Islam in India: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Overview of the role of the Islam in India}}

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}

| population = {{Circa|'''172.2 million'''|lk=yes}}<ref name="2011census-Religion-pca"/> (14.2%) (2011 Census) {{increase}}

|region8    = [[Religion in Andhra Pradesh#Islam|Andhra Pradesh]]

* '''Traditional'''<br />{{Hlist| [[Arwi]], [[Arabi]]}}

|rels= Majority [[Sunni Islam]] and significant minority [[Shia Islam]]

Islam is India's [[India#Demographics, languages, and religion|second-largest religion]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/jammu-and-kashmir-the-view-from-india-29991|title=Jammu and Kashmir: The view from India|website=Jammu and Kashmir: The view from India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> with 14.2% of the country's population, approximately 172.2 million people identifying as adherents of [[Islam]] in 2011 Census.<ref name="2011census-Religion-pca">{{Cite web|title=Religion PCA – India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0000.xlsx|access-date=26 October 2021 |work=[[2011 Census of India]]}}<br />{{Cite web|title=Religion PCA |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html|access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> [[India]] is also the country with the second largest number of [[Muslims]] in the world.<ref name="pewresearch.org-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&q=what+percent+of+muslims+live+in+south+asia&pg=PA193 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415448512 |page=193}}</ref> The majority of India's Muslims are Sunni, with Shia making up 13% of the population.<ref name="USSD-IRFR" />

[[Islam]] spread in Indian communities along the Arab coastal trade routes in [[Gujarat]] and along the [[Malabar Coast]] shortly after the religion emerged in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Islam arrived in the inland of [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 7th century when the Arabs conquered [[Sindh]] and later arrived in [[North India]] in the 12th century via the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids conquest]] and has since become a part of India's [[Culture of India|religious and cultural heritage]]. The Barwada Mosque in [[Ghogha]], [[Gujarat]] built before 623 AD, [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] (629 AD) in [[Methala]], [[Kerala]] and [[Palaiya Jumma Palli]] (or The Old Jumma Masjid, 628–630 AD) in [[Kilakarai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] are three of [[List of mosques in India|the first mosques in India]] which were built by [[seafaring]] [[Arabs|Arab]] [[merchant]]s.<ref>Prof.Mehboob Desai,''Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam, Divy Bhasakar, Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan',24 May, page 4''</ref><ref>Kumar(Gujarati Magazine), Ahmadabad, July 2012, P 444</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat |date=6 November 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116041920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |archive-date=16 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-oldest-mosque-and-growing-irrelevance-of-muslim-vote-in-gujarat/articleshow/61985802.cms|title=India's oldest mosque and growing irrelevance of Muslim vote in Gujarat |date=8 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209035951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-oldest-mosque-and-growing-irrelevance-of-muslim-vote-in-gujarat/articleshow/61985802.cms |archive-date=9 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujaratexpert.com/blog/muslim-religious-places-in-gujarat/|title=Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat|last=Sharma|first=Indu|date=22 March 2018 |website=Gujarat Travel Blog|language=en |access-date=28 July 2019}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/911246496]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/911172027]] cite #23 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] in present-day [[Kerala]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632). On a similar note, [[Tamil Muslim]]s on the eastern coasts also claim that they converted to Islam in Muhammad's lifetime. The local mosques date to the early 700s.{{Sfn|Metcalf|2009|p=1}}

The vast majority of the Muslims in India belong to [[South Asian ethnic groups]]. However, some Indian Muslims were found with detectable, traceable, minor to some levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from the Middle East and Central Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Journal of Human Genetics |title=Diverse genetic origin of Indian Muslims: evidence from autosomal STR loci |journal=Nature |date=8 May 2009 |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=340–348 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2009.38 |pmid=19424286 |s2cid=153224 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="genestudy"/><ref name="Kashif-ul-Huda">{{cite web|author=Kashif-ul-Huda |url=http://www.radianceweekly.com/57/407/draught-of-character-in-the-high-ups/2007-05-06/science-amp-technology/story-detail/genetically-indianstory--of-indian-muslims.html |title=Genetically Indian: Story of Indian Muslims |publisher=Radiance Viewsweekly |date=6 May 2007 |access-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> However, they are found in very low levels.<ref name="Kashif-ul-Huda"/> Sources indicate that the castes among Muslims developed as the result of the concept of Kafa'a.<ref name="EoI">{{cite book |author-link=John Burton-Page |last1=Burton-Page |first1=John |url=http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-2884 |title=Hindū |work=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor1-first=Peri |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor2-first=Thierry |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor3-first=Clifford Edmund |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor4-first=Emeri Johannes |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor5-first=Wolfhart P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |publisher=Brill |date=2006 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960, p. 66</ref><ref name="Sikand">{{cite web |last=Singh Sikand |first=Yoginder |title=Caste in Indian Muslim Society |publisher=[[Hamdard University]] |url=http://stateless.freehosting.net/Caste%20in%20Indian%20Muslim%20Society.htm |access-date=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Those who are referred to as [[Ashraf]]s (see also [[Sharif]]) are presumed to have a superior status derived from their foreign [[Arabs|Arab]] ancestry,<ref name="pratap_caste">{{cite book| last = Aggarwal|first = Patrap|title = Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India|publisher=Manohar|year = 1978 }}</ref><ref name="zarina_social_strat">{{cite book

