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The '''Shiromani Akali Dal''' or simply '''Akali Dal'''  ({{lang-en|Supreme Akali Party}}) is a [[Sikh]] political party in [[India]]. It is mostly active in the province of [[Punjab]].
{{About|the Shiromani Akali (Badal) which is recognised by the Election Commission of India as the Shiromani Akali Dal}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name =Shiromani Akali Dal
|logo =
|colorcode = #FF9900
|president  = [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]],


It is not to be confused with the [[Apna Dal]] ('Our Own Party').  
|loksabha_leader = [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|rajyasabha_leader = [[Naresh Gujral]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1920|12|14}}
|predecessor =
|dissolution =
|headquarters = Block #6, Madhya Marg<br />Sector 28, [[Chandigarh]]
| eci = State Party<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref> 
|alliance = None<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-24|title=Explained Ideas: Why Shiromani Akali Dal parted ways with the BJP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sukhbir-singh-badal-farm-bills-2020-shiromani-akali-dal-bjp-nda-6608452/|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|543|hex=#FF9900}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|245|hex=#FF9900}}
|state_seats_name = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|14|117|hex=#FF9900}}
|ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Punjabiyat]]<ref name="Service 2015">{{cite news | title=SAD aims to widen reach, to contest UP poll | location=Chandigarh | newspaper=The Tribune | date=8 October 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sad-aims-to-widen-reach-to-contest-up-poll/132330.html | access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Pandher 2013">{{cite news | last=Pandher | first=Sarabjit | title=In post-Independence India, the SAD launched the Punjabi Suba morcha in the 1960s, seeking the re-organisation of Punjab on linguistic basis.  | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 September 2013 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sukhbir-reelected-president-of-sad/article5089819.ece | access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref><br />[[Conservatism in India|Conservatism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab, Volume 4|year=1996|publisher=Deep & Deep|first=Verinder|last=Grover|page=578}}</ref><br/>[[Federalism in India|Federalism]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Parkash Singh Badal calls for 'genuinely federal structure' for country | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=2014-12-07 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/parkash-singh-badal-calls-for-genuinely-federal-structure-for-country/articleshow/45405975.cms | access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Bharti | first=Vishav | title=Article 370: SAD 'dumps' its core ideology of federalism | website=The Tribune | date=2019-08-06 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/article-370-sad-dumps-its-core-ideology-of-federalism/813427.html | access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>}}
|position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm2dVWi-2I4C&q=1996+Moga+Conference&pg=PA74|title=India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis|last=Roy|first=Meenu|date=1996|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-900-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXxABAAAQBAJ&q=1996+Moga+Conference&pg=PT394|title=Behind Closed Doors: Politics of Punjab, Haryana and the Emergency|last=Chum|first=B. K.|date=2013-12-01|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-62-3|language=en}}</ref>
|publication = Akali Awaaz
|youth = Youth Akali Dal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/youth-akali-dal-protests-against-nankana-sahib-gurdwara-attack|title=WATCH: Youth Akali Dal protests against Nankana Sahib Gurdwara attack|last=World|first=Republic|website=Republic World|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref>
|students = [[Student Organisation of India]] <ref>{{cite web|title=SOI|url=http://studentorganizationofindiasoi.blogspot.in/}}</ref> (SOI)<ref name=SoiClash>{{cite news|title=SOI Clash|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/item/1630-five-injured-as-soi-members-clash-at-adesh-polytechnic-campus|access-date=25 April 2014}}</ref>
|women = Istri Akali Dal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/istri-akali-dal-protests-in-front-of-cm-residence.html|title=Istri Akali Dal protests in front of CM residence|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>
|labour = Shiromani Akali Dal SC wing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sads-sc-wing-feels-powerless-in-pathankot-2811890/|title=SAD's SC wing feels 'powerless' in Pathankot|date=2016-05-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>
|peasants = Shiromani Akali Dal BC wing<ref>{{cite web | last=Jerath | first=Arati R | title=SAD activists seek BC candidate | website=The Tribune | date=2017-01-14 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/sad-activists-seek-bc-candidate/350136.html | access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>
|international =
|colours =  {{Colorsample|#0f204b}} Navy Blue<br>{{Colorsample|Orange}} Orange
|website = {{url|http://www.shiromaniakalidal.com}}
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Scale.png|150px|Weighing Balance]]
}}


