ʼPhags-pa script

Template:HamzaPhags-pa
Christian tombstone from Quanzhou dated 1314, with inscription in the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script ꞏung shė yang shi mu taw 'tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe'
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
Time period	1269 – c. 1360
Languages	Chinese Mongolian Persian Sanskrit Tibetan Uyghur
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī[a] Gupta Tibetan Template:HamzaPhags-pa
Child systems	Horizontal square script
Sister systems	Lepcha, Meitei. Marchen
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Phag, , ​Phags-pa
Unicode
Unicode alias	Template:ISO 15924 alias
Unicode range	U+A840–U+A87F
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.

The Template:HamzaPhags-pa script is an alphabet designed by the Tibetan monk and State Preceptor (later Imperial Preceptor) Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the Ming dynasty.

It was used to write and transcribe varieties of Chinese, the Tibetic languages, Mongolian, the Uyghur language, Sanskrit, Persian, and other neighboring languages during the Yuan era. For historical linguists, the documentation of its use provides clues about the changes in these languages.

Its descendant systems include Horizontal square script, used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. There is a theory that the Korean Hangul alphabet had a limited influence from Template:HamzaPhags-pa (see Origin of Hangul). During the Pax Mongolica the script has even made numerous appearances in western medieval art.

Nomenclature

Template:HamzaPhags-pa script: Template:Phagspa mongxol tshi, "Mongolian script";

Template:Lang-mn dörvöljin üseg, "square script";

Tibetan: ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་, Wylie: hor yig gsar ba "new Mongolian script";

Yuan dynasty Chinese: 蒙古新字; pinyin: měnggǔ xīnzì "new Mongolian script";

Modern Chinese: 八思巴文; pinyin: bāsībā wén "Template:HamzaPhags-pa script"

History

During the Mongol Empire, the Mongols wanted a universal script to write down the languages of the people they subjugated. The Uyghur-based Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Middle Mongol language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese. Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (c. 1269), Kublai Khan asked the Tibetan monk [[Template:HamzaPhags-pa lama|Template:HamzaPhags-pa]] to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. Template:HamzaPhags-pa extended his native Tibetan alphabet to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidently Central Plains Mandarin. The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script" based on their shape, but today are primarily known as the Template:HamzaPhags-pa alphabet.

Descending from Tibetan script it is part of the Brahmic family of scripts, which includes Devanagari and scripts used throughout Southeast Asia and Central Asia. It is unique among Brahmic scripts in that it is written top bottom, like how Chinese used to be written; and like the Manchu alphabet or later Mongolian alphabet.

Despite its origin, the script was written vertically (top to bottom) like the previous Mongolian scripts. It did not receive wide acceptance and was not a popular script even among the elite Mongols themselves, although it was used as an official script of the Yuan dynasty until the early 1350s when the Red Turban Rebellion started. After this it was mainly used as a phonetic gloss for Mongols learning Chinese characters. It was also used as one of the scripts on Tibetan currency in the twentieth century, as script for Tibetan seal inscriptions from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century and for inscriptions on the entrance doors of Tibetan monasteries.

Syllable formation

Although it is an alphabet, phagspa is written like a syllabary or abugida, with letters forming a single syllable glued or 'ligated' together.

An imperial edict in Template:HamzaPhags-pa

The Template:HamzaPhags-pa script, with consonants arranged according to Chinese phonology. At the far left are vowels and medial consonants.

Top: Approximate values in Middle Chinese. (Values in parentheses were not used for Chinese.)
Second: Standard letter forms.
Third: Seal script forms. (A few letters, marked by hyphens, are not distinct from the preceding letter.)

Bottom: The "Tibetan" forms. (Several letters have alternate forms, separated here by a • bullet.)