Many of these ulema also believed that it is best to marry within one own caste. The practice of endogamous marriage in one's caste is strictly observed in India.<ref name="dalitmuslims.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dalitmuslims.com/2008/08/caste-and-social-hierarchy-among-indian.html |title=Pasmanda Muslim Forum: Caste and Social Hierarchy Among Indian Muslims: M.A.Falahi (Interview) |publisher=Dalitmuslims.com |date=10 August 2008 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708221902/http://www.dalitmuslims.com/2008/08/caste-and-social-hierarchy-among-indian.html |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=kasai+caste&pg=PA942 |title=People of India: Maharashtra |via= Google Books |access-date=14 September 2010|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|year=2004|last1=Bhanu |first1=B. V. }}</ref> In two of the three genetic studies referenced here, in which is described that samples were taken from several regions of India's Muslim communities, it was again found that the Muslim population was overwhelmingly similar to the local non-Muslims associated, with some having minor but still detectable levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from Iran and Central Asia, rather than directly from the Arabian peninsula.<ref name="genestudy">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2009/10/the-mostly-south-asian-origins-of-indian-muslims/|title=The mostly South Asian origins of Indian Muslims|work=Gene Expression|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the [[Indian subcontinent]] since ancient times. Even in the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic era]], Arab traders used to visit the [[Konkan]]-[[Gujarat]] coast and [[Malabar Coast]], which linked them with the ports of [[Southeast Asia]]. Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam's first contact with India. Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'', that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 AD. H.G. Rawlinson in his book ''Ancient and Medieval History of India''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY3fPAAACAAJ |title=Ancient and Medieval History of India|last=Rawlinson|first=H. G.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=9788186050798 |language=en}}</ref> claims that the first [[Arab Muslims]] settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century AD. ([[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] "[[Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen]]" is also a reliable work.)<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 983-9154-80-X|title = Tuḥfat-al-mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century|year = 2006}}</ref> This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his ''Madras District Manuals''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNJnwEACAAJ |title=Madras District Manuals: South Canara|date=1894|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|language=en}}</ref> and by Haridas Bhattacharya in ''Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV''.<ref>{{ISBN|8187332050}} Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV</ref> It was with the advent of Islam that the Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world. Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jaihoon.com/456.htm|title=Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community {{!}} JAIHOON.COM|date=2009-11-03|work=JAIHOON.COM|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

According to popular tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to [[Lakshadweep]] islands, situated just to the west of [[Malabar Coast]], by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 AD. His grave is believed to be located on the island of [[Andrott]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|publisher=lakshadweep.nic.in|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514235511/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A few [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] (661–750 AD) coins were discovered from [[Kothamangalam]] in the eastern part of [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |author-link=Roland E. Miller |article=Mappila |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=VI |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1988 |pages=458–66}}</ref> According to [[Mappila|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, the [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]] at [[Mangalore]] is one of the oldest mosques in [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/zeenath-baksh-masjid/|title=Zeenath Baksh Masjid {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid Mangalore {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid History|date=2017-12-02|work=Karnataka.com|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] in present-day [[Kerala]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] was died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref>

The first Indian [[mosque]], [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], is thought to have been built in 629 AD by [[Malik Deenar]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cheraman-Juma-Masjid-A-1000-year-old-lamp-burns-in-this-mosque/articleshow/47486911.cms |title=Cheraman Juma Masjid: A 1,000-year-old lamp burns in this mosque|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> although some historians say the first mosque was in [[Gujarat]] in between 610 and 623 AD.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 November 2016 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> In [[Malabar region|Malabar]], the [[Mappila]]s may have been the first community to convert to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA506|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |last=West|first=Barbara A.|date=2010-05-19|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438119137|language=en}}</ref> Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and many other natives embraced Islam. According to legend, two travellers from India, Moulai [[Abdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary)|Abdullah]] (formerly known as Baalam Nath) and Maulai Nuruddin (Rupnath), went to the court of [[Imam]] [[Al-Mustansir Billah|Mustansir]] (427–487&nbsp;AH)/(1036-1094 AD) and were so impressed that they converted to Islam and came back to preach in India in 467&nbsp;AH/1073 AD. Moulai Ahmed was their companion. [[Abdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary)|Abadullah]] was the first [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra|Wali-ul-Hind]] (saint of India). He came across a married couple named Kaka Akela and Kaki Akela who became his first converts in the [[Taiyabi Ismaili|Taiyabi]] ([[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohra]]) community.

