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{{Short description|Historical City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}


<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Kalpi
| name               = Kalpi
 
| native_name       = Kalpriya
| native_name             = Kalpriya
| native_name_lang   = Hindi
| native_name_lang       = Hindi
| other_name         =  
| other_name             =      
| image_skyline     = Chaurasi Gumbad 2.JPG
| image_skyline           = Chaurasi Gumbad 2.JPG
| image_alt         =  
| image_alt               =  
| image_caption     = South facing view of Chaurasi Gumbad
| image_caption           = South facing view of Chaurasi Gumbad
| nickname           =  
| nickname               =  
| image_map         =  
| image_map               =  
| map_alt           =  
| map_alt                 =  
| map_caption       =  
| map_caption             =  
| pushpin_map       = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_map             = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt   =  
| pushpin_map_alt         =  
| pushpin_map_caption =  
| pushpin_map_caption     =  
| coordinates       = {{coord|26.12|N|79.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates             = {{coord|26.12|N|79.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_type       = Country
| subdivision_name   = India
| subdivision_name       = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_title       = <!-- Established -->
| established_date   = recaptured by [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| established_date       =  
| founder           = Vasu Dev (Rajput monarch of [[Kanauj]]) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton-Page |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDP_jlCYouAC&dq=kalpi+an+area+of+one+town+which+get+from+name+with&pg=PA153 |title=Indian Islamic Architecture: Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16339-3 |page=153 |language=en}}</ref>
| founder                 = Vasu Dev
| named_for         =  
| named_for               =  
| government_type   = Municipality
| government_type         = Municipality  
| governing_body     = Nagar Palika Parishad
| governing_body         = Nagar Palika Parishad
| leader_title       = Chairman
| leader_title           = Chairman  
| leader_name       = Baikunthi Devi
| leader_name             = Baikunthi Devi
| unit_pref         = Metric
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes     =  
| area_footnotes         =  
| area_rank         =  
| area_rank               =  
| area_total_km2     =  
| area_total_km2         =  
| elevation_footnotes =  
| elevation_footnotes     =  
| elevation_m       = 112
| elevation_m             = 112
| population_total   = 51670
| population_total       = 51670
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_as_of       = 2011
| population_rank   =  
| population_rank         =  
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =  
| population_demonym     =  
| population_footnotes =  
| population_footnotes   =  
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics_type1     = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title1   = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_info1     = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1         = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| timezone1               = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1       = +5:30
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code_type       = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code       = 285204<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypincode.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/JALAUN/Kalpi_PINCODE |title=Kalpi Pincode 285204 STD code 05164 |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107141707/http://www.citypincode.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/JALAUN/KALPI_PINCODE |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| postal_code             = 285204<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/JALAUN/Kalpi_PINCODE |title=Kalpi Pincode 285204 STD code 05164 }}</ref>
| registration_plate = UP 92
| registration_plate     = UP 92
| website           = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| website                 = {{URL|up.gov.in}}  
| footnotes         =  
| footnotes               =  
}}
}}
[[File:Chaurasi Gumbad..JPG|thumb|right|The historical Chaurasi Gumbad built during Lodhi Sultanate]]
[[File:Chaurasi Gumbad..JPG|thumb|right|The historical Chaurasi Gumbad built during Lodhi Sultanate]][[File:Part of circular dome of Chaurasi Gumbad..JPG|thumb|right|The part of circular dome of Chaurasi Gumbad]]
[[File:Part of circular dome of Chaurasi Gumbad..JPG|thumb|right|The part of circular dome of Chaurasi Gumbad]]
'''Kalpi''' is a historical city and [[municipal board]] in [[Jalaun district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is on the right bank of the [[Yamuna]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kalpi |volume=15 |page=644}}</ref>
'''Kalpi''' is a Historical city and [[municipal board]] in [[Jalaun district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is on the right bank of the [[Yamuna]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kalpi |volume=15 |page=644}}</ref> It is situated 78 kilometres south-west of [[Kanpur]] from which it is connected by both road and rail.
It is situated 78 kilometres south-west of [[Kanpur]] from which it is connected by both road and rail.