Unlike the ancestral Tibetan script, all Template:HamzaPhags-pa letters are written in temporal order (that is, /CV/ is written in the order C–V for all vowels) and in-line (that is, the vowels are not diacritics). However, vowel letters retain distinct initial forms, and short /a/ is not written except initially, making Template:HamzaPhags-pa transitional between an abugida, a syllabary, and a full alphabet. The letters of a Template:HamzaPhags-pa syllable are linked together so that they form syllabic blocks.

Typographic forms

Template:HamzaPhags-pa was written in a variety of graphic forms. The standard form (top, at right) was blocky, but a "Tibetan" form (bottom) was even more so, consisting almost entirely of straight orthogonal lines and right angles. A "seal script" form (Chinese 蒙古篆字 měnggǔ zhuànzì "Mongolian Seal Script"), used for imperial seals and the like, was more elaborate, with squared sinusoidal lines and spirals. This 'Phags-pa script is different from the 'Phags-pa script, or 八思巴字 in Chinese, that shares the same name but its earliest usage can be traced back to the late 16th century, the early reign of Wanli Emperor. According to Professor Junast 照那斯图 of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the later 'Phags-pa script is actually a seal script of Tibetan.

Korean records state that hangul was based on an "Old Seal Script" (古篆字), which may be Template:HamzaPhags-pa and a reference to its Chinese name 蒙古篆字 měnggǔ zhuànzì (see origin of hangul). However, it is the simpler standard form of Template:HamzaPhags-pa that is the closer graphic match to hangul.

Letters

Basic Letters

The following 41 are the basic Template:HamzaPhags-pa letters.

Letters 1-30 and 35-38 are base consonants. The order of Letters 1-30 is the same as the traditional order of the thirty basic letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. Letters 35-38 represent sounds that do not occur in Tibetan, and are either derived from an existing Tibetan base consonant (e.g. Letters 2 and 35 are both derived from the simple Tibetan letter KHA, but are graphically distinct from each other) or from a combination of an existing Tibetan base consonant and the semi-vowel (subjoined) letter WA (e.g. Letter 36 is derived from the complex Tibetan letter KHWA).

As is the case with Tibetan, these letters have an inherant [a] vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letter KA with no attached vowel represents the syllable ka, but with an appended vowel i represents the syllable ki).

Letters 31-34 and 39 are vowels. Letters 31-34 follow the traditional order of the corresponding Tibetan vowels. Letter 39 represents a vowel quality that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan double-E vowel sign.

Unlike Tibetan, in which vowels signs may not occur in isolation but must always be attached to a base consonant to form a valid syllable, in the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script initial vowels other than a may occur without a base consonant when they are not the first element in a diphthong (e.g. ue) or a digraph (e.g. eeu and eeo). Thus in Chinese Template:HamzaPhags-pa texts the syllables u 吾 wú, on 刓 wán and o 訛 é occur, and in Mongolian Template:HamzaPhags-pa texts the words ong qo chas "boats", u su nu (gen.) "water", e du -ee "now" and i hee -een "protection" occur. These are all examples of where 'o, 'u, 'e, 'i etc. would be expected if the Tibetan model had been followed exactly. An exception to this rule is the Mongolian word 'er di nis "jewels", where a single vowel sign is attached to a null base consonant. Note that the letter EE is never found in an initial position in any language written in the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script (for example, in Tao Zongyi's description of the Old Uighur script, he glosses all instances of Uighur e with the Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter EE, except for when it is found in the initial position, when he glosses it with the Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter E instead).

However, initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant 'A (Letter 30). So in Chinese Template:HamzaPhags-pa texts the syllables 'wen 元 yuán, 'ue 危 wēi and 'eeu 魚 yú occur; and in Mongolian Template:HamzaPhags-pa texts the words 'eeu lu "not" and 'eeog bee.e "gave" occur. As there is no sign for the vowel a, which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, then words that start with an a vowel must also use the null base consonant letter 'A (e.g. Mongolian 'a mi than "living beings"). In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonant -A (Letter 23) may be found before initial vowels (see "Letter 23" below).

