Red corridor: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Region in eastern India that experiences considerable left-wing extremist violence}}
{{short description|Region in eastern India that experiences considerable left-wing extremist violence}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Update|date=November 2019}}
{{POV|date=August 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| footer = Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left) and in 2013 (right).
| footer = Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (center), and in 2018 (right)
| image1 = India Naxal affected districts map.svg
| image1 = India Naxal affected districts map.svg
| width1 = 195
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| image2 = India map Naxal Left-wing violence or activity affected districts 2013.SVG
| image2 = India map Naxal Left-wing violence or activity affected districts 2013.SVG
| width2 = 200
| width2 = 200
| image3 = Naxal Left-wing violence or activity affected districts of India 2018.svg
| width3 = 195
}}
}}
The '''red corridor''' is the region in the eastern, central and the southern parts of [[India]] that experience considerable [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]].<ref>Rahul Pandita. ''Hello Bastar: The Untold Story Of India’s Maoist Movement''. Tranquebar Press (2011). {{ISBN|978-93-8065834-6}}.Chapter VI. p. 111</ref>


The Naxalite group mainly consists of the armed cadres of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Ajay|title=Revelations from the red corridor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120054203/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|archive-date=20 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> These are also areas that suffer from the greatest illiteracy, poverty and [[overpopulation]] in modern India, and span parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]], and [[West Bengal]] and eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mo.be/index.php?id=61&no_cache=0&tx_uwnews_pi2%5Bart_id%5D=21704 |title=Armed revolt in the Red Corridor |publisher=Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium |date= 2008-06-25 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |title=Women take up guns in India's red corridor |publisher=The Asian Pacific Post |date=2008-06-09 |access-date=2008-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224400/http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |archive-date=22 June 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |publisher=Global Politician |date= 2007-05-13 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref> As per Ministry of Home Affairs,  altogether 1,049 incidents of Left-wing extremism (LWE) violence took place in these 10 states in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-ranks-third-among-10-states-hit-by-maoist-violence/articleshow/58406014.cms|title=Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence}}</ref>
The '''red corridor,''' also called the '''red zone,'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2021-06-26|title=When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh’s fading red zone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is the region in the eastern, central and the southern parts of [[India]] that are considerably affected by the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]. It has been steadily diminishing in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidences, and in 2021 it was confined to 25 "most affected" (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009)<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=50833|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> across 10 states in two coal rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around [[Dandakaranya]]-[[Chhattisgarh]]-[[Odisha]] region and tri-junction area of [[Jharkhand]]-[[Bihar]] and-[[West Bengal]].<ref name=urb1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaths-in-naxal-attacks-down-by-21-shah-at-cms-meeting/articleshow/86543018.cms Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%], ''The Times of India''. 26 Sept 021.</ref>
 
The Naxalite group mainly consists of the armed cadres of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Ajay|title=Revelations from the red corridor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120054203/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> These areas span parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mo.be/index.php?id=61&no_cache=0&tx_uwnews_pi2%5Bart_id%5D=21704 |title=Armed revolt in the Red Corridor |publisher=Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium |date= 2008-06-25 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |title=Women take up guns in India's red corridor |work=The Asian Pacific Post|date=2008-06-09 |access-date=2008-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224400/http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |archive-date=22 June 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |publisher=Global Politician |date= 2007-05-13 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-ranks-third-among-10-states-hit-by-maoist-violence/articleshow/58406014.cms|title=Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence}}</ref>
 
All forms of Naxalite organisations have been declared as terrorist organizations under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967)]].<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 ::Ministry of Home Affairs::<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212307/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 |date=10 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|title=People's War Group – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="banerjee2008">Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.</ref>
 
