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'''''Vigna mungo''''', the '''black gram''', '''urad bean''', '''uzhunnu parippu''', '''ulundu paruppu''', '''minapa pappu''', '''mungo bean''' or '''black ''matpe'' bean''' (''māṣa'') is a [[bean]] grown in [[South Asia]]. Like its relative, the [[mung bean]], it has been reclassified from the ''[[Phaseolus]]'' to the ''[[Vigna]]'' genus. The product sold as '''black lentil''' is usually the whole urad bean, whereas the split bean (the interior being white) is called '''white lentil'''. It should not be confused with the much smaller true black [[lentil]] (''Lens culinaris'').
'''''Vigna mungo''''', the '''black gram''', '''urad bean''', '''mash kalai''', '''uzhunnu parippu''', '''ulundu paruppu''', '''minapa pappu''', '''Uddu''' ('''in Kannada''') or '''black matpe''' is a [[bean]] grown in [[South Asia]]. Like its relative, the [[mung bean]], it has been reclassified from the ''[[Phaseolus]]'' to the ''[[Vigna]]'' genus. The product sold as black lentil is usually the whole urad bean, whereas the split bean (the interior being white) is called '''white lentil'''. It should not be confused with the much smaller true black [[lentil]] (''Lens culinaris'').


Black gram originated in [[South Asia]], where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prized [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]] of [[India]]. It is very widely used in [[Indian cuisine]]. In India the Black gram is one of the important pulses grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. This crop is extensively grown in Nagapattinam, Thiruvarur, Cuddalore, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli, and Villupuram districts of [[Tamilnadu]]. The [[Coastal Andhra]] region in [[Andhra Pradesh]] is known for black gram. The [[Guntur District]] ranks first in Andhra Pradesh for the production of black gram. In Nepal it is known as '''kalo maas''' daal or '''kalo''' daal (black legume) and it is a very popular ''daal'' (legume) side dish that goes with curry and rice as a platter. Black gram has also been introduced to other tropical areas such as the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], Myanmar and [[Africa]], mainly by Indian immigrants during the [[Indian indenture system]].
Black gram originated in [[South Asia]], where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prized [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]] of [[India]]. It is very widely used in [[Indian cuisine]]. In India the black gram is one of the important pulses grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. This crop is extensively grown in southern part of [[India]], northern part of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]. In Bangladesh and Nepal it is known as mash daal. It is a popular ''daal'' (legume) side dish in South Asia, that goes with curry and rice as a platter. Black gram has also been introduced to other tropical areas such as the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], Myanmar and [[Africa]].


==Description==
==Description==
It is an erect, suberect or trailing, densely hairy, annual bush. The tap root produces a branched root system with smooth, rounded nodules. The pods are narrow, cylindrical and up to six&nbsp;cm long. The plant grows 30–100&nbsp;cm with large hairy leaves and 4–6&nbsp;cm seed pods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://agmarknet.nic.in/BlackGram1.pdf|title = Post Harvest Profile of Black Gram|date = 2006|publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture}}</ref> While the urad dal was, along with the [[mung bean]], originally placed in ''[[Phaseolus]]'', it has since been transferred to ''[[Vigna]]''.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}
It is an erect, suberect or trailing, densely hairy, annual bush. The tap root produces a branched root system with smooth, rounded nodules. The pods are narrow, cylindrical and up to six&nbsp;cm long. The plant grows 30–100&nbsp;cm with large hairy leaves and 4–6&nbsp;cm seed pods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://agmarknet.nic.in/BlackGram1.pdf|title = Post Harvest Profile of Black Gram|date = 2006|publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture}}</ref> While the urad dal was, along with the [[mung bean]], originally placed in ''[[Phaseolus]]'', it has since been transferred to ''[[Vigna]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}