No.	Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter	Derivation	Letter Name	Transcription	Mongolian Examples	Chinese Examples
1	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER KA ཀ [U+0F40]	KA	k	Only used for words of foreign origin, such as kal bu dun (gen. pl.) from Sanskrit kalpa "aeon" [cf. Mongolian galab ᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪ], with the single exception of the common Mongolian word ye kee "large, great" [cf. Mongolian yeke ᠶᠡᠬᠡ]	kiw 裘 qiú kue 夔 kuí
2	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER KHA ཁ [U+0F41]	KHA	kh	kheen "who" [cf. Mongolian ken ᠬᠡᠨ]	khang 康 kāng kheeu 屈 qū
3	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER GA ག [U+0F42]	GA	g	bi chig "written document, book" [cf. Mongolian bičig ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ]	ging 荊 jīng gu 古 gǔ
4	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER NGA ང [U+0F44]	NGA	ng	deng ri "heaven" [cf. Mongolian tengri ᠲᠡᠩᠷᠢ]	ngiw 牛 niú ngem 嚴 yán ding 丁 dīng
5	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER CA ཅ [U+0F45]	CA	c		cay 柴 chái ci 池 chí
6	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER CHA ཆ [U+0F46]	CHA	ch	cha q-an "white" [cf. Mongolian čaɣan ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ]	chang 昌 chāng cheeu 褚 chǔ
7	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER JA ཇ [U+0F47]	JA	j	jil "year" [cf. Mongolian ǰil ᠵᠢᠯ]	jim 針 zhēn
8	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER NYA ཉ [U+0F49]	NYA	ny		nyiw 鈕 niǔ
9	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TA ཏ [U+0F4F]	TA	t	Mostly used in words of foreign origin, such as 'er ti nis (also 'er di nis) "jewels" [cf. Mongolian erdenis ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠰ] and ta layi "sea, ocean" [cf. Mongolian dalai ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ]	ten 田 tián tung 童 tóng
10	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER THA ཐ [U+0F50]	THA	th	thu thum "each, all" [cf. Mongolian tutum ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠮ]	thang 湯 tāng thung 通 tōng
11	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER DA ད [U+0F51]	DA	d	u ri da nu (gen.) "former, previous" [cf. Mongolian urida ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ]	dung 東 dōng du 都 dū
12	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER NA ན [U+0F53]	NA	n	ma nu "our" [cf. Mongolian manu ᠮᠠᠨᠤ]	nee 聶 niè nung 農 nóng gon 管 guǎn
13	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER PA པ [U+0F54]	PA	p	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as pur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian burqan ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ]	pang 龐 páng pay 白 bái
14	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER PHA ཕ [U+0F55]	PHA	ph		phon 潘 pān phu 浦 pǔ
15	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER BA བ [U+0F56]	BA	b	ba sa "then, still, also" [cf. Mongolian basa ᠪᠠᠰᠠ]	ban 班 bān been 邊 biān
16	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER MA མ [U+0F58]	MA	m	'a mi than "living beings" [cf. Mongolian amitan ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ]	min 閔 mǐn mew 苗 miáo gim 金 jīn
17	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TSA ཙ [U+0F59]	TSA	ts		tsaw 曹 cáo tsin 秦 qín
18	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TSHA ཚ [U+0F5A]	TSHA	tsh	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as sha tshin "religion"	tshay 蔡 cài tshiw 秋 qiū
19	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER DZA ཛ [U+0F5B]	DZA	dz		dzam 昝 zǎn dzew 焦 jiāo
20	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER WA ཝ [U+0F5D]	WA	w	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as wa chi ra ba ni "Vajrapāṇi"	wan 萬 wàn wu 武 wǔ xiw 侯 hóu gaw 高 gāo
21	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER ZHA ཞ [U+0F5E]	ZHA	zh		zheeu 茹 rú zhew 饒 ráo
22	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER ZA ཟ [U+0F5F]	ZA	z	Only found in the single word za ra "month" [cf. Mongolian sara ᠰᠠᠷᠠ]	zeeu 徐 xú zi 席 xí