==Socio-economic conditions==


All forms of Naxalite organisations have been declared as terrorist organizations under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967)]].<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 ::Ministry of Home Affairs::<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212307/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 |date=10 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre - Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|title=People's War Group - Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="banerjee2008">Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.</ref>
===Economic condition ===
According to the Government of India, as of July 2011, 83 districts (this figure includes a proposed addition of 20 districts) across 10 states are affected by extremism<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/centre-to-declare-more-districts-naxalhit/812671/|title=Centre to declare more districts Naxal-hit|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="jagranjosh.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/the-union-government-of-india-to-bring-20-more-districts-in-the-naxalhit-states-1310039133-1|title=The Union Government of India to Bring 20 More Districts in the Naxal-hit states|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> down from 180 districts in 2009.<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=50833|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> As of February 2019, 90 districts across 11 states are affected by extremism.<ref name=":0" />


==Economic situation==
The districts that make up the red corridor are among the poorest in the country. Areas such as Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Telangana (formerly part of Andhra Pradesh), are either impoverished or have significant economic inequality, or both.<ref name="oberg2008">Magnus Öberg, [[Kaare Strøm (political scientist)|Kaare Strøm]], "Resources, Governance and Civil Conflict", Routledge, 2008, {{ISBN|0-415-41671-X}}. ''Snippet: ... the general consensus is that the insurgency was started to address various economic and social injustices related to highly skewed distributions of cropland ...''</ref><ref name="singharoy2004">Debal K. SinghaRoy, "Peasant Movements in Post-colonial India: Dynamics of Mobilization and Identity", Sage Publications, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7619-9826-8}}.</ref><ref>*{{Cite journal |first=Anthony |last=Loyd |year=2015 |title=India's insurgency |journal=National Geographic |issue=April |pages=84 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2015/04/india-coal-conflict-minerals-maoist-insurgency/ |access-date=13 March 2018 }}</ref>
The districts that make up the red corridor are among the poorest in the country. Areas such as Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Telangana (formerly part of Andhra Pradesh), are either impoverished or have significant economic inequality, or both.<ref name="oberg2008">Magnus Öberg, [[Kaare Strøm (political scientist)|Kaare Strøm]], "Resources, Governance and Civil Conflict", Routledge, 2008, {{ISBN|0-415-41671-X}}. ''Snippet: ... the general consensus is that the insurgency was started to address various economic and social injustices related to highly skewed distributions of cropland ...''</ref><ref name="singharoy2004">Debal K. SinghaRoy, "Peasant Movements in Post-colonial India: Dynamics of Mobilization and Identity", Sage Publications, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7619-9826-8}}.</ref><ref>*{{Cite journal |first=Anthony |last=Loyd |year=2015 |title=India's insurgency |journal=National Geographic |issue=April |pages=84 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2015/04/india-coal-conflict-minerals-maoist-insurgency/ |access-date=March 13, 2018 }}</ref>