==History==
==History==
The ancient name of Kalpi was Kalapriya.<ref>{{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=India as Seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira |year=1969 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9780896842212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQAbAAAAMAAJ |page=15 }}</ref>


===Ancient===
=== Paleolithic ===
 
Lithics and fauna from the [[Middle Paleolithic]] of Kalpi have been described, aged at around 45,000 ka. These tools consist of diminutive [[quartzite]] [[Chopper (archaeology)|choppers]], possible [[Manuport|manuports]], [[Lithic core|cores]], atypical points, [[Scraper (archaeology)|scrapers]], and [[debitage]]; [[Bone tool|bone tools]] include end-scrapers, points, notched tools, [[Burin (lithic flake)|burins]], and atypical end scrapers in greater abundance than their stone counterparts. They exhibit evidence of charring, suggesting [[Control of fire by early humans|fire usage]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chauhan |first=Parth R. |date=2008 |title=Large mammal fossil occurrences and associated archaeological evidence in Pleistocene contexts of peninsular India and Sri Lanka |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618207002078 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=192 |issue=1 |pages=20–42 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.034|bibcode=2008QuInt.192...20C |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
It is believed that the city was known as Kalap dev ki kalpi in ancient times, later abbreviated to Kalpi. Kalpi is also known as the birthplace of Sage [[Vyasa]], the writer of the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Puranas]]. He collected the chants of [[Vedas]] and assembled them in an arranged manner. Kalpi is said to have been founded by King Vasudeva at the end of the 4th century BCE.


===Medieval===
===Medieval===
Kalapriya was an important [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] dedicated to [[Surya]]. [[Skanda Purana]] and [[Samba Purana]] state about the existence of a shrine to Surya that had been consecrated by [[Krishna]]'s son, Samba, alongside those in [[Multan Sun Temple|Multan]] and [[Konark Sun Temple|Konark]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hazra |first=R. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.15670 |title=Studies in the Upapuranas vol.1 |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-01-13 |title=Installation of Muṇḍīra, Kālapriya and Mūlasthāna [Chapter 76] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc493440.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rastrakuta]] king [[Indra III]] sacked the city, including the temple, while on his [[Tripartite Struggle|Kannauj expedition]], as it was under the rule of his enemy, the [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] king [[Mahipala I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyagi |first=Prabhakar |date=22 May 2015 |title=Military system of Northern India 606 AD-1206 AD — A study |chapter-url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/essay/military-system-in-northern-india-study/d/doc1878874.html |chapter=6.3 — The triangular struggle for supremacy in North India |publisher=[[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] |via=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref>


In 1196 it fell to [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], the viceroy of [[Mohammed Ghori]], and during the subsequent Muslim period it played a significant part in the history of central India. In the early 16th Century [[Rajput]] king of [[Chittor]] [[Rana Sanga]] defeated [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] twice and establish his control over some parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] including Kalpi and Chandawar and appointed Manik Chand Chauhan to rule there.{{sfn|Gopinath Sharma|1954|p=27}} [[Rana Sanga]] also died in Kalpi in January 1528 poisoned by his own Nobles.{{sfn|Gopinath Sharma|1954|p=44}} During [[Akbar]]'s reign, Kalpi was a governor's seat and had a mint for copper coinage.<ref name=EB1911/> The witty [[Raja Birbal]] of Akbar's court is considered to be born near this city. About the middle of the 18th century it passed into the hands of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref name=EB1911/>
In 1196, it fell to [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], the viceroy of [[Mohammed Ghori]], and during the subsequent Muslim period it played a significant part in the history of central India. In the early 16th-century [[Rajput]] king of [[Chittor]] [[Rana Sanga]] defeated [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] twice and establish his control over some parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] including Kalpi and Chandawar and appointed Manik Chand Chauhan to rule there.{{sfn|Gopinath Sharma|1954|p=27}} [[Rana Sanga]] also died in Kalpi in January 1528 poisoned by his own Nobles.{{sfn|Gopinath Sharma|1954|p=44}} The city was then captured by the [[Mughals]] under [[Babur]]. During [[Akbar]]'s reign, Kalpi was a governor's seat and had a mint for copper coinage.<ref name="EB1911" /> The witty [[Raja Birbal]] of Akbar's court is considered to be born near this city. About the middle of the 18th century the city was lost by the [[Mughals]] and it passed into the hands of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref name="EB1911" />