==Cooking==
==Cooking==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Breakfast South India.jpg|thumb|[[Idli]] and [[medu vada]], a very common breakfast in South India]]
[[File:Paper Masala Dosa.jpg|thumb|195px|Crispy masala dosa made from batter]]
[[File:Paper Masala Dosa.jpg|thumb|195px|Crispy masala dosa made from batter]]
[[File:Dal Makhani.jpg|thumb|195px|''[[Dal makhani]]'', a popular Indian dish with ''Vigna mungo'' as its main ingredient]]
[[File:Dal Makhani.jpg|thumb|195px|''[[Dal makhani]]'', a popular Indian dish with ''Vigna mungo'' as its main ingredient]]
[[File:Kalai ruti with bhurta & duck meat.jpg|thumb|Kalai ruti, breakfast served with different [[Bhurta|vorta]]s and chicken [[curry]] in [[Rajshahi]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
[[File:Breakfast South India.jpg|thumb|[[Idli]] and [[medu vada]], a very common breakfast in South India]]
''Vigna mungo'' is popular in Northern India, largely used to make ''[[dal]]'' from the whole or split, dehusked seeds. The bean is boiled and eaten whole or, after splitting, made into ''dal''; prepared like this it has an unusual [[mucilaginous]] texture.
''Vigna mungo'' is popular in Northern India, largely used to make ''[[dal]]'' from the whole or split, dehusked seeds. The bean is boiled and eaten whole or, after splitting, made into ''dal''; prepared like this it has an unusual [[mucilaginous]] texture.


It is also extensively used in [[South India]]n culinary preparations. Black gram is one of the key ingredients in making [[idli]] and [[dosa]] batter, in which one part of black gram is mixed with three or four parts of idli rice to make the batter. [[Vada (food)|Vada]] or udid vada also contain black gram and are made from soaked batter and deep-fried in cooking oil. The dough is also used in making [[papadum]], in which white lentils are usually used.
Its usage is quite common in Dogra Cuisine of [[Jammu division|Jammu]] and [[Himachal Pradesh|Lower Himachal]] region. The key ingredient of ''Dal Maddhra'' or ''Maah Da Maddhra'' dish served in [[Dham|Dogri Dhaam]] of Jammu is ''Vigna Mungo'' lentil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brien |first=Charmaine O' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&dq=Dal+Madra&pg=PT65 |title=The Penguin Food Guide to India |date=2013-12-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, another dish ''Teliya Maah'' popular in Jammu & Kangra uses this lentil.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZsIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Kangra+Urad&pg=PA78 |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District: 1883 |date=1883 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company Limited |language=en}}</ref> Traditionally, Vigna Mungo Lentil is used for preparing [[Dogras|Dogra style]] [[Khichdi (dish)|Khichdi]] during Panj Bhikham and [[Makar Sankranti]] festival in Jammu and Lower Himachal. Besides, fermented Vigna Mungo paste is also used to prepare ''Lakhnapuri Bhalle'' or ''Lakhanpuri Laddu'' ( a popular street food of Jammu region).
 
In [[Uttarakhandi cuisine|Uttarakhand Cuisine]], Vigna Mungo is used for preparing traditional dish called ''Chainsu'' or ''Chaisu''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vashishta |first=Pratishtha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqHbDwAAQBAJ |title=IndiSpice |date=2020-04-07 |publisher=BlueRose Publishers |language=en}}</ref>


It is very popular in [[Punjabi cuisine]] as an ingredient of ''[[dal makhani]]''. In Bengal, it is used in ''biulir dal''. In Rajasthan, It is used to prepare dal which is usually consumed with ''[[Baati|bati]]''.
In [[North Indian cuisine]], it is used as an ingredient of ''[[Dal makhani]],'' which is a Modern restaurant style adaptation of Traditional ''Sabut Urad Dal'' of Northern India.
 
In Bengal, it is used in ''kalai ruti'', ''biulir dal''. In Rajasthan, It is one of the ingredients of ''Panchmel dal'' which is usually consumed with ''[[Baati|bati]]''.
 
It is also extensively used in [[South India]]n culinary preparations. Black gram is one of the key ingredients in making [[idli]] and [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] batter, in which one part of black gram is mixed with three or four parts of idli rice to make the batter. [[Vada (food)|Vada]] or udid vada also contain black gram and are made from soaked batter and deep-fried in cooking oil. The dough is also used in making [[papadum]], in which white lentils are usually used.


