Vedanga: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:36, 15 January 2026

The Vedanga (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. vedāṅga, "limb of the Veda-s";^[1] plural form: वेदाङ्गानि vedāṅgāni) are six auxiliary disciplines of Vedic studies that developed in Vedic and post-Vedic times.^[2]

List of the Vedanga[edit | edit source]

Shiksha (Sanskrit: शिक्षा śikṣā, "instruction, teaching"): phonetics, phonology, pronunciation.^[2] This auxiliary discipline has focused on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, quantity, stress, melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation.^[3]^[4]
Chanda (Sanskrit: छन्द chanda, "metre"): prosody.^[5] This auxiliary discipline has focused on the poetic meters, including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse, and those based on fixed number of morae per verse.^[6]^[7]
Vyakarana (Sanskrit: व्याकरण vyākaraṇa, "grammar"): grammar and linguistic analysis.^[8]^[9]^[10] This auxiliary discipline has focused on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas.^[11]^[12]
Nirukta (Sanskrit: निरुक्त nirukta, "etymology"): etymology, explanation of words, particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning.^[13] This auxiliary discipline has focused on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words, given the context they are used in.^[11]
Kalpa (Sanskrit: कल्प kalpa, "proper, fit"): ritual instructions.^[2] This field focused on standardising procedures for Vedic rituals, rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.^[14]
Jyotisha (Sanskrit: ज्योतिष jyotiṣa, "astronomy"): Right time for rituals with the help of position of nakshatras and asterisms^[2] and astronomy.^[15]^[16] This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping.^[17]^[18]

History and background[edit | edit source]

The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times, and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions it as an integral part of the Brahmanas layer of the Vedic texts.^[19] These auxiliary disciplines of study arise with the codification of the Vedas in Iron Age India. It is unclear when the list of six Vedangas were first conceptualised.^[20] The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the Vedic period, around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. An early text of the genre is the Nighantu by Yaska, dated to roughly the 5th century BCE.^{[citation needed]} These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time.^[21]

Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy.^[22]^[23]^[24] The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.^[21]^[25]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ Morgan, Kenneth W. (1953). The Religion of the Hindus. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 269. ISBN 9788120803879.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vedanga" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 744-745
↑ Sures Chandra Banerji (1989). A Companion to Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 323–324. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2.
↑ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 477-495.
↑ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 140
↑ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 391-394 with footnotes.
↑ Peter Scharf (2013). Keith Allan (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–234. ISBN 978-0-19-164344-6.
↑ W. J. Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198610250, Article on Vyakarana
↑ Harold G. Coward 1990, p. 105.
↑ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyakarana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 769
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Harold G. Coward 1990, pp. 105-110.
↑ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 416-419.
↑ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Nirukta" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 476
↑ Wendy Doniger (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. pp. 629. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
↑ Yukio Ohashi (Editor: H Selin) (1997). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine. Springer. pp. 83–86. ISBN 978-0792340669. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
↑ Kireet Joshi (1991). The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0889-8.
↑ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 326-327
↑ Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. pp. 719–721. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
↑ Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans. Williams and Norgate. p. 110.
↑ Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans. Williams and Norgate. pp. 108–113.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Patrick Olivelle 1999, pp. xxiii.
↑ Eggeling, Hans Julius (1911). "Hinduism" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 501–513, see page 505.
↑ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 472-532.
↑ Harold G. Coward 1990, p. 18.
↑ Rajendra Prasad (2009). A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals. Concept. p. 147. ISBN 978-81-8069-595-7.

Sources[edit | edit source]

George Cardona (1997). Pāṇini: A Survey of Research. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1494-3.
Harold G. Coward (1990). The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5.
Guy L. Beck (1995). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1261-1.
Tibor Kiss (2015). Syntax - Theory and Analysis. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-037740-8.
Patrick Olivelle (1999). Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283882-7.
Sheldon Pollock (2006). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93202-9.
Arnold, Edward Vernon (1905). Vedic Metre in Its Historical Development. Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009). ISBN 978-1113224446.
Moritz Winternitz: Geschichte der Indischen Literatur, Leipzig, 1905 – 1922, Vol. I – III. English translation: History of Indian Literature, Motilal Barnarsidass, Delhi, 1985, Vol I – III.
Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018159-3.
Horace Hayman Wilson (1841). An Introduction to the Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. Madden.
Maurice Winternitz (1963). History of Indian Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0056-4.

External links[edit | edit source]

"Vedanga" on Hindupedia

[1] Morgan, Kenneth W. (1953). The Religion of the Hindus. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 269. ISBN 9788120803879.