{{Asia-stub}}
The '''Shiromani Akali Dal''' ('''SAD''') ([[translation]]: ''Supreme [[Khalsa|Akali]] Party'') is a [[Centre-left politics|centre-right]] [[Sikh]]-centric state political party in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. The party is the second-oldest in India, after [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], being founded in 1920. Although, there are many parties with the name ''Akali Dal'' but the party recognised as "Shiromani Akali Dal" by the [[Election Commission of India]] is the one led by [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]. It controls Sikh religious bodies [[Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee]], [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] and is the largest and most influential Sikh political party worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Ashutosh|date=2004|title=Electoral Politics in Punjab: Study of Akali Dal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=14/15|pages=1515–1520|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4414869}}</ref> The basic philosophy of Akali Dal was to give a political voice to Sikh issues and it believed that religion and politics go hand in hand<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Narang|first=Amarjit Singh|date=2014-03-01|title=The Shiromani Akali Dal|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199699308-e-020|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.020}}</ref> but after 1996 the Moga Conference party adopted a moderate [[Punjabi nationalism|Punjabi]] secular agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19960331-akali-dal-led-by-parkash-singh-badal-break-from-the-past-to-forge-a-moderate-agenda-834735-1996-03-31|title=Akali Dal led by Parkash Singh Badal break from the past to forge a moderate agenda|last=VINAYAK|first=RAMESH|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> On 26 September 2020, they left the NDA over the farms bill.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab's Akali Dal Quits BJP-Led Alliance Over Controversial Farm Bills|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/akali-dal-quits-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-over-controversial-farm-bills-2301550|access-date=2020-09-26|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>


==History==
===British India===
{{further|Akali movement}}
Akali Dal was formed on 14 December 1920 as a task force of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, the Sikh religious body. The Akali Dal considers itself the principal representative of Sikhs. Sardar Sarmukh Singh Chubbal was the first president of a unified proper Akali Dal, but it became popular under [[Master Tara Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/punjab-ke-dangal-mein-kiska-mangal|title=Punjab Ke Dangal Mein Kiska Mangal?|date=2017-01-23|website=NewsClick|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> [[Akali movement]] influenced 30 new Punjabi newspapers launched between 1920 and 1925.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/how-it-became-punjabi-journalism’s-finest-hour-11041|title=How it became Punjabi journalism's finest hour|last= Bharti|first=Vishav|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref>