A key characteristic of this region is non-diversified economies that are solely [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]] based. Agriculture, sometimes supplemented with mining or forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, which is often unable to support rapid increases in population.<ref name="franco2002">Fernando Franco, "Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh", Indian Social Institute, 2002, {{ISBN|81-87218-46-0}}. ''... Land deprivation is the major cause of mass poverty especially in view of the low level of economic diversification in rural areas. Amongst all major states, Bihar has the second highest proportion (55 per cent) of landless or quasi-landless households in the rural population ...''</ref><ref name="rothermund1993">Dietmar Rothermund, "An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991", Routledge, 1993, {{ISBN|0-415-08871-2}}. ''Snippet: ... Eastern India has been bypassed by the 'Green revolution' to a great extent ... Instead of urbanization, we can find rural areas with an amazing degree of overpopulation ...''</ref><ref name="pati1987">Rabindra Nath Pati, National Organization for Family and Population Welfare, "Population, Family, and Culture", Ashish Publishing House, 1987, {{ISBN|81-7024-151-0}}.</ref> The region has significant natural resources, including mineral, forestry and potential hydroelectric generation capacity. Odisha, for example, "has 60 percent of India’s bauxite reserves, 25 percent of coal, 28 percent of iron ore, 92 percent of nickel and 28 percent of manganese reserves."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/forbes-india-industry-vs-tribals-in-battleground-orissa/96185-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704050749/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/forbes-india-industry-vs-tribals-in-battleground-orissa/96185-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2009|title=Forbes India: Orissa's war over minerals|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
A key characteristic of this region is non-diversified economies that are solely [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]] based. Agriculture, sometimes supplemented with mining or forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, which is often unable to support rapid increases in population.<ref name="franco2002">Fernando Franco, "Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh", Indian Social Institute, 2002, {{ISBN|81-87218-46-0}}. ''... Land deprivation is the major cause of mass poverty especially in view of the low level of economic diversification in rural areas. Amongst all major states, Bihar has the second highest proportion (55 per cent) of landless or quasi-landless households in the rural population ...''</ref><ref name="rothermund1993">Dietmar Rothermund, "An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991", Routledge, 1993, {{ISBN|0-415-08871-2}}. ''Snippet: ... Eastern India has been bypassed by the 'Green revolution' to a great extent ... Instead of urbanization, we can find rural areas with an amazing degree of overpopulation ...''</ref><ref name="pati1987">Rabindra Nath Pati, National Organization for Family and Population Welfare, "Population, Family, and Culture", Ashish Publishing House, 1987, {{ISBN|81-7024-151-0}}.</ref> The region has significant natural resources, including mineral, forestry and potential hydroelectric generation capacity. Odisha, for example, "has 60 percent of India’s bauxite reserves, 25 percent of coal, 28 percent of iron ore, 92 percent of nickel and 28 percent of manganese reserves."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/forbes-india-industry-vs-tribals-in-battleground-orissa/96185-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704050749/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/forbes-india-industry-vs-tribals-in-battleground-orissa/96185-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2009|title=Forbes India: Orissa's war over minerals|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>


==Social situation==
===Social condition===
 
The area encompassed by the red corridor tends to have stratified societies, with caste and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high tribal populations (or [[adivasis]]), including [[Santhal people|Santhal]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]]. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.<ref name=satp01>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume2/Fault2-MatthewF.htm |title=Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife |publisher=Mammen Matthew, SATP |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2363743.stm |title=Bihar caste clashes kill six |publisher=BBC |date= 2002-10-26 |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name="narula1999">Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, {{ISBN|1-56432-228-9}}.</ref> Andhra Pradesh's Telangana region similarly has deep caste divide with a strict social hierarchical arrangement.<ref name="satyanarayana1993">A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library|Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]], 1993.</ref><ref name="singh1969">Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.</ref> Both Chhattisgarh and Odisha have significant impoverished tribal populations.<ref name="danda1977">Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.</ref><ref name="pandey2006">Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, {{ISBN|81-7824-161-7}}.</ref><ref name="baginski2007">Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, {{ISBN|1-84407-347-5}}.</ref>
The area encompassed by the red corridor tends to have stratified societies, with caste and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high tribal populations (or [[adivasis]]), including [[Santhal people|Santhal]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]]. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.<ref name=satp01>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume2/Fault2-MatthewF.htm |title=Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife |publisher=Mammen Matthew, SATP |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2363743.stm |title=Bihar caste clashes kill six |publisher=BBC |date= 2002-10-26 |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name="narula1999">Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, {{ISBN|1-56432-228-9}}.</ref> Andhra Pradesh's Telangana region similarly has deep caste divide with a strict social hierarchical arrangement.<ref name="satyanarayana1993">A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library|Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]], 1993.</ref><ref name="singh1969">Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.</ref> Both Chhattisgarh and Odisha have significant impoverished tribal populations.<ref name="danda1977">Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.</ref><ref name="pandey2006">Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, {{ISBN|81-7824-161-7}}.</ref><ref name="baginski2007">Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, {{ISBN|1-84407-347-5}}.</ref>