Many [[Sanskrit]] books were translated into Arabic as early as the 8th century. [[George Saliba]]in his book "Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance", writes that "some major Sanskrit texts began to be translated during the reign of the second [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[Caliphate|caliph]] [[al-Mansur]] (754–775), if not before; some texts on logic even before that, and it has been generally accepted that the Persian and Sanskrit texts, few as they were, were indeed the first to be translated."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Boc0JjGRPF0C|title=Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance|last=Saliba|first=George|date=2007|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262195577|pages=74|language=en}}</ref>

The advent of [[Muhammad]] (569–632 AD) changed the [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|idolatrous]] and easy-going Arabs into a nation unified by faith and fired with zeal to spread the gospel of Islam. The merchant seamen who brought dates year after year now brought a new faith with them. The new faith was well received by South India. Muslims were allowed to build mosques, intermarry with Indian women, and very soon an Indian-Arabian community came into being. Early in the 9th century, Muslim missionaries gained a notable convert in the person of the King of Malabar.<ref name="A history of the Sikhs-p20" />

According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh(currently province of Pakistan) and early partisans of Ali or proto-Shi'ites can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of Muhammad]], who traveled across Sind to [[Makran]] in the year 649 AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported [[Ali]], and died in the [[Battle of the Camel]] alongside Sindhi [[Jats]].<ref>M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).</ref> He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama.<ref>Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref>{{efn| Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi's poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib:<br />{{Blockquote|text=({{lang-ar|ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدة

During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam.<ref>Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "''The Shia Muslims''", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).</ref> Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day [[Quetta]]) in the year 658.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside [[Hujr ibn 'Adi|Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi]]<ref>Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, Brill, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> in 660 AD, near Damascus.

{{See also|Medieval India|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Indo-Persian culture|Delhi Sultanate|Mughal Empire|#Conversion controversy|l6=Conversion controversy}}

[[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], India. It was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in the 17th century, and represents [[Indo-Islamic architecture]].]]

[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|right|thumb|Muslim woman clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], in 18th-century [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Subah]].]]

 

[[Muhammad bin Qasim]] (672 AD) at the age of 17 was the first Muslim general to invade the Indian subcontinent, managing to reach [[Sindh]]. In the first half of the 8th century AD, a series of battles took place between the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and the Indian kingdoms; resulted in [[Umayyad campaigns in India]] checked and contained to Sindh.<ref name=Crawford>{{cite book |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |first=Peter |last=Crawford |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |location=Barnsley, Great Britain |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84884-612-8 |page=216}}</ref>{{efn|"India" in this page refers to the territory of present-day [[India]].}} Around the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic empire, the [[Ghaznavids]], under [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (971–1030 AD), was the second, much more ferocious invader, using [[courser (horse)|swift-horse]] cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains. Eventually, under the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]]s, the Muslim army broke into the North Indian Plains, which lead to the establishment of the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206 by the slaves of the Ghurid dynasty.<ref>{{citation|last=Ludden|first=D.|date=13 June 2002|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|publisher=[[One World Media|One World]]|isbn=978-1-85168-237-9|page=68}}</ref> The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. However, internal squabbling resulted in the decline of the sultanate, and new Muslim sultanates such as the [[Bengal Sultanate]] in the east and the [[Deccan sultanates]] in the southern territory breaking off.<ref>Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998, {{ISBN|0-415-15482-0}}, pp 187–190</ref> In 1339, [[Shah Mir]] became the first [[Muslim]] ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the ''Salatin-i-Kashmir'' or [[Shah Mir dynasty]].<ref name=imp-gazet-history>''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15''. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.</ref>

The partition included the geographical [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|division of the Bengal province]] into [[East Bengal]], which became part of Pakistan (from 1956, [[East Pakistan]]). [[West Bengal]] became part of India, and a similar partition of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] became [[West Punjab]] (later the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]) and [[East Punjab]] (later the [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], as well as [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]).  The partition agreement also included the division of Indian government assets, including the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], the [[Royal Indian Navy (1612–1950)|Royal Indian Navy]], the [[History of rail transport in India|Indian railways]] and the central treasury, and other administrative services.