In the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|provincial election of 1937]], the Akali Dal won 10 seats. The Khalsa Nationalists won 11 seats and joined the coalition government headed by the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist]] leader [[Sikander Hyat Khan]]. The Akalis sat in opposition and made occasional forays into reaching an understanding with the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], which never reached fruition.{{sfn|Jalal, The Sole Spokesman|1994|p=23,&nbsp;97}}
In the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|provincial election of 1946]], the Akali Dal won 22 seats and joined the coalition government headed by the Unionist [[Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana]], along with the [[Indian National Congress]]. The Muslim League was unable to capture power, despite having won the largest number of seats, which perhaps suited it fine as it strengthened its Pakistan demand. The Muslim League launched a civil disobedience campaign, bringing down the Tiwana government by March 1947. The rest of the period till Indian independence was filled by Governor's Rule.{{sfn|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998|p=74}}
As with other Sikh organisations, [[Master Tara Singh]] and his Akali Dal [[opposition to the partition of India|strongly opposed the partition of India]], which he thought would create an environment of possible persecution.<ref name="KudaisyaYong2004">{{cite book |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh |last2=Yong |first2=Tan Tai |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-44048-1 |page=100 |language=en |quote=No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their ''gurus'' and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.}}</ref>
===Independent India===
In the 1950s, the party launched the [[Punjabi Suba]] movement, demanding a state with majority of Punjabi speaking people, out of undivided [[East Punjab]] under the leadership of [[Sant Fateh Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/shiromani-akali-dal-since-1920-11011|title=Shiromani Akali Dal, since 1920|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> In 1966, the present Punjab was formed. Akali Dal came to power in the new Punjab in March 1967,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/being-badals/articleshow/72922502.cms|title=Being Badals|last=Singh|first=I. P.|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> but early governments didn't live long due to internal conflicts and power struggles within the party. Later, party strengthened and party governments completed full term.
== Ideology ==
Shiromani Akali Dal's party constitution has important agenda as protection of Sikh religion and objectives of the community as initially it was a youth wing of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/‘any-history-of-sad-has-to-be-critical-of-badals’-11088|title=Any history of SAD has to be critical of Badals|last=Singh|first=Jupinderjit|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> Protection of Punjab's waters and opposition to [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]] is main agenda of party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/‘we’ve-sacrificed-a-lot-in-the-long-journey-of-making-party-relevant-in-indian-polity’-11040|title='We've sacrificed a lot in the long journey of making party relevant in Indian polity'|last=Bariana|first=Sanjeev Singh|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref>
=== 1996 Moga Conference ===
In 1996, at a historic conference in Moga, Shiromani Akali Dal adopted moderate identity from Panthic (Sikh) to secular Punjabi and shifted party headquarters from [[Amritsar]] to [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/punjab-point-blank/panth-in-danger-badals-politics-shifting-back-from-chandigarh-to-amritsar-2/|title="Panth in danger" – Badal's politics shifts back from Chandigarh to Amritsar|date=2014-07-28|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref>
==Party Dispute==
On 7 July 2020, [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]], [[Sewa Singh Sekhwan]] along with many more leaders from the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)]] came together at a gurdwara in [[Ludhiana]]  and form [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)]] and made [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]] the new president of the Akali Dal democratic.When asked the new Party’s name, he said it will be [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)]].
He said that this is the real Akali Dal, and that the other so called Akali Dal has a “(Badal)” behind it. He said that the party will push the Election commission to make the party’s symbol the same type of weigher as the Badal’s Party, they will also push the BJP to break it’s alliance with the Badal’s and add his party to the [[National Democratic Alliance]].
Because of this dispute, removing Both Dhindsa and Badal from President Rank’s will cause fire between supporters and may make the Akali dispute deeper. So any Article including the Akali Party will have to also include either Badal or Dhindsa as Presidents of the party. Daljit Cheema has called this move un  Democratic and fraud and theft, however nobody took that serious... ever since then many people have been joining Dhindsa’s faction, he said to the [[Punjab Democratic Alliance]], [[Navjot Sidhu]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], and all Akali Factions except for Simranjit Mann’s to all come together and form a strong third front.
At first everybody thought it was a joke, they said they were all standing with the Badal’s when they did the beadbi, but later on, the [[Lok Insaaf Party]] admitted that they were having talks. Many Political parties and families have joined with his faction, [[United Akali Dal]] merged with the party on July 25, 2020, the Sandhu and Talwandi Families have merged with the party, and so have many more politicians. Dhindsa said that he is waiting for the [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)]] to merge.
==Party presidents==
Following is the list of presidents of the party as given on party website.
* Sarmukh Singh Chubbal
* [[Baba Kharak Singh]]
* Karam Singh Bassi (Akali)
* [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]]
* Gopal Singh Kaumi
* Tara Singh Thethar
* Teja Singh Akarpu
* [[Babu Labh Singh]]
* [[Udham Singh Nagoke]]
* Giani Kartar Singh
* Pritam Singh Gojran (Gujjran Sangrur)
* [[Hukam Singh (Punjab politician)|Hukam Singh]]
* [[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)|Fateh Singh]]
* Achar Singh
* [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
* [[Mohan Singh Tur]]
* [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]
* [[Harchand Singh Longowal]]
* [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
