Tamil Nadu and Kerala) and Sri Lanka used for writing the Tamil and Malayalam languages .[1][2]
Vatteluttu belonged to the group of Tamil-Malayalam scripts among the Southern Brahmi derivatives.[1][3] The script was used for centuries in inscriptions and manuscripts of south India.[4]
Etymology[edit]
Three possible suggestions for the etymology of the term 'Vatteluttu' are commonly proposed. Eluttu (ezhuthu) is literally 'written form' in this context; and affixed here it means 'writing system' or 'script'.
The three suggestions are:
- Vatte + eluttu; 'rounded script'[5][2]
- Vata + eluttu; 'northern script'[5]
- Vette + eluttu; 'chiseled script'[5]
The script was also known as Tekken-Malayalam or Nana-mona.[6] The name "Nana-mona" is given to it because, at the time when it is taught, the words "namostu" etc. are begun, which are spelt "nana, mona, ittanna, tuva" (that is, "na, mo and tu"), and the alphabet therefore came to be known as the "nana-mona" alphabet.[6]
History[edit]
Vatteluttu probably started developing from Tamil-Brahmi from around 4th-5th century AD.[7][8][9] The earliest forms of the script have been traced to memorial stone inscriptions from the 4th century AD.[7] It is distinctly attested in a number of inscriptions in Tamil Nadu from the 6th century AD.[1] By the 7th to 8th centuries, it had completely evolved from the Tamil Brahmi.[3] Its use is also attested in north-eastern Sri Lankan rock inscriptions, such as those found near Trincomalee, dated c. 5th and 8th centuries AD.[10]
Vatteluttu was replaced by the Pallava-Grantha script from the 7th century AD in the Pallava court. From the 11th century AD onwards the Tamil script displaced the Pallava-Grantha as the principle script for writing Tamil.[3][7] In what is now Kerala, Vatteluttu continued for a much longer period than in Tamil Nadu by incorporating characters from Pallava-Grantha to represent Sanskrit loan words in early Malayalam.[3][5] Early Malayalam inscriptions (c. 9th and 12th century AD) are composed mostly in Vatteluttu.[5][11] The script went on evolving in Kerala during this period and in c. 12th century onwards.[5]
Replacement[edit]
- Vatteluttu gradually developed into a script known as "Koleluttu" in Kerala. This script was more commonly used in north Kerala. It continued in use among certain Kerala communities, especially Muslims and Christians, even after the 16th century and up to the 19th century AD.[5]
- Another script derived from Vatteluttu was the "Malayayma" or "Malayanma". This script was more commonly used in southern Kerala. The script is not, however, the one that is ancestral to the modern Malayalam script.[4]
- The modern Malayalam script, a modified form of the Pallava-Grantha script, later replaced Vatteluttu for writing Malayalam language.[5][4]
Letters[edit]
.gif)
The script continuously went on evolving during its period of existence (in such a way that the date of a record may be fixed approximately by reference to the script alone).[5][6]
- Last quarter of the 8th century – the difference between two similar letters, such as for instance between 'p' and 'v'; and 'ṅ' and 'l' etc., was very markedly shown.[6]
- A few centuries later – difficult to distinguish between 'k' and 'c', 'ṅ' and 'l', 'p' and 'v' and so on.[6]
- 17th-18 centuries – letters 'p', 'v', 'y', and 'n' and sometimes 'l' also, are alike.[6]
| Vatteluttu | ISO | Equivalent letter in | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tamil | Malayalam | ||
 |
a | அ | അ |
 |
ā | ஆ | ആ |
 |
i | இ | ഇ |
 |
u | உ | ഉ |
 |
e | எ | എ |
| Vatteluttu | ISO | Equivalent letter in | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tamil | Malayalam | ||
 |
k | க | ക |
 |
ṅ | ங | ങ |
 |
c | ச | ച |
 |
ñ | ஞ | ഞ |
 |
ṭ | ட | ട |
 |
ṇ | ண | ണ |
 |
t | த | ത |
 |
n | ந | ന |
 |
p | ப | പ |
 |
m | ம | മ |
| Vatteluttu | ISO | Equivalent letter in | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tamil | Malayalam | ||
 |
ṟ | ற | റ |
 |
y | ய | യ |
 |
r | ர | ര |
 |
l | ல | ല |
 |
ḷ | ள | ള |
 |
v | வ | വ |
Velvikudi Grant (8th century AD, Tamil)
Quilon Plates (9th century AD, Malayalam)
Jewish Plates (11th century AD, Malayalam)
_plates_1_and_4.jpg)
_(early_11th_century_AD).jpg)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Coulmas, Florian (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Blackwell Publishing. p. 542. ISBN 9780631214816.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju. "Tamil Language". Encyclopædia Britannica.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78, 84–85. ISBN 978-1-139-43533-8.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Freeman, Rich (2003). "The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala". In Sheldon, Pollock (ed.). Literary Cultures in History. University of California Press. p. 481.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 379-80 and 398. ISBN 9788188765072.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Speciments of Vatteluttu Inscriptions. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. XVI (1911 ed.). Government of Travancore. pp. 283–84.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Rajan, K. (2001). "Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones". East and West. 51 (3/4): 359–367. JSTOR 29757518.
- ↑ Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD. Harvard University Press. pp. 210–213. ISBN 978-0-674-01227-1.
- ↑ Salomon, Richard (2004). "Review: Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. Harvard Oriental Series. 124 (3): 565–569. doi:10.2307/4132283. JSTOR 4132283.
- ↑ Manogaran, Chelvadurai (2000). The Untold Story of Ancient Tamils in Sri Lanka. Chennai: Kumaran Publishers. p. 31.
- ↑ Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala." Studies in People’s History, vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.