23	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER -A འ [U+0F60]	-A	-	This letter is found rarely initially, e.g. -ir gee nee (dat./loc.) "people" [cf. Mongolian irgen ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ], but frequently medially between vowels where it serves to separate a syllable that starts with a vowel from a preceding syllable that ends in a vowel, e.g. er khee -ud "Christians" and q-an "emperor, khan" [cf. Mongolian qaɣan ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ] (where q-an is a contraction for the hypothetical qa -an)	-an 安 ān -ing 應 yīng -eeu 郁 yù
24	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER YA ཡ [U+0F61]	YA	y	na yan "eighty" [cf. Mongolian nayan ᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨ]	yi 伊 yī yang 羊 yáng day 戴 dài hyay 解 xiè
25	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER RA ར [U+0F62]	RA	r	chee rig "army" [cf. Mongolian čerig ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ]
26	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER LA ལ [U+0F63]	LA	l	al ba "tax, tribute" [cf. Mongolian alba ᠠᠯᠪᠠ]	leeu 呂 lǚ lim 林 lín
27	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER SHA ཤ [U+0F64]	SHA	sh	shi nee "new" [cf. Mongolian šine ᠱᠢᠨᠡ]	shi 石 shí shwang 雙 shuāng
28	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER SA ས [U+0F66]	SA	s	hee chus "end, goal" [cf. Mongolian ečüs ᠡᠴᠦᠰ]	su 蘇 sū syang 相 xiàng
29	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER HA ཧ [U+0F67]	HA	h	Initially in words that now have null initials, such as har ban "ten" [cf. Mongolian arban ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ], and medially only in the single word -i hee -een (or -i h-een) "protector, guardian"	hwa 花 huā sh.hi 史 shǐ l.hing 冷 lěng j.hang 莊 zhuāng
30	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER A ཨ [U+0F68]	'A	'	'eeu lu "not" [cf. Mongolian ülü ᠦᠯᠦ]	'wang 王 wáng 'eeu 虞 yú
31	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN I ི [U+0F72]	I	i	-i hee -een (or -i h-een) "protection"	li 李 lǐ n.hing 能 néng heei 奚 xī
32	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN U ུ [U+0F74]	U	u	u su nu (gen.) "water" [cf. Mongolian usun ᠤᠰᠤᠨ]	u 吳 wú mue 梅 méi
33	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN E ེ [U+0F7A]	E	e	e du -ee "now" [cf. Mongolian edüge ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ]	ze 謝 xiè jem 詹 zhān gue 國 guó
34	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN O ོ [U+0F7C]	O	o	ong qo chas "boats" [cf. Mongolian ongɣočas ᠣᠩᠭᠣᠴᠠᠰ]	no 那 nā mon 滿 mǎn
35	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER KHA ཁ [U+0F41]	QA	q	qa muq "all" [cf. Mongolian qamuɣ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ]
36	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER KHA [U+0F41] plus TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA [U+0FAD] ཁྭ	XA	x	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as pur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian burqan ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ]	xu 胡 hú xong 黃 huáng
37	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER HA [U+0F67] plus TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA [U+0FAD] ཧྭ	FA	f		fang 方 fāng fi 費 fèi
38	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER GA ག [U+0F42]	GGA
39	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN EE ཻ [U+0F7B]	EE	ee	el deeb "various" [cf. Mongolian eldeb ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ] (Poppe reads this word as eel deeb, as the only example of an initial letter EE, but I think that it is clear from the rubbing of the inscription that the initial letter is a slightly deformeed letter E)	chee 車 chē seeu 胥 xū geeing 經 jīng
40	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA ྭ [U+0FAD]	SUBJOINED WA	w		xway 懷 huái jwaw 卓 zhuō gwang 廣 guǎng
41	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER YA ྱ [U+0FB1]	SUBJOINED YA	y		hya 夏 xià gya 家 jiā dzyang 蔣 jiǎng