==Affected Districts==
==Territories of the red corridor==
As of February 2019, 90 districts across 11 states are affected by extremism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Naxal affected Districts|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188075|website=www.pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> As of December 2017, 105 districts across 9 states are affected by extremism.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="jagranjosh.com"/> The districts affected by extremism stand at 106 in 10 states as on 12 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136706|title=LWE affected districts|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref>  
 
===Affected Districts===
 
As of June 2021, 70 districts across 10 states are affected by extremism.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Naxal affected Districts|url=https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | [[States and territories of India|State]]
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | [[States and union territories of India|State]]
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | No.of Districts in State
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | No.of Districts in State
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | No. of Districts Affected
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | No. of Districts Affected
Line 39: Line 45:
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Districts of Jharkhand|24]]
|[[Districts of Jharkhand|24]]
|19
|16
|[[Bokaro District|Bokaro]], [[Chatra District|Chatra]], [[Dhanbad District|Dhanbad]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[Garhwa District|Garhwa]], [[Giridih District|Giridih]], [[Gumla District|Gumla]], [[Hazaribagh District|Hazaribagh]], [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Koderma District|Koderma]], [[Latehar District|Latehar]], [[Lohardaga District|Lohardaga]], [[Palamu District|Palamu]], [[Ramgarh District|Ramgarh]], [[Ranchi District|Ranchi]], [[Simdega District|Simdega]], [[Saraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|[[Bokaro District|Bokaro]], [[Chatra District|Chatra]], [[Dhanbad District|Dhanbad]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[Garhwa District|Garhwa]], [[Giridih District|Giridih]], [[Gumla District|Gumla]], [[Hazaribagh District|Hazaribagh]], [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Latehar District|Latehar]], [[Lohardaga District|Lohardaga]], [[Palamu District|Palamu]], [[Ranchi District|Ranchi]], [[Saraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|-
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Districts of Bihar|38]]
|[[Districts of Bihar|38]]
|16
|10
|[[Arwal district|Arwal]], [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]],  [[Banka district|Banka]],  [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]],  [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Jamui district|Jamui]],  [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]],  [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]],  [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]], [[Munger district|Munger]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]],  [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], [[Nawada district|Nawada]],  [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]],  [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]],  [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]],  [[Banka district|Banka]],  [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Jamui district|Jamui]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]],  [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]], [[Munger district|Munger]], [[Nawada district|Nawada]],  [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]],  [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|-
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Districts of Chhattisgarh|28]]
|[[Districts of Chhattisgarh|28]]
|14
|14
|[[Balod district|Balod]],  [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]],  [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]], [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]], [[Gariaband district|Gariyaband]], [[Kanker district|Kanker]],  [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]],  [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]],  [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]], [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]],  [[Sukma district|Sukma]], [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]]
|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]],  [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]], [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]], [[Gariaband district|Gariyaband]], [[Kanker district|Kanker]],  [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]],  [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]],  [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]], [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]],  [[Sukma district|Sukma]], [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]], [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
|-
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Districts of Orissa|30]]
|[[Districts of Orissa|30]]
|15
|10
|[[Angul]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]],  [[Balangir district|Bolangir]], [[Boudh district|Boudh]],  [[Debagarh district|Deogarh]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]],  [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]], [[Nabarangpur district|Nabrangpur]], [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]],  [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]],  [[Sambalpur district|Sambhalpur]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
| [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]],  [[Balangir district|Bolangir]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]],  [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]], [[Nabarangpur district|Nabrangpur]],  [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
|-
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kerala]]
Line 64: Line 70:
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Districts of Andhra Pradesh|13]]
|[[Districts of Andhra Pradesh|13]]
|6
|5
|[[Guntur District|Guntur]], [[Visakhapatnam District|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari District|East Godavari]], [[Srikakulam District|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram District|Vizianagaram]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|[[Visakhapatnam District|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari]], [[Srikakulam District|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram District|Vizianagaram]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|-
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[List of districts in Telangana|33]]
|[[List of districts in Telangana|33]]
|8
|6
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Bhadradri Kothagudem|Bhadradri-Kothagudem]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally|Jayashankar-Bhupalpally]], [[Khammam district|Khammam]], [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram-Bheem]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalle]], [[Warangal Rural district|Warangal Rural]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Bhadradri Kothagudem|Bhadradri-Kothagudem]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally|Jayashankar-Bhupalpally]], [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram-Bheem]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|-
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Districts of Maharashtra|36]]
|[[Districts of Maharashtra|36]]
|3
|2
|[[Gadchiroli District|Gadchiroli]], [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]], [[Gondia District|Gondia]]
|[[Gadchiroli District|Gadchiroli]], [[Gondia District|Gondia]]
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|75]]
|3
|[[Sonbhadra District|Sonbhadra]], [[Mirzapur District|Mirzapur]], [[Chandauli District|Chandauli]]
|-
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[West Bengal]]
Line 89: Line 90:
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|[[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|55]]
|[[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|55]]
|2
|3
|[[Balaghat District|Balaghat]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]]
|[[Balaghat District|Balaghat]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
|-
|-
|'''Total'''<br />
|'''Total'''<br />
|369
|369
|'''90'''
|'''70'''
|  
|  
|}
|}


