List of largest cities: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:27, 15 March 2026

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The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities in all jurisdictions are classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the cities proper, their metropolitan regions, or the extent of their urban area. A complicating factor is that many large cities in the world have not only homeless or the unhoused, but also vast slum communities. This leads to official census data being less accurate in representing the actual number of residents in a given area.

Definitions[edit | edit source]

City proper (administrative unit)[edit | edit source]

A city can be defined by its administrative boundaries, otherwise known as city proper. UNICEF defines city proper as, "the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority." A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government.^[1]^[2]^[3] Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs.^[4]

The use of city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives.^[4] Because of this definition, the city proper population figure may differ greatly from the urban area population figure, as many cities are amalgamations of smaller municipalities , and conversely, many Chinese cities govern territories that extend well beyond the core urban area into suburban and rural areas.^[5] The Chinese municipality of Chongqing, which is the largest city proper in the world by population, comprises a huge administrative area of 82,403 km², around the size of Austria. However, more than 70% of its 30-million population are agricultural workers living in a rural setting.^[6]^[7]

Metropolitan area[edit | edit source]

Tokyo, the world's third-largest city by metropolitan population

A city can be defined by the inhabitants of its demographic population, as by metropolitan area, or labour market area. UNICEF defines metropolitan area as follows:

A formal local government area comprising the urban area as a whole and its primary commuter areas, typically formed around a city with a large concentration of people (i.e., a population of at least 100,000). In addition to the city proper, a metropolitan area includes both the surrounding territory with urban levels of residential density and some additional lower-density areas that are adjacent to and linked to the city (e.g., through frequent transport, road linkages or commuting facilities).

In many countries, metropolitan areas are established either as a local administrative organisation or only for statistical purposes. In the United States, metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB).^[8] In the Philippines, metropolitan areas have an official agency, such as Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), which manages Manila metropolitan area.^[9] Similar agencies exist in Indonesia, such as Jabodetabekjur Development Cooperation Agency for Jakarta metropolitan area.^[10]

Urban area[edit | edit source]

A city can be defined as a conditionally contiguous urban area, with relatively less regard to territorial or administrative boundaries. UNICEF defines urban area as follows:

The definition of "urban" varies from country to country, and, with periodic reclassification, can also vary within one country over time, making direct comparisons difficult. An urban area can be defined by one or more of the following: administrative criteria or political boundaries (e.g., area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee), a threshold population size (where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of 2,000 people, although this varies globally between 200 and 50,000), population density, economic function (e.g., where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or where there is surplus employment) or the presence of urban characteristics (e.g., paved streets, electric lighting, sewerage).

According to Demographia, an urban area is a continuously built up land mass of urban development that is within a labor market (metropolitan area or metropolitan region) and contains no rural land.

List[edit | edit source]

There are 83 cities in the world with a population exceeding 5 million people, according to 2025 estimates by the United Nations.^[11]