Additional Letters

No.	Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter	Derivation	Letter Name	Transcription	Sanskrit or Tibetan Examples
42	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TTA ཊ [U+0F4A]	TTA	tt	sha tt-a pa ... i ta (Sanskrit ṣaṭ pāramitā) [Ill.3 Line 6]
43	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER TTHA ཋ [U+0F4B]	TTHA	tth	pra tish tthi te (Sanskrit pratiṣṭhite) [Ill.3 Line 8] (TTHA plus unreversed I) dhish tthi te (Sanskrit dhiṣṭhite) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 16] (TTHA plus reversed I) nish tthe (Sanskrit niṣṭhe) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 10] (TTHA plus reversed E)
44	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER DDA ཌ [U+0F4C]	DDA	dd	dann dde (Sanskrit daṇḍaya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 14] '-a kad ddha ya (Sanskrit ākaḍḍhaya) [Ill.4 Line 7] (DDA plus reversed HA)
45	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER NNA ཎ [U+0F4E]	NNA	nn	sb-a ra nna (Sanskrit spharaṇa) [Ill.3 Line 3] ush nni ... (Sanskrit uṣṇīṣa) [Ill.3 Line 6] (NNA plus reversed I) kshu nnu (Sanskrit kṣuṇu) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 2] (NNA plus reversed U) ha ra nne (Sanskrit haraṇe) [Ill.4 Line 5] (NNA plus reversed E) pu nn.ya (Sanskrit puṇya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 13] (NNA plus reversed subjoined Y)
46	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER RA ྲ [U+0FB2]	Subjoined RA	r	bh-ru^ (Sanskrit bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2] mu dre (Sanskrit mudre) [Ill.3 Line 9] ba dzra (Sanskrit vajra) [Ill.3 Line 9] bkra shis (Tibetan bkra-shis "prosperity, good fortune") [Ill.5]
47	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN LETTER RA ར [U+0F62]	Superfixed RA		sangs rgyas (Tibetan sangs-rgyas "Buddha") [Ill.6]
48	Template:Phagspa	TIBETAN SIGN SNA LDAN ྃ [U+0F83] DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU [U+0901]	Candrabindu	^	o^ bh-ru^ bh-ru^ (Sanskrit oṁ bhrūṁ bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2] sa^ ha ... (Sanskrit saṁhatana) [Ill.3 Line 9]

Menggu Ziyun

Following are the initials of the Template:HamzaPhags-pa script as presented in Menggu Ziyun. They are ordered according to the Chinese philological tradition of the 36 initials.