==The Odisha gap==
===The Odisha gap===
 
The red corridor is almost contiguous from India's border with [[Nepal]] to the absolute northernmost fringes of [[Tamil Nadu]]. There is, however, a significant gap consisting of coastal and some central areas in [[Odisha]] state, where Naxalite activity is low and indices of literacy and economic diversification are higher.<ref name=nfhs/><ref name="jena1988">B. B. Jena and Jaya Krishna Baral, "Government and Politics in Odisha", Print House (India), 1988. ''Snippet:... The literacy rate of the four coastal districts is much higher than that of other districts ...''</ref><ref name="chakravorty2007">Sanjoy Chakravorty and Somik V. Lall, "Made in India: The Economic Geography and Political Economy of Industrialization", Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-19-568672-1}}. ''Snippet:... and Punjab are considered advanced regions, while Bihar and Odisha are considered lagging regions. With the district level data used here, it is possible to create new data driven definitions of advanced and lagging regions that are distinct from politically defined regional ...''</ref> However, the non-coastal districts of Odisha, which fall in the red corridor have significantly lower indicators, and literacy throughout the region is well below the national average.<ref name=nfhs>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/ |title=National Family Health Survey |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra |access-date=2008-10-18}}</ref><ref name="ninan2007">Sevanti Ninan, "Headlines from the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere", Sage Publishers, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7619-3580-0}}. ''Snippet:... This one state (Madhya Pradesh) alone, taken together with Chhattisgarh, accounted for 17.9 percent of the total decadal decrease in illiteracy in India in the 1990s ...''</ref>
The red corridor is almost contiguous from India's border with [[Nepal]] to the absolute northernmost fringes of [[Tamil Nadu]]. There is, however, a significant gap consisting of coastal and some central areas in [[Odisha]] state, where Naxalite activity is low and indices of literacy and economic diversification are higher.<ref name=nfhs/><ref name="jena1988">B. B. Jena and Jaya Krishna Baral, "Government and Politics in Odisha", Print House (India), 1988. ''Snippet:... The literacy rate of the four coastal districts is much higher than that of other districts ...''</ref><ref name="chakravorty2007">Sanjoy Chakravorty and Somik V. Lall, "Made in India: The Economic Geography and Political Economy of Industrialization", Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-19-568672-1}}. ''Snippet:... and Punjab are considered advanced regions, while Bihar and Odisha are considered lagging regions. With the district level data used here, it is possible to create new data driven definitions of advanced and lagging regions that are distinct from politically defined regional ...''</ref> However, the non-coastal districts of Odisha, which fall in the red corridor have significantly lower indicators, and literacy throughout the region is well below the national average.<ref name=nfhs>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/ |title=National Family Health Survey |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra |access-date=2008-10-18}}</ref><ref name="ninan2007">Sevanti Ninan, "Headlines from the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere", Sage Publishers, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7619-3580-0}}. ''Snippet:... This one state (Madhya Pradesh) alone, taken together with Chhattisgarh, accounted for 17.9 percent of the total decadal decrease in illiteracy in India in the 1990s ...''</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Revolutionary base area]]
* [[Revolutionary base area]]
* [[List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India|Naxalite and Maoist groups in India]]
* [[Timeline of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribes in India]] 
* [[Separatist movements of India]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