== Nutrition ==
== Nutrition ==
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Black gram is very nutritious as it contains high levels of protein (25g/100g), potassium (983&nbsp;mg/100g), calcium (138&nbsp;mg/100g), iron (7.57&nbsp;mg/100g), niacin (1.447&nbsp;mg/100g), Thiamine (0.273&nbsp;mg/100g), and riboflavin (0.254&nbsp;mg/100g).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/16083|title = Mungo beans, mature seeds, raw|website = USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference|publisher = US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Black gram complements the essential amino acids provided in most cereals and plays an important role in the diets of the people of Nepal and India.<ref name=":0" /> Black gram is also very high in folate (628µg/100g raw, 216µg/100g cooked).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant resources of tropical Africa 1: cereals and pulses|last=Brink|first=Martin|publisher=PROTA Foundation|year=2006|isbn=978-90-5782-170-7|location=Wageningen|pages=206–207}}</ref>
Its nutrition numbers when raw differ from when cooked. When raw it contains high levels of protein (25g/100g), potassium (983&nbsp;mg/100g), calcium (138&nbsp;mg/100g), iron (7.57&nbsp;mg/100g), niacin (1.447&nbsp;mg/100g), Thiamine (0.273&nbsp;mg/100g), and riboflavin (0.254&nbsp;mg/100g).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/16083|title = Mungo beans, mature seeds, raw|website = USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference|publisher = US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Black gram complements the essential amino acids provided in most cereals and plays an important role in the diets of the people of Nepal and India.<ref name=":0" /> Black gram is also very high in folate (628&nbsp;µg/100g raw, 216&nbsp;µg/100g cooked).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant resources of tropical Africa 1: cereals and pulses|last=Brink|first=Martin|publisher=PROTA Foundation|year=2006|isbn=978-90-5782-170-7|location=Wageningen|pages=206–207}}</ref>


==Use in medieval crucible construction==
==Use in medieval crucible construction==
In [[medieval India]], this bean is said to have been used in making crucibles impermeable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol31_4_4_VJDeshpande.pdf |title=Musavijnana or the ancient science of crucibles  |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |author=Vijaya J. Deshpande}}</ref>
In [[medieval India]], this bean was used in a technique to facilitate making crucibles impermeable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol31_4_4_VJDeshpande.pdf |title=Musavijnana or the ancient science of crucibles  |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |author=Vijaya J. Deshpande}}</ref>


==Names==
==Names==
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* [[Caribbean Hindustani]]/[[Fiji Hindi]]: उरदी दाल ''urdi dal''
* [[Caribbean Hindustani]]/[[Fiji Hindi]]: उरदी दाल ''urdi dal''
* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: અળદ ''aḷad'', અડદ ''aḍad''
* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: અળદ ''aḷad'', અડદ ''aḍad''
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮਾਂਹ ਦੀ ਦਾਲ, "mānha di dāl"
* [[Hindi]]: उड़द दाल ''uṛad dāl'',  उरद दाल ''urad dāl''
* [[Hindi]]: उड़द दाल ''uṛad dāl'',  उरद दाल ''urad dāl''
* [[Kannada]]: ಉದ್ದು ''uddu'', ಉದ್ದಿನ ಬೇಳೆ ''uddina bēḷe''
* [[Kannada]]: ಉದ್ದು ''uddu'', ಉದ್ದಿನ ಬೇಳೆ ''uddina bēḷe''
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]/[[Konkani language|Konkani]]: उडीद ''uḍid''
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]/[[Konkani language|Konkani]]: उडीद ''uḍid''
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ഉഴുന്ന് ''uẓhunnu''
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ഉഴുന്ന് ''uẓhunnu''
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮਾਂਹ ਦੀ ਦਾਲ, "mānha di dāl"
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: உளுந்து ''uḷuntu'', ''ulundu'', ''ulutham paruppu''
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: உளுந்து ''uḷuntu'', ''ulundu'', ''ulutham paruppu''
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: మినుములు ''minumulu'' and Uddhi Pappu in Rayalaseema
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: మినుములు ''minumulu'' and ''uddhi pappu'' in Rayalaseema
* [[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ''urdu bele''
* [[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ''urdu bele''
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: اورد دال ''urad dāl''
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: اورد دال ''urad dāl''
Its name in selected Indic languages, however, derives from Sanskrit masa
Its name in selected Indic languages, however, derives from Sanskrit ''masa'' (माष) :