With around 204&nbsp;million Muslims (2019 estimate), India's Muslim population is about the [[Islam by country|world's third-largest]]<ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21>{{citation |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/08/30/2288000/0/en/MRHB-DeFi-and-Coinsbit-India-Partner-to-Bring-Halal-Crypto-to-India-s-200-Million-Muslims.html |title=MRHB DeFi and Coinsbit India Partner to Bring Halal Crypto to India's 200 Million Muslims |date=29 August 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |work=[[GlobeNewswire]] |agency=MRHB DeFi}}</ref><ref name="MuslimPopulation2020" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bangladesh-wants-indias-entry-in-oic-as-observer/articleshow/64044678.cms |title=Make India observer in forum of Islamic nations: Bangladesh |date=6 May 2018 |first1=Indrani |last1= Bagchi |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the world's largest Muslim-minority population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Muslims-of-India.html|title=Muslims of India – World Directory of Minorities|website=faqs.org|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> India is home to 10.9% of the world's Muslim population.<ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21/><ref name="pewforum-17Nov17">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/chart/interactive-data-table-world-muslim-population-by-country/|title=World Muslim Population by Country|date=17 November 2017|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> According to Pew Research Center, there can be 213 million Muslims in 2020, India's 15.5% population.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Indian Muslim have a fertility rate of 2.36, the highest in the nation as per as according to year 2019-21 estimation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/total-fertility-rate-down-across-all-communities/articleshow/91407169.cms | title=Total fertility rate down across all communities &#124; India News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

===Population by states===

Muslims in India have a much higher [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) compared to that of other religious communities in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/fertility-rate-indian-muslim-women-beat-others.html|title=Fertility rate: Indian Muslim women beat others|last=Pioneer|first=The|work=The Pioneer|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en}}</ref> Because of higher birthrates the percentage of Muslims in India has risen from about 9.8% in 1951 to 14.2% by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/09/21/population-growth-and-religious-composition/ |title = Population growth and religious composition in India {{!}} Pew Research Center|date = 21 September 2021}}</ref> However, since 1991, the largest decline in fertility rates among all religious groups in India has occurred among Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2009/karimpolicyseminar.aspx|title=Changes in Fertility Rates Among Muslims in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|website=prb.org|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> The [[Sachar Committee|Sachar Committee Report]] shows that the Muslim Population Growth has slowed down and will be on par with national averages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-population-may-decline-Sachar-report/articleshow/672785.cms|title=Muslim population may decline: Sachar report|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> The Sachar Committee Report estimated that the Muslim proportion will stabilise at between 17% and 21% of the Indian population by 2100.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/705283/five-charts-that-puncture-the-bogey-of-muslim-population-growth |title=Five charts that puncture the bogey of Muslim population growth |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=8 April 2015 |access-date=28 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>

  |isbn = 978-81-261-1427-6  }}</ref> The same survey also pointed out that percentage of couples actively using family planning measures was more than 49% among Hindus against 37% among Muslims.

 

 

|+ ''Number of Muslims residing in India as an estimation research of (2014-21)''

! Year of claimed

| Claimed by AIMIM leader [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://twocircles.net/2013aug18/through_my_speeches_i_made_country_sense_presence_25_crore_indian_muslims_akabruddin_owais |title = Through my speeches I made country sense the presence of 25 crore Indian Muslims: Akabruddin Owaisi |work=[[Two Circles]] |date =18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821041018/http://twocircles.net/2013aug18/through_my_speeches_i_made_country_sense_presence_25_crore_indian_muslims_akabruddin_owais |archive-date=21 August 2013}}</ref>

| Claimed by [[Zakir Naik]]<ref name=theweek.in-22Aug20>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/22/indian-muslims-should-form-exclusive-party-consider-moving-to-kerala-zakir-naik.html |title=Indian Muslims should form exclusive party, consider moving to Kerala: Zakir Naik |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

| Claimed by Congress MLA  [[Arif Masood]]<ref name="indiatoday.in-20Jul21">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/population-control-madhya-pradesh-child-birth-1830422-2021-07-20 |title=Chorus for 'hum do humare do' grows in MP, but over 80 MLAs have more than 3 kids |date=20 July 2021 |first1=Hemender |last1=Sharma |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

 

As per the 2011 census of India, it was found that 172.2 million Muslims were living in India as its citizens, constituting 14.2% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bjp-leaders-cite-growing-muslim-population-as-threat-to-india-facts-dont-back-their-claims-4303403.html |title=BJP leaders cite growing Muslim population as threat to India; facts don't back their claims |agency=IndiaSpend |work= [[Firstpost]] |date=15 January 2018}}</ref> As per as recent estimation of year (2020) Indian religious demography by Pew research center, it has been found that 213.34 million Muslims are living in India constituting 15.4% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/india#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|title = Religion in India &#124; Indian Religious Information &#124; PEW-GRF}}</ref> But however, at a same time, many individuals and experts have said that the Muslim population in India is more than the expected census results, leading to a heated debate and controversies as their claim of being that estimation as truth is still not known today.