* [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
* [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
* [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
==Current Members in Houses==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!House
!Current Members
!Leader
|-
!colspan=3|Union Parliament
|-
|[[Rajya Sabha]]
|3
|[[Naresh Gujral]]
|-
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|2
|[[Sukhbir Singh Badal|S. S. Badal]]
|-
!colspan=3|State Legislature
|-
|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|14/117
|[[Sharanjit Singh Dhillon|S. S. Dhillon]]
|-
|}
==Punjab Chief Ministers belonging to Akali Dal==
* [[Gurnam Singh]] (17 February 1969 – 27 March 1970)
* [[Parkash Singh Badal]] (27 March 1970 – 14 June 1971)
* [[Parkash Singh Badal]] ( 20 June 1977 – 17 February 1980)
* [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] (29 September 1985 – 11 June 1987)
* [[Parkash Singh Badal]] (12 February 1997 – 26 February 2002)
* [[Parkash Singh Badal]] (1 March 2007 – 16 March 2017)
==In general elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! style="width:25%;"| Year
! style="width:15%;"| General election
! style="width:15%;"| Seats won
! style="width:15%;"| Change in # of seats
! style="width:15%;"| Percentage of vote
! style="width:15%;"| Vote swing
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1945 Indian general election]]
|| [[Central Legislative Assembly|6th Central Legislative Assembly]]
|| 2
|| {{increase}} 2
||
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1951 Indian general election]]
|| [[1st Lok Sabha]]
|| 4
||
|| 0.99%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1957 Indian general election]]
|| [[2nd Lok Sabha]]
|| 0
|| {{decrease}}4
||
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1962 Indian general election]]
|| [[3rd Lok Sabha]]
|| 3
|| {{increase}}3
|| 0.72%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1967 Indian general election]]
|| [[4th Lok Sabha]]
|| 0<ref>[[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh]], a splinter group won 3 seats</ref>{{better source|reason=Citation is to Wikipedia, which is user-generated so not reliable, besides being circular sourcing|date=October 2017}}
|| {{decrease}}3
||
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1971 Indian general election]]
|| [[5th Lok Sabha]]
|| 1
|| {{increase}}1
|| 0.87%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1977 Indian general election]]
|| [[6th Lok Sabha]]
|| 9
|| {{increase}}8
|| 1.26%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1980 Indian general election]]
|| [[7th Lok Sabha]]
|| 1
|| {{decrease}} 8
|| 0.71%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1984 Indian general election]]
|| [[8th Lok Sabha]]
|| 7
|| {{increase}} 7
|| 17.9%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1989 Indian general election]]
|| [[9th Lok Sabha]]
|| 0
|| {{decrease}}7
||
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1991 Indian general election]]
|| [[10th Lok Sabha]]
|| 0
|| {{steady}}
||
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1996 Indian general election]]
|| [[11th Lok Sabha]]
|| 8
|| {{increase}} 8
|| 0.76%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1998 Indian general election]]
|| [[12th Lok Sabha]]
|| 8
|| {{steady}}
|| 0.81%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1999 Indian general election]]
|| [[13th Lok Sabha]]
|| 10
|| {{increase}} 2
|| 25.58%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[2004 Indian general election]]
|| [[14th Lok Sabha]]
|| 8
|| {{decrease}} 2
|| 34.28%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[2009 Indian general election]]
|| [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|| 4
|| {{decrease}} 4
|| 0.96%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[2014 Indian general election]]
|| [[16th Lok Sabha]]
|| 4
|| {{steady}}
|| 20.30%
|| {{decrease}} 13.55%
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[2019 Indian general election]]
|| [[17th Lok Sabha]]
|| 2
|| {{decrease}} 2
||
||
|}
==In state elections==
===Punjab===
*[[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937]]
*[[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]]
*[[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
*[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
*[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
*[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
*[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
*[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
*[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
*[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
*[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
*[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
*[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
*[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
*[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
*[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
*[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
===Haryana===
* [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
* [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
===Delhi===
* [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
* [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
==See also==
* [[Shiromani Akali Dal (disambiguation)|Splinter groups of the Akali Dal]]
* [[Sikhism]]
* [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]]
* [[Babu Labh Singh]]
* [[Akali (disambiguation)]]
* [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA23 |year=1994 |orig-year=First published 1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, The Sole Spokesman|1994}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |ref={{sfnref |Jalal, Self and Sovereignty |2002}}}}
* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Pakistan: A Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC |year=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-21606-1 |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998}}}}
* Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. ''Sikh Twareekh''. Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2007. 5 volumes {{in lang|pa}}
* Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. ''Sikh History''.  Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2010-11. 10 volumes
* Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. ''Shiromani Akali Dal (1920-2000)''. Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2001.
{{refend}}
==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.shiromaniakalidal.net/}}
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal| ]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1920]]
[[Category:Sikh political parties]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]
[[Category:Organizations that oppose LGBT rights]]