[jameslochtefeldvedanga-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vedanga" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 744-745

[Banerji1989p323-3] Sures Chandra Banerji (1989). A Companion to Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 323–324. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2.

[FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011477-495-4] Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 477-495.

[jameslochtefeldsca140-5] James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 140

[FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011391-394_with_footnotes-6] Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 391-394 with footnotes.

[Allan2013p228-7] Peter Scharf (2013). Keith Allan (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–234. ISBN 978-0-19-164344-6.

[8] W. J. Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198610250, Article on Vyakarana

[FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105-9] Harold G. Coward 1990, p. 105.

[jameslochtefeldsca769-10] James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyakarana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 769

[FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105-110-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Harold G. Coward 1990, pp. 105-110.

[FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011416-419-12] Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 416-419.

[jameslochtefeldsca476-13] James Lochtefeld (2002), "Nirukta" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 476

[14] Wendy Doniger (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. pp. 629. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.

[ohashi1-15] Yukio Ohashi (Editor: H Selin) (1997). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine. Springer. pp. 83–86. ISBN 978-0792340669. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)

[16] Kireet Joshi (1991). The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0889-8.

[17] James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 326-327

[18] Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. pp. 719–721. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2016.

[19] Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans. Williams and Norgate. p. 110.

[20] Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans. Williams and Norgate. pp. 108–113.

[FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxiii-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Patrick Olivelle 1999, pp. xxiii.

[22] Eggeling, Hans Julius (1911). "Hinduism" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 501–513, see page 505.

[FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011472-532-23] Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 472-532.

[FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-24] Harold G. Coward 1990, p. 18.