As per as [[Zakir Naik]], an Islamic preacher, he claimed that India has over 250-300 million Muslims. He also told that the government of India suppress real Muslim population.<ref name=theweek.in-22Aug20/> As per as author Shakir Lakhani, there should be at least 90 million Indian Muslims who have not been registered by the Indian authorities during last census. He have also said that there should have been about 262 million Muslims in 2011 census, instead of 172.2 million as reported by census authority earlier.<ref name=tribune.com.pk-26Oct17/> On 2021, Congress MLA from Bhopal Arif Masood have also said, "The country’s population is over 130 crores and the Muslim population stands at around 25 crores."<ref name="indiatoday.in-20Jul21"/>

 

[[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] are a large minority among [[India]]'s Muslims forming about 13% of the total Muslim population.<ref name="USSD-IRFR" /> However, there has been no particular census conducted in India regarding sects, but Indian sources like [[Times of India]] and [[Daily News and Analysis]] reported Indian Shia population in mid 2005–2006 to be up to 25% of the entire Muslim population of India which accounts them in numbers between 40,000,000<ref name="TOI-20061106" /><ref name="TOI-20061106b">{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Only-a-few-people-have-right-to-issue-fatwas/articleshow/334751.cms |title=Only a few people have right to issue fatwas |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=17 July 2010 }}</ref> to 50,000,000<ref name="DNA-20061106">{{cite news |url= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_talaq-rights-proposed-for-shia-women_1062327 |title=Talaq rights proposed for Shia women | work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 November 2006| access-date=2010-06-21}}</ref> of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://twocircles.net/2009oct08/india_third_global_muslim_population_1_57_bn.html|title= India Third in Global Muslim Population|date= 8 October 2009| publisher=[[Twocircles.net]] |access-date=2010-07-03}}</ref> However, as per an estimation of one reputed Shia NGO Alimaan Trust, India's Shia population in early 2000 was around 30&nbsp;million with [[Sayyid]]s comprising just a tenth of the Shia population.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.alimaan.org/whyindia.html |title= Why India |publisher=Alimaan Charitable Trust |access-date=3 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616134238/http://www.alimaan.org/whyindia.html |archive-date=16 June 2010}}</ref> According to some national and international sources Indian Shia population is the world's second-largest after [[Iran]].<ref name="IDSA-20081205">{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Meena Singh |url=http://www.idsa.in/event/india-iranrelations_meenasinghroy_051208 |title=India – Iran relations: Converging Interests or Drifting Equations |publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=2010-08-21}}</ref><ref name="Trib-20090725">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090725/edit.htm#4 |title=Obama's Overtures |last=Puri |first=Balraj |date=25 July 2009 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=29 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Boloji-20070626">{{cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0360.htm |last=Singh |first=K. Gajendra |title=Imperialism and Divide & Rule Policy |website=boloji.com |date=26 June 2007 |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122084607/https://www.boloji.com/opinion/0360.htm |archive-date=22 November 2007 }}</ref><ref name="IE-20080421">{{cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ahmadinejad-on-way-nsa-says-india-to-be-impacted-if-iran-wronged-by-others/299498/ |title=Ahmadinejad on way, NSA says India to be impacted if Iran 'wronged by others' |date=21 April 2008 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=21 July 2010 }}</ref><ref name="TOI-20091110">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-10/india/28070350_1_jundallah-iran-pakistan-india-sistan-balochistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070948/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-10/india/28070350_1_jundallah-iran-pakistan-india-sistan-balochistan |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=India, Iran to make common cause over terror from Pak |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 July 2010 |first1=Sachin |last1=Parashar |date=10 November 2009 }}</ref><ref name="TOI-20090201">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-01/special-report/28005869_1_india-and-iran-india-iran-south-pars |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-01/special-report/28005869_1_india-and-iran-india-iran-south-pars |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Aspiring powers and a new old friendship |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 July 2010 |first1=Ramin |last1=Jahanbegloo |date=1 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="BBC-20040902">{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/3605950.stm |title= India's Polite Refusal| work=BBC News |date=2 September 2004 |access-date=2010-07-01 |first=Vinod |last=Mehta}}</ref>

The Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889 by [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] of [[Qadian]]. He claimed to be the promised messiah and [[mahdi]] awaited by the Muslims and obtained a considerable number of followers initially within the United Provinces, the [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512 |title=H.H. Risley and E.A. Gait, (1903), Report of the Census of India, 1901, Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, p. 373 |publisher=Chinese Heritage of the Australian Federation Project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205180023/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512 |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> Ahmadis claim the Ahmadiyya movement to embody the latter day revival of Islam and the movement has also been seen to have emerged as an Islamic religious response to the Christian and [[Arya Samaj]] missionary activity that was widespread in 19th century India. After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his [[Khalifatul Masih|successors]] directed the Ahmadiyya Community from Qadian which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the creation of [[Pakistan]]. The movement has grown in organisational strength and in its own missionary programme and has expanded to over 200 countries as of 2014 but has received a largely negative response from mainstream Muslims who see it as heretical, due mainly to Ghulam Ahmad's claim to be a prophet within Islam.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8711026.stm |title=Who are the Ahmadi? |work=BBC news |date=28 May 2010}}</ref>