===Modern===
===Modern===
The town was captured by the British in 1803, and after 1806 remained in British possession<ref name=EB1911/> until India's independence in 1947. Kalpi was a part of [[Bundelkhand Agency]], formed in 1811, and also housed its headquarters from 1818 to 1824. During this period the political agent to [[Governor General of India]] was appointed and headquartered in Kalpi. The [[British East India Company]] made it one of their principal stations for providing "commercial investment".<ref name=EB1911/> In May 1858 [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Rose (Lord Strathnairn)]] defeated here a force of Indian rebels led by the [[Rani Lakshmibai|Rani of Jhansi]].<ref name=EB1911/> The fortified post of Kalpi, the former residence of the rulers of [[Jalaun State]], was dismantled in 1860 by the British and its place was taken by a market known as Whiteganj.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref> Tourist sites include Vyas temple, Lanka Meenar, 84 Gumbaj and many Dargah like Dargah of Meer Syed Mohammad Tirmizi, and World Famous Sufi Khanqah colled Khanqahe Muhammadia, Kalpi is also the birthplace of Ved Vyas ji. There is a Kali Haveli and Rang Mahal of Beerbal named Rang Mahal.
The town was captured by the British in 1803, and after 1806 remained in British possession<ref name=EB1911/> until India's independence in 1947. Kalpi was a part of [[Bundelkhand Agency]], formed in 1811, and also housed its headquarters from 1818 to 1824. During this period the political agent to [[Governor General of India]] was appointed and headquartered in Kalpi. The [[British East India Company]] made it one of their principal stations for providing "commercial investment".<ref name=EB1911/> In May 1858 [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Rose (Lord Strathnairn)]] defeated here a force of Indian rebels led by the [[Rani Lakshmibai|Rani of Jhansi]].<ref name=EB1911/> The fortified post of Kalpi, the former residence of the rulers of [[Jalaun State]], was dismantled in 1860 by the British and its place was taken by a market known as Whiteganj.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref>  


==Geography==
==Geography==
Line 81: Line 82:
The old town, which is on the [[Yamuna]] river has the ruin of a fort, and several temples of interest, while in the neighborhood are many ancient tombs.<ref name=EB1911/> Away from the river to the south-east is a lofty modern town ornamented with representations of the battles of the [[Ramayana]].
The old town, which is on the [[Yamuna]] river has the ruin of a fort, and several temples of interest, while in the neighborhood are many ancient tombs.<ref name=EB1911/> Away from the river to the south-east is a lofty modern town ornamented with representations of the battles of the [[Ramayana]].


The [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|Gaud Sarasawath Brahmin]] (GSB) community who are followers of [[Kashi Math|Kashi Math Samsathan]] Varanasi has set up a beautiful temple of Shri Bala Veda Vyasa in memory of the great sage Veda Vyasa. The spiritual guru of Kashi Math Samsthan [[Sudhindra Tirtha (Kashi Math)|Shri Sudhindra Thirtha swami]] had his vision to set this temple right at the birthplace of Veda Vyasa in 1998. It is also a popular tourist attraction.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVVlmQZ-8c</ref><ref>https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/180116/he-kindled-wisodm-and-benevolence.html</ref>
The [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|Gaud Sarasawath Brahmin]] (GSB) community who are followers of [[Kashi Math|Kashi Math Samsathan]] Varanasi has set up a temple of Shri Bala Veda Vyasa in memory of the great sage Veda Vyasa. In 1998 [[Sudhindra Tirtha (Kashi Math)| Sudhindra Thirtha]], the swami of Kashi Math Samsthan, envisioned setting this temple right at the birthplace of Veda Vyasa. It is also a tourist attraction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVVlmQZ-8c|title = कालपी -महर्षि वेद व्यास मंदिर. Maharashi Ved Vyaas birth place Mandir, Kalpi, UP. Vision TV World|website = [[YouTube]]| date=30 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/180116/he-kindled-wisodm-and-benevolence.html|title=He kindled wisdom and benevolence|date=18 January 2016}}</ref>


==Economy==
==Economy==
Line 93: Line 94:
'''Roadways'''
'''Roadways'''


Kalpi lies on [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]] on Kanpur-Jhansi section of National Highway. It is connected to cities of Kanpur, Jhansi and Orai by [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] Buses at Kalpi bus station.
Kalpi lies on [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]] in the Kanpur-Jhansi section of the National Highway. It is connected to the cities of Kanpur, Jhansi, and Orai by [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] buses from the Kalpi bus station.


