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[[File:India_urbanization_rate_map.svg|alt=|thumb|Map of the urban/total population ratio of Indian states, as per the 2011 census]] | [[File:India_urbanization_rate_map.svg|alt=|thumb|Map of the urban/total population ratio of Indian states, as per the 2011 census]] | ||
[[Maharashtra]] was the most urbanized major state in India till 1991, stood behind [[Tamil Nadu]] in 2001 and third after it in 2011, with [[Kerala]] being second,<ref name=Census2011Urban>{{cite web|title=Rural-Urban distribution of population|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2011_PR1143.PDF|publisher=Census of India Press Release|access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> with the urban-total state population ratio. However, Maharashtra's urban population of 41 million, far exceeds that of Tamil Nadu which is at 27 million, as per the 2001 census.<ref name="planning commission">{{cite web|title=Urbanization|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_maha/ch-13-14-02-05.pdf|publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]]|access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> The spatial distribution of large cities in India is uneven as out of 100 most populous cities in the country more than 50 are confined to only 5 states namely, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Other than state capitals and major industrial centre, large cities are mainly concentrated in the national capital region (NCR), the western and southern part of India.<ref name="Nandy"/> | [[Maharashtra]] was the most urbanized major state in India till 1991, stood behind [[Tamil Nadu]] in 2001 and third after it in 2011, with [[Kerala]] being second,<ref name=Census2011Urban>{{cite web|title=Rural-Urban distribution of population|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2011_PR1143.PDF|publisher=Census of India Press Release|access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> with the urban-total state population ratio. However, Maharashtra's urban population of 41 million, far exceeds that of Tamil Nadu which is at 27 million, as per the 2001 census.<ref name="planning commission">{{cite web|title=Urbanization|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_maha/ch-13-14-02-05.pdf|publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]]|access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> The spatial distribution of large cities in India is uneven as out of 100 most populous cities in the country more than 50 are confined to only 5 states namely, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Other than state capitals and major industrial centre, large cities are mainly concentrated in the national capital region (NCR), the western and southern part of India.<ref name="Nandy"/> | ||
==Causes of urbanization in India== | |||
The main causes of [[urbanization|urbanisation]] in India are: | |||
* Expansion in government services, as a result of the [[Second World War]] | |||
* Migration of people during the [[partition of India]]<ref name="NathAggarwal2007_6">{{cite book|author1=Viswambhar Nath|author2=Surinder K. Aggarwal|title=Urbanization, Urban Development, and Metropolitan Cities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obd1vEVEPdgC&pg=PA6|access-date=13 June 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-412-7|page=6}}</ref><ref name="The Indian and Pakistan year book">{{cite book|title=The Indian and Pakistan year book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RodAQAAMAAJ|access-date=15 June 2012|year=1951|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co.}}</ref><ref name="HarrisInstitute2001">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan M. Harris|author2=Tufts University. Global Development and Environment Institute|title=A Survey of Sustainable Development: Social And Economic Dimensions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D1o1q2sqZsC&pg=PA142|access-date=15 June 2012|date=1 March 2001|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-863-0|pages=142–}}</ref> | |||
* The [[Industrial Revolution]]{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} | |||
* Eleventh five-year plan that aimed at ''[[urbanization|urbanisation]]'' for the economic development of [[India]]<ref name="Kundu">{{cite book|author=Amitabh Kundu|title=Trends and processes of urbanization in india|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVHu1souvqYC&pg=PA1|access-date=13 June 2012|publisher=IIED|page=1|id=GGKEY:NNAEQJ0WFTW}}</ref> | |||
* Economic opportunities are just one reason people move into cities | |||
* Infrastructure facilities in the urban areas<ref>{{cite news|title=Does infrastructure play role in urbanization: evidence from India|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-169308044|newspaper=Indian Journal of Economics and Business |author=Pradhan, Rudra Prakash}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref> | |||
*Growth of [[private sector]] after 1990 .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessnewsthisweek.com/2009/02/role-of-private-sector-in-indias-growth.html |title=Role of private sector in India's growth ~ Business News This Week |publisher=Businessnewsthisweek.com |date=8 February 2009 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> | |||
*Growth of employment in cities is attracting people from rural areas as well as smaller cities to large towns. According to Mckinsey India's urban population will grow from 340 million in 2008 to 590 million in 2030. | |||
*Therefore, it is being driven by economic compulsions where people move out for economic advancements to areas offering better job opportunities. | |||
*It is also driven by land fragmentations, villages being erased due to roads and highway constructions, dam constructions and other activities. | |||
*'''Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood, but it's no more profitable:''' Indian rural economy is primarily based on agriculture. Indian agriculture sector accounts for 18 percent <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/realtime/Economic_Survey_2017_18.pdf|title=The Economic Survey 2017-18 ;}}</ref> of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and it is estimated that it provides employment to 50% of the countries workforce, but ground reality differs. Many farmers in different states of India are leaving farming, primarily because of high input cost and low income from agriculture. Also on the other hand with usage of fertilizers, chemicals and hybrid seeds, land fertility is declining. This encourages many farmers to commit suicide. '''''In 2014, the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported 5,650 farmer suicides. As per the figures given by central government in 2015, there were 12602 farmer suicides.''''' This includes 8,007 farmers-cultivators and 4,595 agricultural labourers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over-12000-farmer-suicides-per-year-centre-tells-supreme-court/articleshow/58486441.cms|title=Over 12,000 farmer suicides per year, Centre tells Supreme Court;|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The farmer's suicide rate in India has ranged between 1.4 and 1.8 per 100,000 total populations, over a 10-year period through 2005. Thus people (including farmers) are migrating to cities. | |||