[25] Rajendra Prasad (2009). A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals. Concept. p. 147. ISBN 978-81-8069-595-7.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Indian Hindu Vedic studies disciplines}}{{Hindu scriptures}}
+{{Short description|Indian Hindu Vedic studies disciplines}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
+{{Hindu scriptures}}
-The '''Vedanga''' ({{lang-sa|वेदाङ्ग}} ''{{IAST|vedāṅga}}'', "limbs of the Veda"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Religion of the Hindus|last=Morgan|first=Kenneth W.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1953 |isbn=9788120803879 |page=269 |language=en}}</ref>) are six auxiliary disciplines of [[Hinduism]] that developed in ancient times and have been connected with the study of the [[Vedas]]:<ref name=jameslochtefeldvedanga>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vedanga" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 744-745</ref>
+The '''Vedanga''' ({{langx|sa|वेदाङ्ग}} ''{{IAST|vedāṅga}}'', "limb of the Veda-s";<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Religion of the Hindus|last=Morgan|first=Kenneth W.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1953 |isbn=9788120803879 |page=269 |language=en}}</ref> [[Plural|plural form]]: वेदाङ्गानि ''{{IAST|vedāṅgāni}}'') are six auxiliary disciplines of Vedic studies that developed in [[Vedic period|Vedic]] and post-Vedic times.<ref name=jameslochtefeldvedanga>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vedanga" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 744-745</ref>
 ==List of the Vedanga==
-#[[Shiksha]] (''{{IAST|śikṣā}}''): [[phonetics]], [[phonology]], pronunciation.<ref name=jameslochtefeldvedanga/> This auxiliary discipline has focused on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, quantity, stress, melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation.<ref name="Banerji1989p323">{{cite book|author=Sures Chandra Banerji|title=A Companion to Sanskrit Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOAEdIsdUsC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0063-2|pages=323–324}}</ref>{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=477-495}}
+#[[Shiksha]] ([[Sanskrit]]: शिक्षा ''{{IAST|śikṣā}}'', "instruction, teaching"): [[phonetics]], [[phonology]], pronunciation.<ref name=jameslochtefeldvedanga/> This auxiliary discipline has focused on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, quantity, stress, melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation.<ref name="Banerji1989p323">{{cite book|author=Sures Chandra Banerji|title=A Companion to Sanskrit Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOAEdIsdUsC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0063-2|pages=323–324}}</ref>{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=477-495}}
-#[[Sanskrit prosody|Chandas]] (''{{IAST|chandas}}''): [[Metre (poetry)|prosody]].<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca140>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 140</ref> This auxiliary discipline has focused on the poetic meters, including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse, and those based on fixed number of [[morae]] per verse.{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=391-394 with footnotes}}<ref name="Allan2013p228">{{cite book|author=Peter Scharf|editor=Keith Allan|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQfDosHckzEC|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164344-6|pages=228–234}}</ref>
+#[[Sanskrit prosody|Chanda]] ([[Sanskrit]]: छन्द ''{{IAST|chanda}}'', "metre"): [[Metre (poetry)|prosody]].<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca140>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 140</ref> This auxiliary discipline has focused on the poetic meters, including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse, and those based on fixed number of [[morae]] per verse.{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=391-394 with footnotes}}<ref name="Allan2013p228">{{cite book|author=Peter Scharf|editor=Keith Allan|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQfDosHckzEC|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164344-6|pages=228–234}}</ref>
-#[[Vyakarana]] (''{{IAST|vyākaraṇa}}''): [[grammar]] and linguistic analysis.<ref>W. J. Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198610250}}, Article on ''Vyakarana''</ref>{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=105}}<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca769>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyakarana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 769</ref> This auxiliary discipline has focused on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=105-110}}{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=416-419}}
+#[[Vyakarana]] ([[Sanskrit]]: व्याकरण ''{{IAST|vyākaraṇa}}'', "grammar"): [[grammar]] and linguistic analysis.<ref>W. J. Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198610250}}, Article on ''Vyakarana''</ref>{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=105}}<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca769>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyakarana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 769</ref> This auxiliary discipline has focused on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=105-110}}{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=416-419}}
-#[[Nirukta]] (''{{IAST|nirukta}}''): [[etymology]], explanation of words, particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca476>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Nirukta" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 476</ref> This auxiliary discipline has focused on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words, given the context they are used in.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=105-110}}
+#[[Nirukta]] ([[Sanskrit]]: निरुक्त ''{{IAST|nirukta}}'', "etymology"): [[etymology]], explanation of words, particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca476>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Nirukta" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 476</ref> This auxiliary discipline has focused on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words, given the context they are used in.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=105-110}}
-#[[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpa]] (''{{IAST|kalpa}}''): [[ritual]] instructions.<ref name=jameslochtefeldvedanga/> This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals, [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|rites of passage]] rituals associated with major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/629 629] }}</ref>
+#[[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpa]] ([[Sanskrit]]: कल्प ''{{IAST|kalpa}}'', "proper, fit"): [[ritual]] instructions.<ref name=jameslochtefeldvedanga/> This field focused on standardising procedures for Vedic rituals, [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|rites of passage]] rituals associated with major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/629 629] }}</ref>
-#[[Jyotisha]] (''{{IAST|jyotiṣa}}''): Auspicious time for rituals, astrology<ref name=jameslochtefeldvedanga/> and astronomy.<ref name=ohashi1>{{cite book|last1=Yukio Ohashi (Editor: H Selin)|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine|date=1997|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0792340669|pages=83–86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kireet Joshi|title=The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0889-8}}</ref> This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 326-327</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=Yukio Ohashi| editor=Johannes Andersen| title=Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC |year=1999 |publisher=Springer Science | pages=719–721 | isbn=978-0-7923-5556-4}}</ref>
