1971 Bengali Hindu Genocide

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1971 Bangladesh genocide
Part of the Bangladesh Liberation War
LocationEast Pakistan
Date26 March – 16 December 1971
(8 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)
TargetBengalis
Attack type
Deportation, ethnic cleansing, mass murder, genocidal rape
DeathsEstimated between 200,000 and 3,000,000[1][2][3]
Perpetrators
MotiveAnti-Bengali sentiment

The genocide in Bangladesh began on 26 March 1971 with the launch of Operation Searchlight,[4] as West Pakistan (now Pakistan) began a military crackdown on the Eastern wing (now Bangladesh) of the nation to suppress Bengali calls for self-determination.[5] During the nine-month-long Bangladesh War for Liberation, members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro Pakistani Islamist militias from Jamaat-e-Islami party[6] killed between 200,000 and 3,000,000[3][7] people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women,[7][8] according to Bangladeshi and Indian sources,[9] in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape.[10][11] The actions against women were supported by Jamaat-e-Islami religious leaders, who declared that Bengali women were gonimoter maal (Bengali for "public property").[12] As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people, mostly Hindus,[13] fled the country to seek refuge in neighbouring India. It is estimated that up to 30 million civilians were internally displaced[7] out of 70 million.[14] During the war, there was also ethnic violence between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking Biharis.[15] Biharis faced reprisals from Bengali mobs and militias[16] and from 1,000 to 150,000[17][18] were killed.

There is an academic consensus that the events which took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War constituted a genocide.[19] However, there are scholars who deny the killing was a genocide.[20]

Violence against Hindus[edit]

An article in Time magazine dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."[21] Pakistan army eastern command headquarter officials in Dhaka made clear the government's policy on East Bengal. After the elimination or exile of Hindus, their property was going to be shared among middle class Muslims.[22] According to Colonel Naim Hindus "undermined the Muslim masses." He said Bengali culture to a great extent was Hindu culture and "We have to sort them out to restore the land to the people."[23]:144–145 In April 1971 at Comilla Major Rathore said to Anthony Mascarenhas on Hindus: "Now under the cover of fighting we have an excellent opportunity of finishing them off...Of course, we are only killing the Hindu men. We are soldiers, not cowards like the rebels."[23]:144

Hindus were alleged to have corrupted the Awami League. Pakistani soldiers repeatedly boasted that they have came "to kill Hindus" to US Consul Archer Blood. A witness heard an officer shouting to soldiers: "Why you have killed Muslims. We ordered you to kill only Hindus."[23]:145 US government cables noted that the minorities of Bangladesh, especially the Hindus, were specific targets of the Pakistani Army. US consulates reported methodical slaughter of Hindu men in cities starting in the first 24 hours of the crackdown. Army units entered villages asking where Hindus live; it was "common pattern" to kill Hindu males. Hindus were identified because they were not circumcised. Sometimes the military also massacred Hindu women. There were barely any areas where no Hindu was killed.[23]:145 There was widespread killing of Hindu males, and rapes of women. Documented incidents in which Hindus were massacred in large numbers include the Jathibhanga massacre,[citation needed] the Chuknagar massacre, and the Shankharipara massacre.[24]

Senator Edward Kennedy wrote in a report that was part of United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad". More than 60% of the Bengali refugees who fled to India were Hindus.[25][26] It has been alleged that this widespread violence against Hindus was motivated by a policy to purge East Pakistan of what was seen as Hindu and Indian influences.[27] Buddhist temples and Buddhist monks were also attacked through the course of the year.[28] Lt. Colonel Aziz Ahmed Khan reported that in May 1971 there was written order to kill Hindus and that General Niazi would ask troops how many Hindus they had killed.[29]

According to R. J. Rummel, professor of political science at the University of Hawaii,

The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These "willing executioners" were fueled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority. "Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said General Niazi, 'It was a low lying land of low lying people.' The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Pakistani captain as telling him, "We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one." This is the arrogance of Power.[30]

The Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Sydney Schanberg covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the Pakistan Army, which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well). Bangladesh reported massacres occurring on a daily basis. One priest reported to Schanberg about the slaughter of over thousand Hindus in southern district of Barisal in one day. According to another priest, meeting was called in northeastern Sylhet district. Later troops arrived and from the gathered crowd selected 300 Hindus and shot them dead.[22]

Violence against women[edit]

The generally accepted figure for the mass rapes during the nine-month long conflict is between 200,000 and 400,000.[31][7][32][33] During the war, a fatwa in Pakistan declared that the Bengali freedom fighters were Hindus and that their women could be taken as the 'booty of war'.[34] Imams and Muslim religious leaders publicly declared that the Bengali women were 'gonimoter maal' (war booty) and thus they openly supported the rape of Bengali women by the Pakistani Army.[12] Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war.[35] The Pakistani military wanted Hindus out of East Pakistan but still the Pakistani soldiers raped Hindus.[23]:155 Hindu women used to be killed after being raped and Bengali Muslim women left alive to give birth to "pure" Muslims.[36] Aubrey Menen documented a 17 year old Hindu bride who was gang raped by Pakistani soldiers.

Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind with the family, one of them covering them with his gun. They heard a barked order, and the bridegroom's voice protesting. Then there was silence until the bride screamed...In a few minutes one of the soldiers came out, his uniform in disarray. He grinned to his companions. Another soldier took his place in the extra room. And so on, until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then all six left, hurriedly. The father found his daughter lying on the string unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.[37]

Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of war-babies. The soldiers of the Pakistan Army and razakars also kept Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Pakistani Army's camps, and many became pregnant.[7][38] The perpetrators also included Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, which targeted noncombatants and committed rapes, as well as other crimes.[15] Among other sources, Susan Brownmiller refers to an estimated number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.[39][40][41] Brownmiller quotes:[42]

Khadiga, thirteen years old, was interviewed by a photojournalist in Dacca. She was walking to school with four other girls when they were kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers. All five were put in a military brothel in Mohammadpur and held captive for six months until the end of the war.

In a New York Times report named 'Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair', Malcolm W. Browne[43] wrote:

One tale that is widely believed and seems to come from many different sources is that 563 women picked up by the army in March and April and held in military brothels are not being released because they are pregnant beyond the point at which abortions are possible.

The licentious attitude of the soldiers, although generally supported by their superiors, alarmed the regional high command of the Pakistani Army. On 15 April 1971, in a secret memorandum to the divisional commanders, Niazi complained,

Since my arrival, I have heard numerous reports of troops indulging in looting and arson, killing people at random and without reasons in areas cleared of the anti state elements; of late there have been reports of rape and even the West Pakistanis are not being spared; on 12 April two West Pakistani women were raped, and an attempt was made on two others.[44]

Anthony Mascarenhas published a newspaper article titled 'Genocide in June 1971' in which he also wrote about violence perpetrated by Bengalis against Biharis.[45]

First it was the massacre of the non-Bengalis in a savage outburst of Bengali hatred. Now it was massacre deliberately carried out by the West Pakistan army ... The West Pakistani soldiers are not the only ones who have been killing in East Bengal, of course. On the night of 25 March... the Bengali troops and paramilitary units stationed in East Pakistan mutinied and attacked non-Bengalis with atrocious savagery. Thousands of families of unfortunate Muslims, many of them refugees from Bihar who chose Pakistan at the time of the partition riots in 1947, were mercilessly wiped out. Women were raped, or had their breasts torn out with specially-fashioned knives. Children did not escape the horror; the lucky ones were killed with their parents...

Pakistani Major General Khadim Hussain Raja wrote in his book that Niazi, in presence of Bengali officers would say ‘Main iss haramzadi qom ki nasal badal doonga (I will change the race of the Bengalis)’. A witness statement to the commission read "The troops used to say that when the Commander (Lt Gen Niazi) was himself a raper (sic), how could they be stopped?".[46]

Another work that has included direct experiences from the women raped is Ami Birangona Bolchhi ("I, the heroine, speak") by Nilima Ibrahim. The work includes in its name from the word Birangona (Heroine), given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the war, to the raped and tortured women during the war. This was a conscious effort to alleviate any social stigma the women might face in the society.[citation needed]

There are eyewitness reports of the "rape camps" established by the Pakistani Army. The US based Women Under Siege Project of the Women's Media Center have reported the girls as young as 8 and women as old as 75 were detained in Pakistan military barracks, and where they were victims of mass rape which sometimes culminated in mass murder. The report was based on interview with survivors.[47] Australian Doctor Geoffrey Davis was brought to Bangladesh by the United Nation and International Planned Parenthood Federation to carry out late term abortions on rape victims. He was of the opinion that the 200,000 to 400,000 rape victims were an underestimation. On the actions of Pakistan army he said "They'd keep the infantry back and put artillery ahead and they would shell the hospitals and schools. And that caused absolute chaos in the town. And then the infantry would go in and begin to segregate the women. Apart from little children, all those were sexually matured would be segregated..And then the women would be put in the compound under guard and made available to the troops ... Some of the stories they told were appalling. Being raped again and again and again. A lot of them died in those [rape] camps. There was an air of disbelief about the whole thing. Nobody could credit that it really happened!"[48][better source needed]

In October 2005, Sarmila Bose published a paper suggesting that the casualties and rape allegations in the war have been greatly exaggerated for political purposes.[49] Whilst she received praise from many quarters,[50] a number of researchers have shown inaccuracies in Bose's work, including flawed methodology of statistical analysis, misrepresentation of referenced sources, and disproportionate weight to Pakistani Army testimonies.[51]