* [[Dogri language|Dogri]]: 𑠢𑠬𑠪𑠹 𑠛𑠮 𑠛𑠬𑠥, ''Maah Di Daal,'' माह् दी दाल
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]]: মাটিমাহ ''matimah'', মাটিকলাই ''matikolai''
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]]: মাটিমাহ ''matimah'', মাটিকলাই ''matikolai''
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মাসকালাই ডাল ''mashkalai ḍal''
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মাসকালাই ডাল ''mashkalai ḍal''
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: Kalo Daal( black lentil) , मास ''mās''
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: Kalo Daal( black lentil), मास ''mās''
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] : دال ماش ''dāl māsh''
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] : دال ماش ''dāl māsh''
Other names include:
Other names include:
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=54261009 Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
* [http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/htbin/plant/image/get_logo_e?plno=54261009 Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]


Latest revision as of 04:02, 22 June 2022


Not to be confused with mung bean.

Vigna mungo, the black gram, urad bean, mash kalai, uzhunnu parippu, ulundu paruppu, minapa pappu, Uddu (in Kannada) or black matpe is a bean grown in South Asia. Like its relative, the mung bean, it has been reclassified from the Phaseolus to the Vigna genus. The product sold as black lentil is usually the whole urad bean, whereas the split bean (the interior being white) is called white lentil. It should not be confused with the much smaller true black lentil (Lens culinaris).

Vigna mungo
Black gram.jpg
Dry urad beans
Scientific classification edit
: [[Template:Taxonomy/Vigna]]
Species:
Template:Taxonomy/VignaV. mungo
Binomial name
Template:Taxonomy/VignaVigna mungo
Synonyms[1]
  • Azukia mungo (L.) Masam.
  • Phaseolus hernandezii Savi
  • Phaseolus mungo L.
  • Phaseolus roxburghii Wight & Arn.

Black gram originated in South Asia, where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prized pulses of India. It is very widely used in Indian cuisine. In India the black gram is one of the important pulses grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. This crop is extensively grown in southern part of India, northern part of Bangladesh and Nepal. In Bangladesh and Nepal it is known as mash daal. It is a popular daal (legume) side dish in South Asia, that goes with curry and rice as a platter. Black gram has also been introduced to other tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius, Myanmar and Africa.

DescriptionEdit

It is an erect, suberect or trailing, densely hairy, annual bush. The tap root produces a branched root system with smooth, rounded nodules. The pods are narrow, cylindrical and up to six cm long. The plant grows 30–100 cm with large hairy leaves and 4–6 cm seed pods.[2] While the urad dal was, along with the mung bean, originally placed in Phaseolus, it has since been transferred to Vigna.[citation needed]

CookingEdit

 
Crispy masala dosa made from batter
 
Dal makhani, a popular Indian dish with Vigna mungo as its main ingredient
 
Kalai ruti, breakfast served with different vortas and chicken curry in Rajshahi, Bangladesh
 
Idli and medu vada, a very common breakfast in South India

Vigna mungo is popular in Northern India, largely used to make dal from the whole or split, dehusked seeds. The bean is boiled and eaten whole or, after splitting, made into dal; prepared like this it has an unusual mucilaginous texture.

Its usage is quite common in Dogra Cuisine of Jammu and Lower Himachal region. The key ingredient of Dal Maddhra or Maah Da Maddhra dish served in Dogri Dhaam of Jammu is Vigna Mungo lentil.[3] Similarly, another dish Teliya Maah popular in Jammu & Kangra uses this lentil.[4] Traditionally, Vigna Mungo Lentil is used for preparing Dogra style Khichdi during Panj Bhikham and Makar Sankranti festival in Jammu and Lower Himachal. Besides, fermented Vigna Mungo paste is also used to prepare Lakhnapuri Bhalle or Lakhanpuri Laddu ( a popular street food of Jammu region).

In Uttarakhand Cuisine, Vigna Mungo is used for preparing traditional dish called Chainsu or Chaisu.[5]

In North Indian cuisine, it is used as an ingredient of Dal makhani, which is a Modern restaurant style adaptation of Traditional Sabut Urad Dal of Northern India.

In Bengal, it is used in kalai ruti, biulir dal. In Rajasthan, It is one of the ingredients of Panchmel dal which is usually consumed with bati.