==Society==

==Culture==

===Indo-Islamic art and architecture===

==Law, Politics, and Government==

===Ghettoisation of Muslim areas===

[[Ghetto]]isation among Indian Muslims began in the mid-1970s when the first [[Religious violence in India|communal riots]] occurred. This was heightened after the [[1989 Bhagalpur violence]] in Bihar and became a trend after the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in 1992. Soon several major cities developed [[ghetto]]s, or segregated areas, where the Muslim population moved into.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/subverse/Pariahs-in-our-own-home/articleshow/4436167.cms |title=Pariahs in our own home |work=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Ather |last1=Farouqui |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> This trend, however, did not help with the anticipated security the anonymity of ghetto was thought to have provided. During the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], several such ghettos became easy targets for the rioting mobs, as they enabled the profiling of residential colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banu|first=Musarrath|title=The Ghettoisation of Muslims in Bengaluru: Its Socio-Cultural and Economic Impact|url=https://www.academia.edu/6244911|website=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=COJRDb5RyJUC&pg=PA119&dq=Ghettoisation+of+Indian+muslims&as_brr=0#PPA119,M1 Post Gujarat Riots] ''Crisis and contention in Indian society'', by T. K. Oommen.  Sage, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7619-3359-X}}. p. 119.</ref><ref>''Human Development and Social Power: Perspectives from South Asia'', by Ananya Mukherjee Reed. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2008. {{ISBN|0-415-77552-3}}. p. 149.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2030055.stm |title=India's Muslims feel backlash|date=6 June 2002 |publisher=BBC |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> This kind of ghettoisation can be seen in [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] and many cities of [[Gujarat]] where a clear socio-cultural demarcation exists between Hindu-dominated and Muslim-dominated neighbourhoods.

In places like [[Gujarat]], riots and alienation of Muslims have led to large-scale ghettoisation of the community. For example, the [[Juhapura]] area of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmadabad]] has swelled from 250,000 to 650,000 residents since 2002 riots. Muslims in Gujarat have no option but to head to a ghetto, irrespective of their economic and professional status.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/worlds-apart-in-a-divided-city/article5278661.ece |title=Worlds apart in a divided city |work=[[The Hindu]] |first1=Darshan |last1=Desai |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

 

An increase in [[ghetto]] living has also shown a strengthening of [[Stereotype|stereotyping]] due to a lack of cross-cultural interaction, and reduction in economic and educational opportunities at large. [[Secularism in India]] is being seen by some as a favour to the Muslims, and not an imperative for democracy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-indias-largest-muslim-ghetto/article7330090.ece |title=In India's largest Muslim ghetto |work=[[The Hindu]] |first1=Basharat |last1=Peer |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30204806|title=Why segregated housing is thriving in India|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=10 December 2014 |work=BBC News|access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-price-of-exclusion/article3232925.ece |title=The price of exclusion |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 December 2006 |access-date=29 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>

 

The [[National Family Health Survey|NFHS]](National Family Health Survey) on 1992-93 showed that 22 per cent of marriages in India were consanguineous, with the highest per cent recorded in J&K, which is a Muslim majority state. Post partition percentage of [[Consanguineous marriages|consanguineous]] marriages in Delhi Sunni Muslims has risen  to 37.84 per cent. As per Nasir, such unions are perceived to be exploitative as they perpetuate the existing power structures within the family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jairath |first=Vinod K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sffCgAAQBAJ |title=Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India |date=2013-04-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19680-5 |pages=93–95 |language=en}}</ref>

 

India has seen three Muslim presidents and many [[Chief Minister (India)|chief ministers]] of State Governments have been Muslims. Apart from that, there are and have been many Muslim ministers, both at the Centre and at the state level.