A 2014 film titled Children of War focused on the harrowing condition in the 'rape camps' set up by the Anti Separatists.[52]

Historian Christian Gerlach states that "a systematic collection of statistical data was aborted, possibly because the tentative data did not substantiate the claim that three million had died and at least 200,000 women had been raped."[23]:262

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Samuel Totten; William S. Parsons; Israel W. Charny (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Psychology Press. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-415-94430-4. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  2. ↑ Sandra I. Cheldelin; Maneshka Eliatamby (18 August 2011). Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-1-4411-6021-8. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia". Al Jazeera. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  4. ↑ Spencer 2012, p. 63.
  5. ↑ Ganguly 2002, p. 60.
  6. ↑ Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. (10 September 2012). Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-24550-4. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Alston, Margaret (2015). Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-317-68486-2. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  8. ↑ "Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation". 19 December 2016. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  9. ↑ Sisson, Richard; Rose, Leo E. (1991). War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh. University of California Press. p. 306. ISBN 9780520076655. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  10. ↑ Sharlach 2000, pp. 92–93.
  11. ↑ Sajjad 2012, p. 225.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 D'Costa 2011, p. 108.
  13. ↑ Tinker, Hugh Russell. "History (from Bangladesh)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  14. ↑ "World Population Prostpects 2017". Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Saikia 2011, p. 3.
  16. ↑ Khan, Borhan Uddin; Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman (2010). Rainer Hofmann, Ugo Caruso (ed.). Minority Rights in South Asia. Peter Lang. p. 101. ISBN 978-3631609163. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  17. ↑ George Fink (25 November 2010). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-12-381382-4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  18. ↑ Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3. Academic Press. 1999. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-12-227010-9. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  19. ↑ Payaslian.
  20. ↑ Beachler, Donald (1 December 2007). "The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh". Patterns of Prejudice. 41 (5): 467–492. doi:10.1080/00313220701657286. S2CID 220344166. Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide.
  21. ↑ "World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout". TIME. 2 August 1971. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Beachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 - 492
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Gerlach, Christian (2010). Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70681-0. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  24. ↑ Bose, Sarmila (2011). Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War. London: Hurst and Co. pp. 73, 122.
  25. ↑ U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165
  26. ↑ Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."
  27. ↑ Mascarenhas, Anthony (13 June 1971). "Genocide". The Times. London. The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The – Islamization of the masses – this is the official jargon – is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.
  28. ↑ "Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere?". South Asia Analysis Group. 23 April 2001. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
  29. ↑ Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-300-10147-8. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  30. ↑ DEATH BY GOVERNMENT Archived 18 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine, by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994
  31. ↑ D'Costa 2011, pp. 120–121.
  32. ↑ Islam, Kajalie Shehreen (2012). "Breaking Down the Birangona: Examining the (Divided) Media Discourse on the War Heroines of Bangladesh's Independence Movement". International Journal of Communication. 6: 2131. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  33. ↑ Martin, Susan Forbes; Tirman, John (2009). Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 173. ISBN 978-90-481-2825-9. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  34. ↑ Bodman & Tohidi 1998, p. 208.
  35. ↑ "BANGLADESH GENOCIDE 1971 – RAPE VICTIMS Interview". 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2013 – via YouTube.
  36. ↑ Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pg. 139
  37. ↑ Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pp. 121-122
  38. ↑ "East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep". Time. 25 October 1971. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
  39. ↑ Debasish Roy Chowdhury 'Indians are bastards anyway' Archived 17 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive in Asia Times 23 June 2005 "In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped.""
  40. ↑ Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape" ISBN 0-449-90820-8, page 81
  41. ↑ Hamoodur Rahman Commission Archived 16 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Chapter 2 Archived 12 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Paragraphs 32,34
  42. ↑ "[Genocide/1971] Susan Brownmiller: Against Our Will – Men, Women and Rape". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  43. ↑ Browne, Malcolm W. (14 October 1971). "Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  44. ↑ Mamoon, Muntassir; (translation by Kushal Ibrahim) (June 2000). The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh (First ed.). Somoy Prokashon. p. 30. ISBN 978-984-458-210-1.
  45. ↑ Anthony Mascarenhas, Sunday Times, 13 June 1971
  46. ↑ "Genocide they wrote". The Daily Star. 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  47. ↑ "Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored?". Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW. 25 March 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  48. ↑ "1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History". Forbes. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  49. ↑ "New impartial evidence debunks 1971 rape allegations against groups working for Pakistan and also some members of the Pakistani Army". Daily Times. 2 July 2005.
  50. ↑ Woollacott, Martin (1 July 2011). "Dead Reckoning by Sarmila Bose – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  51. ↑ Khatun, Salma. "Sarmila Bose rewrites history". Drishtipat. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007.
  52. ↑ Joshi, Namrata (2 June 2014). "Children of War". Outlook. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2014.

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Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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