'''Airways'''
'''Airways'''
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<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Closed Cemetery- Treasure on right bank of river Yamuna at Kalpi..JPG|The British Memorial Cemetery on the banks of Yamuna River
File:Closed Cemetery- Treasure on right bank of river Yamuna at Kalpi..JPG|The British Memorial Cemetery on the banks of Yamuna River
File:Closed Brtish Cemetery.JPG|The majestic British Cemetery situated next to River Yamuna
File:Closed British Cemetery.jpg|The majestic British Cemetery situated next to River Yamuna
File:Yamuna River( Road Bridge).JPG|Yamuna River (road bridge)
File:Yamuna River( Road Bridge).JPG|Yamuna River (road bridge)
</gallery>
</gallery>
Line 116: Line 117:
{{Commons category|Kalpi}}
{{Commons category|Kalpi}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515090423/http://www.uparchaeology.org/home.asp Excavation in Kalpi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515090423/http://www.uparchaeology.org/home.asp Excavation in Kalpi] (archived)


{{Jalaun district}}
{{Jalaun district}}

Latest revision as of 09:56, 17 January 2026


For other uses, see Kalpi (disambiguation).
Kalpi
Kalpriya
South facing view of Chaurasi Gumbad
South facing view of Chaurasi Gumbad
Kalpi is located in Uttar Pradesh
Kalpi
Kalpi
Kalpi is located in India
Kalpi
Kalpi
Coordinates: 26°07′N 79°44′E / 26.12°N 79.73°E / 26.12; 79.73
CountryIndia
StateUttar Pradesh
DistrictJalaun
Founded byVasu Dev (Rajput monarch of Kanauj) [1]
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyNagar Palika Parishad
 • ChairmanBaikunthi Devi
Elevation
112 m (367 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total51,670
Languages
 • OfficialHindi
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
285204[2]
Vehicle registrationUP 92
Websiteup.gov.in
The historical Chaurasi Gumbad built during Lodhi Sultanate
The part of circular dome of Chaurasi Gumbad

Kalpi is a historical city and municipal board in Jalaun district in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is on the right bank of the Yamuna.[3] It is situated 78 kilometres south-west of Kanpur from which it is connected by both road and rail.

History[edit | edit source]

The ancient name of Kalpi was Kalapriya.[4]

Paleolithic[edit | edit source]

Lithics and fauna from the Middle Paleolithic of Kalpi have been described, aged at around 45,000 ka. These tools consist of diminutive quartzite choppers, possible manuports, cores, atypical points, scrapers, and debitage; bone tools include end-scrapers, points, notched tools, burins, and atypical end scrapers in greater abundance than their stone counterparts. They exhibit evidence of charring, suggesting fire usage.[5]

Medieval[edit | edit source]

Kalapriya was an important tirtha dedicated to Surya. Skanda Purana and Samba Purana state about the existence of a shrine to Surya that had been consecrated by Krishna's son, Samba, alongside those in Multan and Konark.[6][7] The Rastrakuta king Indra III sacked the city, including the temple, while on his Kannauj expedition, as it was under the rule of his enemy, the Pratihara king Mahipala I.[8]

In 1196, it fell to Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the viceroy of Mohammed Ghori, and during the subsequent Muslim period it played a significant part in the history of central India. In the early 16th-century Rajput king of Chittor Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi twice and establish his control over some parts of Uttar Pradesh including Kalpi and Chandawar and appointed Manik Chand Chauhan to rule there.[9] Rana Sanga also died in Kalpi in January 1528 poisoned by his own Nobles.[10] The city was then captured by the Mughals under Babur. During Akbar's reign, Kalpi was a governor's seat and had a mint for copper coinage.[3] The witty Raja Birbal of Akbar's court is considered to be born near this city. About the middle of the 18th century the city was lost by the Mughals and it passed into the hands of the Marathas.[3]

Modern[edit | edit source]

The town was captured by the British in 1803, and after 1806 remained in British possession[3] until India's independence in 1947. Kalpi was a part of Bundelkhand Agency, formed in 1811, and also housed its headquarters from 1818 to 1824. During this period the political agent to Governor General of India was appointed and headquartered in Kalpi. The British East India Company made it one of their principal stations for providing "commercial investment".[3] In May 1858 Hugh Rose (Lord Strathnairn) defeated here a force of Indian rebels led by the Rani of Jhansi.[3] The fortified post of Kalpi, the former residence of the rulers of Jalaun State, was dismantled in 1860 by the British and its place was taken by a market known as Whiteganj.[11]