The government of India subsidises the cost of the airfare for [[Hajj]] pilgrims. All pilgrims travel on [[Air India]]. <!-- Dubious assertion commented out: but from 2011 pilgrims fly on planes operated by [[Hellenic International Airways]].<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Daniel P|title=Haj may cost less; new airline to carry pilgrims |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/chennai/29669335_1_haj-pilgrims-flight-tickets-and-accommodation-airline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108175024/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/chennai/29669335_1_haj-pilgrims-flight-tickets-and-accommodation-airline |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=14 July 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2011}}</ref>--> In compliance with [[Supreme Court of India]] and Allahabad High Court directions, the Government of India has proposed that, starting from 2011, the amount of government subsidy per person will be decreased and by 2017 will be ended completely.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Abolish-Haj-subsidy-in-10-years-Supreme-Court/articleshow/13058161.cms |title=Abolish Haj subsidy in 10 years: Supreme Court |work=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Dhananjay |last1=Mahapatra |date=9 December 2012 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ranjan|first=Amitav|title=Haj subsidy cuts start soon|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/haj-subsidy-cuts-start-soon/696844/|access-date=14 July 2011|newspaper=The India Express|date=13 October 2010}}</ref> Maulana Mahmood A. Madani, a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and general secretary of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], declared that the Hajj subsidy is a technical violation of Islamic [[Sharia]], since the [[Quran]] declares that Hajj should be performed by Muslims using their own resources.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/haj-subsidy-unislamic-use-that-money-on-our-education-health/16740/ |title='Haj subsidy unIslamic, use that money on our education, health' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 November 2006 |first1=Ruchika |last1=Talwar |access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> Influential Muslim lobbies in India have regularly insisted that the Hajj subsidy should be phased out as it is un-Islamic.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Muslim-leaders-back-cutting-Haj-subsidy/Article1-529806.aspx |title=Muslim leaders back cutting Haj subsidy |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 April 2010 |first1=Zia |last1=Haq |access-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121122532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Muslim-leaders-back-cutting-Haj-subsidy/Article1-529806.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>

 

 

Muslim invaders were not all simply raiders. Later rulers fought on to win kingdoms and stayed to create new ruling dynasties. The practices of these new rulers and their subsequent heirs (some of whom were born to Hindu wives) varied considerably. While some were uniformly hated, others developed a popular following. According to the memoirs of [[Ibn Battuta]] who travelled through [[Delhi]] in the 14th century, one of the previous sultans had been especially brutal and was deeply hated by Delhi's population. Batuta's memoirs also indicate that Muslims from the Arab world, [[Greater Iran|Persia]] and [[Anatolia]] were often favoured with important posts at the royal courts, suggesting that locals may have played a somewhat subordinate role in the Delhi administration. The term "Turk" was commonly used to refer to their higher social status. S.A.A. Rizvi (''The Wonder That Was India – II'') however points to [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] as not only encouraging locals but promoting artisan groups such as cooks, barbers and gardeners to high administrative posts. In his reign, it is likely that conversions to Islam took place as a means of seeking greater social mobility and improved social standing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://india_resource.tripod.com/islam.html |title=Islam and the sub-continent – appraising its impact |access-date=27 November 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209030754/india_resource.tripod.com/islam.html |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{See also|Persecution of Muslims|Persecution of Hindus#During Islamic rule of the Indian sub-continent|Religious violence in India|Anti-Muslim violence in India}}

{{See also|Chhōtā Ghallūghārā}}

Some of the most popular and influential as well as critically acclaimed actors and actresses of the Indian film industry are Muslims. These include [[Dilip Kumar|Yusuf Khan]] (stage name Dilip Kumar),<ref>Tanuja Chandra (3 March 2004) [http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/celebcolumns/fullstory.php?id=13418077 Dilip Kumar: Silent Revolutionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040428030606/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/celebcolumns/fullstory.php?id=13418077 |date=28 April 2004 }} Sify Movies. Retrieved 30 March 2009.</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]],<ref>Zubair Ahmed (23 September 2005) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4274774.stm Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan?] BBC News Retrieved on 30 March 2009.</ref> [[Aamir Khan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6383.html |title=Aamir speaks out on alienation as a Muslim |work=IndiaGlitz |date=5 August 2005 |access-date=30 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130191313/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6383.html |archive-date=30 November 2005}}</ref> [[Saif Ali Khan]],<ref name=sak>{{cite news |first1=Deepa |last1=Gahlot |date=July 1998 |url=http://www.sabrang.com/cc/comold/august98/saif.htm |title='Religion played a major role in my upbringing' |work=Communalism Combat |publisher=[[Sabrang Communications]] |access-date=3 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-21/news-interviews/27923991_1_saif-muslim-societies |first1=Subhash K |last1=Jha |date=21 August 2008 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509215025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-21/news-interviews/27923991_1_saif-muslim-societies |title='I went to a Muslim builder,' says Saif |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 March 2009}}</ref> [[Madhubala]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.topnews.in/interesting-facts-and-figures-madhubala-2140744 |title=Interesting Facts and Figures : Madhubala |work=TopNews (India) |first1=Mohit |last1=Joshi |date=17 March 2009 |access-date=30 March 2009}}</ref> [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]],<ref>PTI (24 April 2017) [http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/04/24/watch-nawazuddin-siddiqui-explains-that-he-isnt-just-a-muslim_a_22052880/ Watch: Nawazuddin Siddiqui Explains That He Isn't Just A Muslim, But A Bit Of All Religions] ''HuffPost''. Retrieved 24 April 2017.</ref> [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Shabana Azmi]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130509215016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-17/india/27919758_1_indian-democracy-shabana-azmi-muslims Indian democracy unfair to Muslims: Shabana Azmi] ''The Times of India''. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2009.</ref> [[Waheeda Rehman]],<ref>[http://www.bollywood501.com/classic_f/waheeda_rehman/ Waheeda Rehman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905115303/http://www.bollywood501.com/classic_f/waheeda_rehman/ |date=5 September 2010 }} Bollywood501. Retrieved 4 March 2009.</ref> [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Mammootty]], [[Nargis]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Farooq Sheikh]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]].