+#[[Jyotisha]] ([[Sanskrit]]: ज्योतिष ''{{IAST|jyotiṣa}}'', "astronomy"): Right time for rituals with the help of position of nakshatras and asterisms<ref name=jameslochtefeldvedanga/> and astronomy.<ref name=ohashi1>{{cite book|last1=Yukio Ohashi (Editor: H Selin)|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine|date=1997|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0792340669|pages=83–86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kireet Joshi|title=The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0889-8}}</ref> This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 326-327</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=Yukio Ohashi| editor=Johannes Andersen| title=Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC| year=1999| publisher=Springer Science| pages=719–721| isbn=978-0-7923-5556-4| access-date=9 October 2016| archive-date=11 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111163620/https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC| url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==History and background==
-The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times, and the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] mentions it as an integral part of the [[Brahmana]]s layer of the Vedic texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle|year=1860|publisher=Williams and Norgate|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/110 110]}}</ref>
+{{See also|Sanskrit and Vedic learning|Gurukula}}
-These auxiliary disciplines of study arise with the codification of the Vedas in [[Iron Age India]].
-It is unclear when the list of six Vedangas were first conceptualized.<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle|year=1860|publisher=Williams and Norgate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/108 108]–113}}</ref>
+The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times, and the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] mentions it as an integral part of the [[Brahmana]]s layer of the Vedic texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle|year=1860|publisher=Williams and Norgate|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/110 110]}}</ref> These auxiliary disciplines of study arise with the codification of the Vedas in [[Iron Age India]]. It is unclear when the list of six Vedangas were first conceptualised.<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle|year=1860|publisher=Williams and Norgate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/108 108]–113}}</ref> The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the Vedic period, around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. An early text of the genre is the ''Nighantu'' by [[Yaska]], dated to roughly the 5th century BCE.{{cn|date=May 2020}} These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time.{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle |1999 |pages=xxiii}}
-The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the Vedic period, around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.
-An early text of the genre is the ''Nighantu'' by [[Yaska]], dated to roughly the 5th century BCE.{{cn|date=May 2020}}
-These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time.{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle |1999 |pages=xxiii}}
 Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of [[Hindu philosophy]].<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Hinduism |volume= 13 | pages = 501&ndash;513; see page 505 |last1= Eggeling |first1= Hans Julius }}</ref>{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=472-532}}{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=18}} The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle |1999 |pages=xxiii}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Rajendra Prasad |title=A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gtxVmUr1ygC |year=2009|publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-8069-595-7 |pages=147 }}</ref>
 ==See also==
-* [[Sruti]]
+* [[Sruti]] (श्रुति ''{{IAST|Śruti}}'', "that which is heard")
-* [[Smriti]]
+* [[Smriti]] (स्मृति ''{{IAST|Smṛti}}'', "that which is remembered")
+* [[Gurukula]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|30em}}
-===Bibliography===
+== Sources ==
-*{{cite book| author=George Cardona|title=Pāṇini: A Survey of Research| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC| year=1997| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-1494-3}}
+*{{cite book| author=George Cardona|title=Pāṇini: A Survey of Research| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC| year=1997| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|ref=None|isbn=978-81-208-1494-3}}
 *{{cite book| author=Harold G. Coward| title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC| year=1990| publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=978-81-208-0426-5}}
-*{{cite book| author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC |year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1261-1}}
+*{{cite book| author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC |year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|ref=None|isbn=978-81-208-1261-1}}
-*{{cite book| author=Tibor Kiss|title=Syntax - Theory and Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgVfCAAAQBAJ |year= 2015| publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-037740-8}}
+*{{cite book| author=Tibor Kiss|title=Syntax - Theory and Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgVfCAAAQBAJ |year= 2015| publisher=Walter de Gruyter|ref=None|isbn=978-3-11-037740-8}}
 *{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283882-7 }}
-*{{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock| title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC| year=2006| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-93202-9}}
+*{{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock| title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC| year=2006| publisher=University of California Press|ref=None|isbn=978-0-520-93202-9}}
-*{{cite book|last= Arnold|first= Edward Vernon|year= 1905|url=  https://archive.org/stream/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft#page/viii/mode/2up| title= Vedic Metre in its historical development| publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009)|isbn= 978-1113224446}}
+*{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Edward Vernon |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/stream/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft#page/viii/mode/2up |title=Vedic Metre in Its Historical Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009) |ref=None|isbn=978-1113224446}}
-* [[Moritz Winternitz]]: ''Geschichte der Indischen Literatur'', Leipzig, 1905 - 1922, Vol. I - III. English translation: ''History of Indian Literature'', Motilal Barnarsidass, Delhi, 1985, Vol I - III
+* [[Moritz Winternitz]]: ''Geschichte der Indischen Literatur'', Leipzig, 1905 – 1922, Vol. I – III. English translation: ''History of Indian Literature'', Motilal Barnarsidass, Delhi, 1985, Vol I – III.
 *{{cite book| author1=Annette Wilke| author2=Oliver Moebus| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC | year=2011| publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018159-3}}
-*{{cite book| author=Horace Hayman Wilson| title=An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft| year=1841| publisher=Madden}}
+*{{cite book |author=Horace Hayman Wilson |title=An Introduction to the Grammar of the Sanskrit Language |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft |year=1841 |publisher=Madden|ref=None}}
-*{{cite book| author=Maurice Winternitz| author-link=Moriz Winternitz| title=History of Indian Literature| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C| year=1963| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 }}
+*{{cite book| author=Maurice Winternitz| author-link=Moriz Winternitz| title=History of Indian Literature| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C| year=1963| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|ref=None| isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 }}
 ==External links==
 *{{Commonscatinline|Vedangas}}
-*[http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Vedanga "Vedanga"] in the ''Hindu Encyclopedia''
+*[http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Vedanga "Vedanga"] on Hindupedia
-<!--{{Nuttall|Vedanga}}--->
+{{Hindudharma}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
 [[Category:Indian philosophy]]
 [[Category:Vedas]]
 [[Category:Vedangas| ]]