Geography[edit | edit source]

Kalpi is located at 26°07′N 79°44′E / 26.12°N 79.73°E / 26.12; 79.73.[12] It has an average elevation of 112 metres (367 feet).The climate in Kalpi is warm and temperate. The rainfall in Kalpi is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month. The temperature averages 25.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 892 mm.[13]

Location[edit | edit source]

The old town, which is on the Yamuna river has the ruin of a fort, and several temples of interest, while in the neighborhood are many ancient tombs.[3] Away from the river to the south-east is a lofty modern town ornamented with representations of the battles of the Ramayana.

The Gaud Sarasawath Brahmin (GSB) community who are followers of Kashi Math Samsathan Varanasi has set up a temple of Shri Bala Veda Vyasa in memory of the great sage Veda Vyasa. In 1998 Sudhindra Thirtha, the swami of Kashi Math Samsthan, envisioned setting this temple right at the birthplace of Veda Vyasa. It is also a tourist attraction.[14][15]

Economy[edit | edit source]

Kalpi is still a centre of local trade (principally in grain, ghee and cotton) with a station on the North Central Railway (India) line from Jhansi to Kanpur, which crosses the Yamuna here.[3] In late 1970s and early 1980s, Kalpi was one of the areas in central India affected by dacoits, and was frequented by the much dreaded Phoolan Devi gang. It has been declared an industrial belt by the Government of India and handmade paper is produced there.

Transport[edit | edit source]

Railways

Kalpi is a major Railway Station of Kanpur-Jhansi railway section of North Central Railway.

Kalpi Railway Station (Platform)

Roadways

Kalpi lies on NH 27 in the Kanpur-Jhansi section of the National Highway. It is connected to the cities of Kanpur, Jhansi, and Orai by UPSRTC buses from the Kalpi bus station.

Airways

The nearest airport is at Kanpur near Chakeri (100 kilometres) which has direct flights to Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata but is expected to be connected to major cities of India by 2021.

Gallery[edit | edit source]

  • The British Memorial Cemetery on the banks of Yamuna River
    The British Memorial Cemetery on the banks of Yamuna River
  • The majestic British Cemetery situated next to River Yamuna
    The majestic British Cemetery situated next to River Yamuna
  • Yamuna River (road bridge)
    Yamuna River (road bridge)

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Burton-Page, John (2008). Indian Islamic Architecture: Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments. BRILL. p. 153. ISBN 978-90-04-16339-3.
  2. ↑ "Kalpi Pincode 285204 STD code 05164". Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kalpi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 644.
  4. ↑ A.M. Shastri (1969). India as Seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 15. ISBN 9780896842212.
  5. ↑ Chauhan, Parth R. (2008). "Large mammal fossil occurrences and associated archaeological evidence in Pleistocene contexts of peninsular India and Sri Lanka". Quaternary International. 192 (1): 20–42. Bibcode:2008QuInt.192...20C. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.034.
  6. ↑ Hazra, R. C. (1958). Studies in the Upapuranas vol.1.
  7. ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (13 January 2021). "Installation of Muṇḍīra, Kālapriya and Mūlasthāna [Chapter 76]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 11 January 2026.
  8. ↑ Tyagi, Prabhakar (22 May 2015). "6.3 — The triangular struggle for supremacy in North India". Military system of Northern India 606 AD-1206 AD — A study. Chaudhary Charan Singh University – via shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in.
  9. ↑ Gopinath Sharma 1954, p. 27.
  10. ↑ Gopinath Sharma 1954, p. 44.
  11. ↑ Great Britain India Office. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
  12. ↑ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kalpi, India". Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  13. ↑ "Kalpi climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Kalpi weather averages - Climate-Data.org". En.climate-data.org. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  14. ↑ "कालपी -महर्षि वेद व्यास मंदिर. Maharashi Ved Vyaas birth place Mandir, Kalpi, UP. Vision TV World". YouTube. 30 June 2017.
  15. ↑ "He kindled wisdom and benevolence". 18 January 2016.

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