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City^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Country	UN 2025 population estimates^[11]	City proper^{[lower-alpha 2]}				Urban area^[12]			Metropolitan area^{[lower-alpha 3]}
City^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Country	UN 2025 population estimates^[11]	Definition	Population	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)	Population	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)	Population	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)
Jakarta	Indonesia	41,913,860	Special region	Template:Density ^[13]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 4]}	Template:Density ^[14]
Dhaka	Bangladesh	36,585,479	Capital city	Template:Density ^[15]^[16]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[17]
Tokyo	Japan	33,412,512	Metropolis prefecture	Template:Density ^[18]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Template:Density ^[19]
Delhi	India	30,222,405	National Capital Territory	Template:Density ^[20]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	Template:Density ^[21]
Shanghai	China	29,558,908	Municipality	Template:Density ^[22]^[23]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Density
Guangzhou	China	27,563,372	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 8]}	Template:Density
Cairo	Egypt	25,566,102	Urban governorate	Template:Density ^[24]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Manila	Philippines	24,735,305	National Capital Region	Template:Density Template:PH census	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 9]}	Template:Density Template:PH census
Kolkata	India	22,549,738	Municipal corporation	Template:Density ^[25]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[26]
Seoul	South Korea	22,490,482	Special city	Template:Density ^[27]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[27]
Karachi	Pakistan	21,422,590	Metropolitan city	Template:Density ^[28]^[29]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[30]^[31]
Mumbai	India	20,203,056	Municipal corporation	Template:Density ^[32]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Template:Density ^[33]
São Paulo	Brazil	18,949,790	Municipality	Template:Density ^[34]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 11]}	Template:Density ^[35]
Bangkok	Thailand	18,180,280	Special administrative area	Template:Density ^[36]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[37]
Mexico City	Mexico	17,734,212	City-state	Template:Density ^[38]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[39]
Beijing	China	17,013,303	Municipality	Template:Density ^[22]^[23]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Lahore	Pakistan	15,156,430	Metropolitan city	Template:Density ^[40]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Istanbul	Turkey	15,014,763	Metropolitan municipality	Template:Density ^[41]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Moscow	Russia	14,524,753	Federal city	Template:Density ^[42]^[43]	Template:Density	20,004,462 ^[44]	N/A	N/A
Ho Chi Minh City	Vietnam	14,052,713	Municipality	Template:Density ^[45]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Buenos Aires	Argentina	14,017,736	Autonomous city	Template:Density ^[46]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[47]
New York City	United States	13,920,148	City	Template:Density ^[48]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 12]}	23,143,097^[49]	12,093	1,665
Shenzhen	China	13,878,396	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bengaluru	India	13,187,098	Municipal corporation	Template:Density ^[50]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Osaka	Japan	12,964,145	Designated city	Template:Density ^[18]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 13]}	Template:Density ^[19]
Lagos	Nigeria	12,791,699	Metropolitan city	N/A	N/A	N/A	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[51]
Los Angeles	United States	12,740,420	City	Template:Density ^[48]	Template:Density	18,372,485 ^[52]	12,559	1,058
Chennai	India	11,153,205	Municipal corporation	Template:Density ^[53]^[54]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[55]
Kinshasa	Template:Country data COD Template:Preview warning DR Congo	10,943,641	City-province	Template:Density ^[56]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Bogotá	Colombia	10,624,315	Capital District	Template:Density ^[57]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[58]
Lima	Peru	10,580,241	Metropolitan municipality	Template:Density ^[59]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[60]
London	United Kingdom	10,416,420	Administrative area^{[lower-alpha 14]}	Template:Density ^[62]	Template:Density	14,372,596 ^[63]	8,382	1,715
Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	9,500,336	Municipality	Template:Density ^[64]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[65]
Paris	France	9,381,921	Commune	Template:Density ^[66]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Hyderabad	India	9,190,795	Municipal corporation	Template:Density ^[67]^[68]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Tehran	Iran	9,174,964	Capital city	Template:Density ^[69]^[70]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Luanda	Angola	9,051,000	Municipality	Template:Density ^[71]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Bandung	Indonesia	8,909,104	City	Template:Density	Template:Density	Template:Density
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia	8,443,731	Capital city	Template:Density ^[72]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[73]
Dar es Salaam	Tanzania	7,795,114	City	Template:Density ^[74]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Suzhou	China	7,731,101	Prefecture-level city	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Ahmedabad	India	7,632,408	Municipal corporation	Template:Density ^[75]	Template:Density	6,300,000 ^[76]	N/A	N/A
Hangzhou	China	7,500,208	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Wuhan	China	7,363,548	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Tianjin	China	7,285,342	Municipality	Template:Density ^[22]^[23]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Alexandria	Egypt	7,266,957	Urban governorate	5,441,866	2,300	2,366^[77]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nagoya	Japan	7,146,160	Designated city	Template:Density ^[18]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[19]
Johannesburg	South Africa	7,077,175	Metropolitan municipality	4,803,262	1,643	2,924^[78]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 15]}	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chongqing	China	7,071,073	Municipality	Template:Density ^[79]^[23]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Riyadh	Saudi Arabia	6,916,417	Municipality	Template:Density ^[80]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Surat	India	6,908,925	Municipal corporation	Template:Density ^[81]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Surabaya	Indonesia	6,843,503	City	Template:Density	Template:Density	Template:Density
Pune	India	6,817,951	Municipal corporation	Template:Density ^[82]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[83]
Khartoum	Template:Country data SDN Template:Preview warning Sudan	6,809,355	N/A	1,410,858 ^[84]	N/A	N/A	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nanjing	China	6,800,676	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Santiago	Chile	6,726,045	City (commune)	Template:Density ^[85]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[86]
Chicago	United States	8,864,000	City	Template:Density ^[48]	Template:Density	9,806,184^[87]	18,640	516
Chengdu	China	8,813,000	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Xi'an	China	7,444,000	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Hong Kong	Hong Kong SAR	7,429,000	City	Template:Density ^[88]^[89]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dongguan	China	7,360,000	Prefecture-level city	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Foshan	China	7,236,000	Prefecture-level city	Template:Density ^[22]	N/A ^{[lower-alpha 16]}	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Shenyang	China	6,921,000	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 17]}	Template:Density
Baghdad	Iraq	6,812,000	Urban governorate	Template:Density ^[90]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Madrid	Spain	6,497,000	Municipality	Template:Density ^[91]	Template:Density	6,641,649	N/A	N/A
Harbin	China	6,115,000	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Houston	United States	6,115,000	City	Template:Density ^[48]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[92]
Dallas	United States	6,099,000	City	Template:Density ^[48]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 18]}	Template:Density ^[93]
Toronto	Canada	6,082,000	City	Template:Density ^[94]^[95]	Template:Density	Template:Density ^[96]
Miami	United States	6,036,000	City	Template:Density ^[48]	Template:Density	Template:Density
Belo Horizonte	Brazil	5,972,000	City	Template:Density	Template:Density	Template:Density
Singapore	Singapore	5,792,000	Country	Template:Density	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Philadelphia	United States	5,695,000	Consolidated city-county	Template:Density	Template:Density	7,381,187	N/A	N/A
Atlanta	United States	5,572,000	City	Template:Density	Template:Density	Template:Density
Fukuoka	Japan	5,551,000	Designated city	Template:Density	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Barcelona	Spain	5,494,000	Municipality	Template:Density ^[97]	Template:Density	5,474,482 ^[98]	N/A	N/A
Saint Petersburg	Russia	5,383,000	Federal city	5,601,911	1,400	4,001^[99]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Qingdao	China	5,381,000	City (sub-provincial)	10,071,722	11,229	897^[100]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dalian	China	5,300,000	City (sub-provincial)	7,450,785	13,742	542^[101]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Washington, D.C.	United States	5,207,000	Federal district	Template:Density ^[48]	Template:Density ^{[lower-alpha 19]}	Template:Density ^[102]
Yangon	Template:Country data MMR Template:Preview warning Myanmar	5,157,000	City	4,728,524^[103]	N/A	N/A	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Jinan	China	5,052,000	City (sub-provincial)	Template:Density ^[22]^[23]	Template:Density	N/A	N/A	N/A
Guadalajara	Mexico	5,023,000	Municipality	Template:Density ^[38]	Template:Density	Template:Density