Latest revision as of 19:32, 25 July 2023

This article is about the Shiromani Akali (Badal) which is recognised by the Election Commission of India as the Shiromani Akali Dal. For other uses, see Akali Dal (disambiguation).


The Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) (translation: Supreme Akali Party) is a centre-right Sikh-centric state political party in Punjab, India. The party is the second-oldest in India, after Congress, being founded in 1920. Although, there are many parties with the name Akali Dal but the party recognised as "Shiromani Akali Dal" by the Election Commission of India is the one led by Sukhbir Singh Badal. It controls Sikh religious bodies Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee and is the largest and most influential Sikh political party worldwide.[16] The basic philosophy of Akali Dal was to give a political voice to Sikh issues and it believed that religion and politics go hand in hand[17] but after 1996 the Moga Conference party adopted a moderate Punjabi secular agenda.[18] On 26 September 2020, they left the NDA over the farms bill.[19]

Shiromani Akali Dal
PresidentSukhbir Singh Badal,
Lok Sabha leaderHarsimrat Kaur Badal
Rajya Sabha leaderNaresh Gujral
Founded14 December 1920 (104 years ago) (1920-12-14)
HeadquartersBlock #6, Madhya Marg
Sector 28, Chandigarh
NewspaperAkali Awaaz
Student wingStudent Organisation of India [1] (SOI)[2]
Youth wingYouth Akali Dal[3]
Women's wingIstri Akali Dal[4]
Labour wingShiromani Akali Dal SC wing[5]
Peasant's wingShiromani Akali Dal BC wing[6]
IdeologyPunjabiyat[7][8]
Conservatism[9]
Federalism[10][11]
Political positionCentre-right[12][13]
Colours  Navy Blue
  Orange
ECI StatusState Party[14]
AllianceNone[15]
Seats in Lok Sabha
2 / 543
Seats in Rajya Sabha
3 / 245
Seats in Punjab Legislative Assembly
14 / 117
Election symbol
Weighing Balance
Website
www.shiromaniakalidal.com

HistoryEdit

British IndiaEdit

Further information: Akali movement

Akali Dal was formed on 14 December 1920 as a task force of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, the Sikh religious body. The Akali Dal considers itself the principal representative of Sikhs. Sardar Sarmukh Singh Chubbal was the first president of a unified proper Akali Dal, but it became popular under Master Tara Singh.[20] Akali movement influenced 30 new Punjabi newspapers launched between 1920 and 1925.[21]

In the provincial election of 1937, the Akali Dal won 10 seats. The Khalsa Nationalists won 11 seats and joined the coalition government headed by the Unionist leader Sikander Hyat Khan. The Akalis sat in opposition and made occasional forays into reaching an understanding with the Muslim League, which never reached fruition.[22]