36 initials in 蒙古字韵 Menggu Ziyun

No.	Name	Phonetic value	Template:HamzaPhags-pa letter	Template:HamzaPhags-pa Initial	Notes
1	見 jiàn	*[k]	Template:Phagspa	g-
2	溪 qī	*[kʰ]	Template:Phagspa	kh-
3	群 qún	*[ɡ]	Template:Phagspa	k-
4	疑 yí	*[ŋ]	Template:Phagspa	ng-
5	端 duān	*[t]	Template:Phagspa	d-
6	透 tòu	*[tʰ]	Template:Phagspa	th-
7	定 dìng	*[d]	Template:Phagspa	t-
8	泥 ní	*[n]	Template:Phagspa	n-
9	知 zhī	*[ʈ]	Template:Phagspa	j-
10	徹 chè	*[ʈʰ]	Template:Phagspa	ch-
11	澄 chéng	*[ɖ]	Template:Phagspa	c-
12	娘 niáng	*[ɳ]	Template:Phagspa	ny-
13	幫 bāng	*[p]	Template:Phagspa	b-
14	滂 pāng	*[pʰ]	Template:Phagspa	ph-
15	並 bìng	*[b]	Template:Phagspa	p-
16	明 míng	*[m]	Template:Phagspa	m-
17	非 fēi	*[p̪]	Template:Phagspa	f-	Normal form of the letter fa
18	敷 fū	*[p̪ʰ]	Template:Phagspa	f¹-	Variant form of the letter fa
19	奉 fèng	*[b̪]	Template:Phagspa	f-	Normal form of the letter fa
20	微 wēi	*[ɱ]	Template:Phagspa	w-	Letter wa represents [v]
21	精 jīng	*[ts]	Template:Phagspa	dz-
22	清 qīng	*[tsʰ]	Template:Phagspa	tsh-
23	從 cóng	*[dz]	Template:Phagspa	ts-
24	心 xīn	*[s]	Template:Phagspa	s-
25	邪 xié	*[z]	Template:Phagspa	z-
26	照 zhào	*[tɕ]	Template:Phagspa	j-
27	穿 chuān	*[tɕʰ]	Template:Phagspa	ch-
28	床 chuáng	*[dʑ]	Template:Phagspa	c-
29	審 shěn	*[ɕ]	Template:Phagspa	sh¹-	Variant form of the letter sha
30	禪 chán	*[ʑ]	Template:Phagspa	sh-	Normal form of the letter sha
31	曉 xiǎo	*[x]	Template:Phagspa	h-	Normal form of the letter ha
32	匣 xiá	*[ɣ]	Template:Phagspa	x-
			Template:Phagspa	h¹-	Variant form of the letter ha
33	影 yǐng	*[ʔ]	Template:Phagspa	Template:Hamza-	glottal stop
			Template:Phagspa	y-	Normal form of the letter ya
34	喻 yù	*[j]	Template:Phagspa	-	null initial
			Template:Phagspa	y¹-	Variant form of the letter ya
35	來 lái	*[l]	Template:Phagspa	l-
36	日 rì	*[ɲ]	Template:Phagspa	zh-

Unicode

Main article: Phags-pa (Unicode block)

Template:HamzaPhags-pa script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

The Unicode block for Template:HamzaPhags-pa is U+A840–U+A877: Template:Unicode chart Phags-pa

U+A856 Template:Phagspa PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A is transliterated using U+A78F ꞏ LATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT from the Latin Extended-D Unicode block.

See also

• Brahmic scripts
• Mongolian alphabets
• Origin of hangul
• Mongol elements in Western medieval art
• Menggu Ziyun (Yuan dynasty Template:HamzaPhags-pa—Chinese rhyming dictionary)

Further reading

• Coblin, W. South (2006). A Handbook of [[:Template:Hamza]]Phags-pa Chinese. ABC Dictionary Series. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3000-7. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
• Denlinger, Paul. B. (1963). Chinese in Hp'ags-pa Script. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
• Everding, Karl-Heinz (2006). Herrscherurkunden aus der Zeit des mongolischen Großreiches für tibetische Adelshäuser, Geistliche und Klöster. Teil 1: Diplomata Mongolica. Mittelmongolische Urkunden in Template:HamzaPhags-pa-Schrift. Eidtion, Übersetzung, Analyse. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. ISBN 978-3-88280-074-6.
• Poppe, Nicholas (1957). The Mongolian Monuments in hP´ags-pa Script (Second ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Great Britain: Anchor Brenton Ltd. ISBN 978-0-09-156980-8.
• Schuh, Dieter (1981). Grundlagen tibetischer Siegelkunde. Eine Untersuchung über tibetische Siegelaufschriften in Template:HamzaPhags-pa-Schrift. Sankt Augustin: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-88280-011-1.

External links

• BabelStone: Template:HamzaPhags-pa Script (with free fonts)
• Omniglot: Template:HamzaPhags-pa script
• Ancientscripts: hPhags-pa
• Mongolian characters after Kublai Khan