It is also extensively used in South Indian culinary preparations. Black gram is one of the key ingredients in making idli and dosa batter, in which one part of black gram is mixed with three or four parts of idli rice to make the batter. Vada or udid vada also contain black gram and are made from soaked batter and deep-fried in cooking oil. The dough is also used in making papadum, in which white lentils are usually used.

NutritionEdit

Template:Nutritionalvalue

Its nutrition numbers when raw differ from when cooked. When raw it contains high levels of protein (25g/100g), potassium (983 mg/100g), calcium (138 mg/100g), iron (7.57 mg/100g), niacin (1.447 mg/100g), Thiamine (0.273 mg/100g), and riboflavin (0.254 mg/100g).[6] Black gram complements the essential amino acids provided in most cereals and plays an important role in the diets of the people of Nepal and India.[2] Black gram is also very high in folate (628 µg/100g raw, 216 µg/100g cooked).[7]

Use in medieval crucible constructionEdit

In medieval India, this bean was used in a technique to facilitate making crucibles impermeable.[8]

NamesEdit

Vigna mungo is known by various names across South and Southeast Asia. Its name in most languages of India derives from Proto-Dravidian *uẓ-untu-, borrowed into Sanskrit as uḍida:[9]

  • Caribbean Hindustani/Fiji Hindi: उरदी दाल urdi dal
  • Gujarati: અળદ aḷad, અડદ aḍad
  • Hindi: उड़द दाल uṛad dāl, उरद दाल urad dāl
  • Kannada: ಉದ್ದು uddu, ಉದ್ದಿನ ಬೇಳೆ uddina bēḷe
  • Marathi/Konkani: उडीद uḍid
  • Malayalam: ഉഴുന്ന് uẓhunnu
  • Punjabi: ਮਾਂਹ ਦੀ ਦਾਲ, "mānha di dāl"
  • Tamil: உளுந்து uḷuntu, ulundu, ulutham paruppu
  • Telugu: మినుములు minumulu and uddhi pappu in Rayalaseema
  • Tulu: urdu bele
  • Urdu: اورد دال urad dāl

Its name in selected Indic languages, however, derives from Sanskrit masa (माष) :

  • Dogri: 𑠢𑠬𑠪𑠹 𑠛𑠮 𑠛𑠬𑠥, Maah Di Daal, माह् दी दाल
  • Assamese: মাটিমাহ matimah, মাটিকলাই matikolai
  • Bengali: মাসকালাই ডাল mashkalai ḍal
  • Nepali: Kalo Daal( black lentil), मास mās
  • Punjabi : دال ماش dāl māsh

Other names include:

VarietiesEdit

Pant Urd 31 (PU-31) Lam Black Gram 884 (LBG 884) Trombay Urd (TU 40)

  • Pant U-13
  • JU-2
  • Type-9
  • Barkha
  • Gwalior-2

Mutant varieties:CO-1 and Sarla. Spring season varieties:Prabha and AKU-4. First urad bean variety developed in – T9(1948).

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Post Harvest Profile of Black Gram" (PDF). Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture. 2006.
  3. ↑ Brien, Charmaine O' (2013-12-15). The Penguin Food Guide to India. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-575-8.
  4. ↑ Gazetteer of the Kangra District: 1883. Calcutta Central Press Company Limited. 1883.
  5. ↑ Vashishta, Pratishtha (2020-04-07). IndiSpice. BlueRose Publishers.
  6. ↑ "Mungo beans, mature seeds, raw". USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. US Department of Agriculture.
  7. ↑ Brink, Martin (2006). Plant resources of tropical Africa 1: cereals and pulses. Wageningen: PROTA Foundation. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-90-5782-170-7.
  8. ↑ Vijaya J. Deshpande. "Musavijnana or the ancient science of crucibles" (PDF). Indian National Science Academy.
  9. ↑ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-02512-6.

BibliographyEdit

  • H.K. Bakhru (1997). Foods that Heal. The Natural Way to Good Health. Orient Paperbacks. ISBN 978-81-222-0033-1.
  • M. Nitin, S. Ifthekar, M. Mumtaz. 2012. Hepatoprotective activity of Methanolic extract of blackgram. RGUHS J Pharm Sci 2(2):62-67.

External linksEdit

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