{{coord missing|India}}
{{coord missing|India}}

Revision as of 17:06, 9 January 2022


Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (center), and in 2018 (right)

The red corridor, also called the red zone,[1] is the region in the eastern, central and the southern parts of India that are considerably affected by the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency. It has been steadily diminishing in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidences, and in 2021 it was confined to 25 "most affected" (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009)[2] across 10 states in two coal rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around Dandakaranya-Chhattisgarh-Odisha region and tri-junction area of Jharkhand-Bihar and-West Bengal.[3]

The Naxalite group mainly consists of the armed cadres of the Communist Party of India (Maoist).[4] These areas span parts of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana and West Bengal.[5][6][7][8]

All forms of Naxalite organisations have been declared as terrorist organizations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967).[9][10][11][12]

Socio-economic conditions

Economic condition

The districts that make up the red corridor are among the poorest in the country. Areas such as Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Telangana (formerly part of Andhra Pradesh), are either impoverished or have significant economic inequality, or both.[13][14][15]

A key characteristic of this region is non-diversified economies that are solely primary sector based. Agriculture, sometimes supplemented with mining or forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, which is often unable to support rapid increases in population.[16][17][18] The region has significant natural resources, including mineral, forestry and potential hydroelectric generation capacity. Odisha, for example, "has 60 percent of India’s bauxite reserves, 25 percent of coal, 28 percent of iron ore, 92 percent of nickel and 28 percent of manganese reserves."[19]

Social condition

The area encompassed by the red corridor tends to have stratified societies, with caste and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high tribal populations (or adivasis), including Santhal and Gond. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.[20][21][22] Andhra Pradesh's Telangana region similarly has deep caste divide with a strict social hierarchical arrangement.[23][24] Both Chhattisgarh and Odisha have significant impoverished tribal populations.[25][26][27]

Territories of the red corridor

Affected Districts

As of June 2021, 70 districts across 10 states are affected by extremism.[28]

State No.of Districts in State No. of Districts Affected Districts Affected
Jharkhand 24 16 Bokaro, Chatra, Dhanbad, Dumka, East Singhbhum, Garhwa, Giridih, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Khunti, Latehar, Lohardaga, Palamu, Ranchi, Saraikela Kharsawan, West Singhbhum
Bihar 38 10 Aurangabad,  Banka,  Gaya, Jamui, Kaimur,  Lakhisarai, Munger, Nawada,  Rohtas,  West Champaran
Chhattisgarh 28 14 Balrampur,  Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Gariyaband, Kanker,  Kondagaon,  Mahasamund,  Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon,  Sukma, Kabirdham, Mungeli
Odisha 30 10 Bargarh,  Bolangir, Kalahandi, Kandhamal,  Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabrangpur,  Nuapada, Rayagada, Sundargarh
Kerala 14 3 Malappuram, Palakkad, Wayanad
Andhra Pradesh 13 5 Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, West Godavari
Telangana 33 6 Adilabad, Bhadradri-Kothagudem, Jayashankar-Bhupalpally, Komaram-Bheem, Mancherial, Mulugu
Maharashtra 36 2 Gadchiroli, Gondia
West Bengal 23 1 Jhargram
Madhya Pradesh
 55 3 Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori
Total
 369 70