In the provincial election of 1946, the Akali Dal won 22 seats and joined the coalition government headed by the Unionist Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana, along with the Indian National Congress. The Muslim League was unable to capture power, despite having won the largest number of seats, which perhaps suited it fine as it strengthened its Pakistan demand. The Muslim League launched a civil disobedience campaign, bringing down the Tiwana government by March 1947. The rest of the period till Indian independence was filled by Governor's Rule.[23]

As with other Sikh organisations, Master Tara Singh and his Akali Dal strongly opposed the partition of India, which he thought would create an environment of possible persecution.[24]

Independent IndiaEdit

In the 1950s, the party launched the Punjabi Suba movement, demanding a state with majority of Punjabi speaking people, out of undivided East Punjab under the leadership of Sant Fateh Singh.[25] In 1966, the present Punjab was formed. Akali Dal came to power in the new Punjab in March 1967,[26] but early governments didn't live long due to internal conflicts and power struggles within the party. Later, party strengthened and party governments completed full term.

IdeologyEdit

Shiromani Akali Dal's party constitution has important agenda as protection of Sikh religion and objectives of the community as initially it was a youth wing of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee.[27] Protection of Punjab's waters and opposition to Sutlej Yamuna link canal is main agenda of party.[28]

1996 Moga ConferenceEdit

In 1996, at a historic conference in Moga, Shiromani Akali Dal adopted moderate identity from Panthic (Sikh) to secular Punjabi and shifted party headquarters from Amritsar to Chandigarh.[29]

Party DisputeEdit

On 7 July 2020, Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa, Sewa Singh Sekhwan along with many more leaders from the Shiromani Akali Dal and Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali) came together at a gurdwara in Ludhiana and form Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic) and made Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa the new president of the Akali Dal democratic.When asked the new Party’s name, he said it will be Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic).

He said that this is the real Akali Dal, and that the other so called Akali Dal has a “(Badal)” behind it. He said that the party will push the Election commission to make the party’s symbol the same type of weigher as the Badal’s Party, they will also push the BJP to break it’s alliance with the Badal’s and add his party to the National Democratic Alliance.

Because of this dispute, removing Both Dhindsa and Badal from President Rank’s will cause fire between supporters and may make the Akali dispute deeper. So any Article including the Akali Party will have to also include either Badal or Dhindsa as Presidents of the party. Daljit Cheema has called this move un Democratic and fraud and theft, however nobody took that serious... ever since then many people have been joining Dhindsa’s faction, he said to the Punjab Democratic Alliance, Navjot Sidhu, Aam Aadmi Party, and all Akali Factions except for Simranjit Mann’s to all come together and form a strong third front.

At first everybody thought it was a joke, they said they were all standing with the Badal’s when they did the beadbi, but later on, the Lok Insaaf Party admitted that they were having talks. Many Political parties and families have joined with his faction, United Akali Dal merged with the party on July 25, 2020, the Sandhu and Talwandi Families have merged with the party, and so have many more politicians. Dhindsa said that he is waiting for the Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali) to merge.

Party presidentsEdit

Following is the list of presidents of the party as given on party website.

Current Members in HousesEdit

House Current Members Leader
Union Parliament
Rajya Sabha 3 Naresh Gujral
Lok Sabha 2 S. S. Badal
State Legislature
Punjab Legislative Assembly 14/117 S. S. Dhillon

Punjab Chief Ministers belonging to Akali DalEdit

In general electionsEdit

Year General election Seats won Change in # of seats Percentage of vote Vote swing
1945 Indian general election 6th Central Legislative Assembly 2   2
1951 Indian general election 1st Lok Sabha 4 0.99%
1957 Indian general election 2nd Lok Sabha 0  4
1962 Indian general election 3rd Lok Sabha 3  3 0.72%
1967 Indian general election 4th Lok Sabha 0[30][better source needed]  3
1971 Indian general election 5th Lok Sabha 1  1 0.87%
1977 Indian general election 6th Lok Sabha 9  8 1.26%
1980 Indian general election 7th Lok Sabha 1   8 0.71%
1984 Indian general election 8th Lok Sabha 7   7 17.9%
1989 Indian general election 9th Lok Sabha 0  7
1991 Indian general election 10th Lok Sabha 0  
1996 Indian general election 11th Lok Sabha 8   8 0.76%
1998 Indian general election 12th Lok Sabha 8   0.81%
1999 Indian general election 13th Lok Sabha 10   2 25.58%
2004 Indian general election 14th Lok Sabha 8   2 34.28%
2009 Indian general election 15th Lok Sabha 4   4 0.96%
2014 Indian general election 16th Lok Sabha 4   20.30%   13.55%
2019 Indian general election 17th Lok Sabha 2   2