:: Giving children a better future by educating them in a great educational institute is now an alarming reason of urbanization. | |||
==Consequences of urbanization in India== | |||
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 52 Dharavi near Mahim Junction.jpg|thumb|right|Crowded housing and polluted waterway in Mumbai]] | |||
Rapid rise in urban population, in India, is leading to many problems like increasing slums, decrease in [[standard of living]] in [[urban area]]s, also causing environmental damage.<ref name="SivaramakrishnanDasgupta1993">{{cite book|author1=K. C. Sivaramakrishnan|author2=Biplab Dasgupta|author3=Mahesh N. Buch|title=Urbanization in India: Basic Services and People's Participation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sxyp5KFIbRUC&pg=PA2|access-date=13 June 2012|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-480-8|page=2}}</ref> | |||
The [[Industrial Revolution]] of the 18th century caused countries like the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]] to become superpowers, but conditions elsewhere are worsening. India's urban growth rate is 2.07%; seemingly insignificant compared to Rwanda, with 7.6%. India has around 300 million people living in metropolitan areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auick.org/database/apc/apc027/apc02701.html |title=AUICK Newsletter No.27 |publisher=Auick.org |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> This has greatly increased housing issues: with overcrowded cities, many people are forced to live in unsafe conditions, such as [[Illegal housing in India|illegal buildings]]. Water lines, roads and electricity are lacking in quality, resulting in a decline in living standards. It is also contributing to the issues presented by [[pollution]].{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} | |||
Urbanization also results in a disparity in the market, owing to the large demands of the growing population and the primary sector struggling to cope.<ref>{{cite web|title=Problems of Urbanization in India|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/201103254727/problems-of-urbanization-in-india.html|access-date=15 June 2012|publisher=Preserve Articles|author=Javir}}</ref> | |||
It could be argued that urbanization impacts the migrants themselves on multiple levels. Networks of friends and family become support systems during the initial transformation phase and the struggle to find work in a fast-paced environment. Their struggles may take months, or even years, to adjust to the new surrounds in order to find a stable job. Migrants are responsible for supporting both themselves in the city and the family left at home. | |||
Some of the positive effects resulting from rural to urban migration occur in the agrarian communities from which migrants came. Family members left at home, usually the elderly and young, are eased out of financial pressures as their relatives work to provide higher standards of living for their dependants. Their quality of life is often additionally improved by the provisions that the migrant sends back. | |||
On the other hand, rural to urban migration poses a big challenge for developing cities due to migrant populations flocking in. How will cities support it in terms of resources, land and space? | |||
Cities offer solutions in terms of high rise buildings (affordable housing), metros (affordable transport), affordable schooling, established local clinics, water ATMs and many new initiatives. However, the problems include: | |||
1. National Institution for Transforming India [NITI Ayog], has released report ‘Composite Water Management Index’ in June 2018 and stated that 21 cities (including Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai) in India would run out of groundwater by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/2018-05-18-Water-Index-Report_vS8-compressed.pdf|title=Composite Water Management Index by NITI Aayog ; June 2018}}</ref> | |||
2. The latest database of Numbeo lists three Indian cities among the top 10 cities of the world for having worst traffic conditions. These cities include Mumbai, Pune and Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://carandbike.com/news/three-indian-cities-in-the-top-10-list-of-worst-traffic-conditions-in-the-world-735439|title=Three Indian Cities in the Top 10 List Of Worst Traffic Conditions in the World|last=Naik|first=Ameya|date=29 January 2015|work=NDTV}}</ref> | |||
3. Population growth and rapid urbanization are combining to create huge challenges for Indian cities. According to McKinsey,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/urbanization/urban-awakening-in-india|title=India's urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth}}</ref> the country's cities are expected to grow from 340 million people in 2008 to a whopping 590 million in 2030 and this growth will be very rapid. Meeting demand for urban services in these cities will require US$1.1 trillion in capital investment over the next 20 years. Without the right design and planning, this massive urban growth could exacerbate existing problems of congestion, pollution, and traffic safety. | |||
4. Delhi is now considered the most polluted city in the world, according to the Brookings Institution, while at least two-and-a-half million premature deaths are blamed on poor air quality across the country as a whole. | |||
5. The Economic Survey Report of India 2017-18 estimated that percentage of agricultural workers of total work force would drop to 25.7 per cent by 2050 from 58.2 per cent in 2001. What is the cause of this decline? People migrating to cities and adding to the unemployment in cities. It is interesting to know that because of migration from rural pockets to urban (cities), unemployment in cities is increasing and in rural pockets it's decreasing. As per the [[Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy]] (CMIE) overall unemployment rate of India as on 18 October 2018 is 6.9% , whereas for urban India its 7.5% and for rural India its 6.6%. | |||
==Urban unemployment== | |||
The [[National Sample Survey Organisation]] reported the following urban unemployment rates for the period July 2011–June 2012:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103996 | title=Status of Urban Employment in the Country | publisher=PIB | date=20 February 2014 | access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Category of persons !! Male !! Female !! Person | |||
|- | |||
| Unemployment rate (per 1000 persons in the labour force) || 30 || 52 || 34 | |||
|} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Ballhatchet|first1=Kenneth|last2=Harrison|first2=John|title=The City in South Asia: Pre-Modern and Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6ixAAAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Curzon Press|isbn=9780391011298}} | |||
==External links== | |||
* [https://www.urbanet.info/focus-weeks-india-infographics/ URBANET Urbanisation in India | Infographics] | |||
{{Social issues in India}} | |||
{{Asia topic|Urbanisation in}} | |||
[[Category:Urbanization in India]] | |||
[[Category:Society of India]] | |||
[[Category:Economy of India]] | |||
[[Category:Geography of India]] | |||