The Odisha gap

The red corridor is almost contiguous from India's border with Nepal to the absolute northernmost fringes of Tamil Nadu. There is, however, a significant gap consisting of coastal and some central areas in Odisha state, where Naxalite activity is low and indices of literacy and economic diversification are higher.[29][30][31] However, the non-coastal districts of Odisha, which fall in the red corridor have significantly lower indicators, and literacy throughout the region is well below the national average.[29][32]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bhattacharjee, Sumit (26 June 2021). "When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Press Information Bureau". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  3. ↑ Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%, The Times of India. 26 Sept 021.
  4. ↑ Agarwal, Ajay. "Revelations from the red corridor". Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  5. ↑ "Armed revolt in the Red Corridor". Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  6. ↑ "Women take up guns in India's red corridor". The Asian Pacific Post. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  7. ↑ "Rising Maoists Insurgency in India". Global Politician. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  8. ↑ "Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence".
  9. ↑ ::Ministry of Home Affairs:: Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  11. ↑ "People's War Group – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  12. ↑ Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.
  13. ↑ Magnus Öberg, Kaare Strøm, "Resources, Governance and Civil Conflict", Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0-415-41671-X. Snippet: ... the general consensus is that the insurgency was started to address various economic and social injustices related to highly skewed distributions of cropland ...
  14. ↑ Debal K. SinghaRoy, "Peasant Movements in Post-colonial India: Dynamics of Mobilization and Identity", Sage Publications, 2004, ISBN 0-7619-9826-8.
  15. ↑ *Loyd, Anthony (2015). "India's insurgency". National Geographic (April): 84. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Fernando Franco, "Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh", Indian Social Institute, 2002, ISBN 81-87218-46-0. ... Land deprivation is the major cause of mass poverty especially in view of the low level of economic diversification in rural areas. Amongst all major states, Bihar has the second highest proportion (55 per cent) of landless or quasi-landless households in the rural population ...
  17. ↑ Dietmar Rothermund, "An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991", Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-08871-2. Snippet: ... Eastern India has been bypassed by the 'Green revolution' to a great extent ... Instead of urbanization, we can find rural areas with an amazing degree of overpopulation ...
  18. ↑ Rabindra Nath Pati, National Organization for Family and Population Welfare, "Population, Family, and Culture", Ashish Publishing House, 1987, ISBN 81-7024-151-0.
  19. ↑ "Forbes India: Orissa's war over minerals". IBNLive. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife". Mammen Matthew, SATP. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  21. ↑ "Bihar caste clashes kill six". BBC. 26 October 2002. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  22. ↑ Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, ISBN 1-56432-228-9.
  23. ↑ A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 1993.
  24. ↑ Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.
  25. ↑ Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.
  26. ↑ Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, ISBN 81-7824-161-7.
  27. ↑ Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, ISBN 1-84407-347-5.
  28. ↑ "Naxal affected Districts" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "National Family Health Survey". International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  30. ↑ B. B. Jena and Jaya Krishna Baral, "Government and Politics in Odisha", Print House (India), 1988. Snippet:... The literacy rate of the four coastal districts is much higher than that of other districts ...
  31. ↑ Sanjoy Chakravorty and Somik V. Lall, "Made in India: The Economic Geography and Political Economy of Industrialization", Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-568672-1. Snippet:... and Punjab are considered advanced regions, while Bihar and Odisha are considered lagging regions. With the district level data used here, it is possible to create new data driven definitions of advanced and lagging regions that are distinct from politically defined regional ...
  32. ↑ Sevanti Ninan, "Headlines from the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere", Sage Publishers, 2007, ISBN 0-7619-3580-0. Snippet:... This one state (Madhya Pradesh) alone, taken together with Chhattisgarh, accounted for 17.9 percent of the total decadal decrease in illiteracy in India in the 1990s ...


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