In state electionsEdit

PunjabEdit

HaryanaEdit

DelhiEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ "SOI".
  2. ↑ "SOI Clash". Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  3. ↑ World, Republic. "WATCH: Youth Akali Dal protests against Nankana Sahib Gurdwara attack". Republic World. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  4. ↑ Pioneer, The. "Istri Akali Dal protests in front of CM residence". The Pioneer. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  5. ↑ "SAD's SC wing feels 'powerless' in Pathankot". The Indian Express. 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  6. ↑ Jerath, Arati R (2017-01-14). "SAD activists seek BC candidate". The Tribune. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  7. ↑ "SAD aims to widen reach, to contest UP poll". The Tribune. Chandigarh. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  8. ↑ Pandher, Sarabjit (3 September 2013). "In post-Independence India, the SAD launched the Punjabi Suba morcha in the 1960s, seeking the re-organisation of Punjab on linguistic basis". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  9. ↑ Grover, Verinder (1996). Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab, Volume 4. Deep & Deep. p. 578.
  10. ↑ "Parkash Singh Badal calls for 'genuinely federal structure' for country". The Economic Times. 2014-12-07. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  11. ↑ Bharti, Vishav (2019-08-06). "Article 370: SAD 'dumps' its core ideology of federalism". The Tribune. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  12. ↑ Roy, Meenu (1996). India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis. Deep & Deep Publications. ISBN 978-81-7100-900-8.
  13. ↑ Chum, B. K. (2013-12-01). Behind Closed Doors: Politics of Punjab, Haryana and the Emergency. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-81398-62-3.
  14. ↑ "List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013" (PDF). India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  15. ↑ "Explained Ideas: Why Shiromani Akali Dal parted ways with the BJP". The Indian Express. 2020-09-24.
  16. ↑ Kumar, Ashutosh (2004). "Electoral Politics in Punjab: Study of Akali Dal". Economic and Political Weekly. 39 (14/15): 1515–1520. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4414869.
  17. ↑ Narang, Amarjit Singh (2014-03-01). "The Shiromani Akali Dal". The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.020.
  18. ↑ VINAYAK, RAMESH. "Akali Dal led by Parkash Singh Badal break from the past to forge a moderate agenda". India Today. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  19. ↑ "Punjab's Akali Dal Quits BJP-Led Alliance Over Controversial Farm Bills". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  20. ↑ "Punjab Ke Dangal Mein Kiska Mangal?". NewsClick. 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  21. ↑ Bharti, Vishav. "How it became Punjabi journalism's finest hour". The Tribune. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  22. ↑ Jalal, The Sole Spokesman 1994, p. 23, 97.
  23. ↑ Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History 1998, p. 74.
  24. ↑ Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-134-44048-1. No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their gurus and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.
  25. ↑ Service, Tribune News. "Shiromani Akali Dal, since 1920". The Tribune. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  26. ↑ Singh, I. P. "Being Badals". The Times of India. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  27. ↑ Singh, Jupinderjit. "Any history of SAD has to be critical of Badals". The Tribune. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  28. ↑ Bariana, Sanjeev Singh. "'We've sacrificed a lot in the long journey of making party relevant in Indian polity'". The Tribune. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  29. ↑ ""Panth in danger" – Badal's politics shifts back from Chandigarh to Amritsar". Times of India Blog. 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  30. ↑ Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh, a splinter group won 3 seats

BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit

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