Notes[edit | edit source]

↑ For urban/metropolitan areas that have more than one core city, the figure for their city proper should use either the most populous one (e.g. Dallas for Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex) or the best-known one (e.g. Manila for Metro Manila, instead of Quezon City).
↑ Figures taken from official census when possible
↑ Figures taken from official census when possible
↑ Includes Tangerang, South Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi and Karawang.
↑ Includes large areas Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba and Saitama prefectures and smaller areas of Gunma, Tochigi and Ibaraki prefectures.
↑ Includes Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh urban areas and New Delhi.
↑ Includes Taicang
↑ Includes the city of Foshan.
↑ The continuous urbanization of Manila extends outward its Metro Manila into other neighbouring provinces such as Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Pampanga and Batangas provinces.
↑ Includes Kalyan and urban areas of Panvel, Bhiwandi and Vasai-Virar.
↑ Includes Francisco Morato
↑ Includes Bridgeport, New Haven, Trenton, Danbury, Waterbury and Twin Rivers urban areas.
↑ Includes major cities of Kobe and Kyoto, collectively also known as Keihanshin area.
↑ Greater London is defined by the London Government Act 1963 as an "administrative area",^[61] and administered since 2000 by the Greater London Authority. Greater London is coterminous with the London region (a non-administrative area) and divided into the City of London and 32 London boroughs, each a separate local government area. See subdivisions of England.
↑ Includes Pretoria
↑ Included in Guangzhou
↑ Includes the city of Fushun.
↑ Includes the city of Fort Worth, collectively known as Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.
↑ Includes the city of Baltimore.

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External links[edit | edit source]

Template:World's largest cities Template:Cities

[12] For urban/metropolitan areas that have more than one core city, the figure for their city proper should use either the most populous one (e.g. Dallas for Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex) or the best-known one (e.g. Manila for Metro Manila, instead of Quezon City).

[13] Figures taken from official census when possible

[15] Figures taken from official census when possible

[17] Includes Tangerang, South Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi and Karawang.

[23] Includes large areas Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba and Saitama prefectures and smaller areas of Gunma, Tochigi and Ibaraki prefectures.

[26] Includes Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh urban areas and New Delhi.

[30] Includes Taicang

[31] Includes the city of Foshan.

[33] The continuous urbanization of Manila extends outward its Metro Manila into other neighbouring provinces such as Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Pampanga and Batangas provinces.

[42] Includes Kalyan and urban areas of Panvel, Bhiwandi and Vasai-Virar.

[45] Includes Francisco Morato

[60] Includes Bridgeport, New Haven, Trenton, Danbury, Waterbury and Twin Rivers urban areas.

[63] Includes major cities of Kobe and Kyoto, collectively also known as Keihanshin area.

[75] Greater London is defined by the London Government Act 1963 as an "administrative area",^[61] and administered since 2000 by the Greater London Authority. Greater London is coterminous with the London region (a non-administrative area) and divided into the City of London and 32 London boroughs, each a separate local government area. See subdivisions of England.

[93] Includes Pretoria

[105] Included in Guangzhou

[106] Includes the city of Fushun.

[110] Includes the city of Fort Worth, collectively known as Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

[120] Includes the city of Baltimore.

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[1]

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[lower-alpha 5]

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[24]

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[lower-alpha 10]

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[lower-alpha 11]

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[lower-alpha 14]

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v t e Global human population
Major topics	Demographics of the world Demographic transition Estimates of historical world population Population Population growth Population momentum
Biological and related topics	Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth
Population ecology	Earth's energy budget I = P × A × T Kaya identity Malthusian growth model Overshoot (population) World3 model
Society and population	Biocapacity Human overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Human population planning Compulsory sterilization Family planning One-child policy Two-child policy Optimum population Population ethics Reproductive rights Sustainable population Zero population growth
Literature	A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. An Essay on the Principle of Population "How Much Land Does a Man Need?" Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Fatal Misconception
Publications	Population and Environment Population and Development Review
Lists	Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population World population milestones Population concern organizations
Events and organizations	7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation
Related topics	Deep ecology Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Human impact on the environment Migration
Commons Human overpopulation