[[Sania Mirza]], from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], is the highest-ranked Indian woman tennis player. Prominent Muslim names in Indian [[cricket]] (the most popular sport of India) include [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]] and [[Mohammad Azharuddin]], who captained the Indian cricket team on various occasions. Other famous Muslim cricketers in India are [[Mushtaq Ali]], [[Syed Kirmani]], [[Arshad Ayub]], [[Mohammad Kaif]], [[Munaf Patel]], [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Yusuf Pathan]] and [[Wasim Jaffer]].

[[File:Azimpremji.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Azim Premji]], CEO of India's 3rd largest IT company [[Wipro Technologies]] and the 5th richest man in India with an estimated fortune of US$17.1&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/11/14/billionaires-walton-buffett-biz-cz_ah_1114frugalbillies.html|title=The Frugal Billionaires|author=Asher Hawkins|date=14 November 2007|work=Forbes|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>]]

[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]], one of India's most respected scientists and the father of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP) of India, was honoured through his appointment as the 11th [[President of India]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Abdulkalam/Abdulkalam.htm |title=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309080244/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Abdulkalam/Abdulkalam.htm |date= 9 March 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2007 |work=Vigyan Prasar Science Portal}}</ref> His extensive contribution to India's defence industry lead him to being nicknamed as the ''Missile Man of India''<ref>R. K. Pruthi.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC&pg=PA61&dq=%22Abdul+Kalam%22+%22missile+man%22&ei=uqziSKuQMIScswOT2KHeDg&sig=ACfU3U2i12OOsXcnaYcA4pzz7lf9jA3umA#PPA61,M1 ''President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.''] Anmol Publications, 2002. {{ISBN|978-81-261-1344-6}}; Ch. 4. Missile Man of Idia. pp. 61–76</ref> and during his tenure as the President of India, he was affectionately known as ''People's President''. [[Syed Zahoor Qasim]], former Director of the [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]], led India's first scientific expedition to [[Antarctica]] and played a crucial role in the establishment of [[Dakshin Gangotri]]. He was also the former Vice Chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], Secretary of the Department of Ocean Development and the founder of Polar Research in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archives.nic.in/techfocus/doc3/int.htm |title=Interview: Dr SZ Qasim |access-date=15 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916052340/http://archives.nic.in/techfocus/doc3/int.htm |archive-date=16 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other prominent Muslim scientists and engineers include C. M. Habibullah, a stem cell scientist and director of [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]] and Center for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090228/dplus.htm#3 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |title=Hope hangs on stem cell therapy |date=27 February 2009 |first1=Neena |last1=Sharma |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> In the field of [[Yunani medicine]], one can name [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], Hakim Abdul Hameed and [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]]. [[Salim Ali]], was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist, also known as the "birdman of India".

In the list of most influential Muslims list by [[Georgetown University]], there were 21 Indians (in 2017) like [[Mahmood Madani|Maulana Mahmood Madani]], [[Akhtar Raza Khan]], [[Zakir Abdul Karim Naik]], [[Wahiduddin Khan]], Abul Qasim Nomani Syed Muhammad [[Ameen Mian Qaudri]], Amir Khan and Aboobacker Ahmad Musliyar. [[Mahmood Madani]], leader of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and MP was ranked at 36 for initiating a movement against terrorism in South Asia.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bhaskar Roy, TNN|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-12/india/28109876_1_islamic-terror-muslims-maulana-mahmood-madani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512000003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-12/india/28109876_1_islamic-terror-muslims-maulana-mahmood-madani |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2013 |title=Kalam, Shah Rukh in most influential Muslims list |date=12 December 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> Syed Ameen Mian has been ranked 44th in the list.

* [[Mappila]]

* [[Destruction of Kashmiri Shias]]

* Mohamed Taher. ''Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion, Philosophy, History, & Social Aspects''. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1993. {{ISBN|81-7041-620-5|}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KRVd8384LyMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Muslims+in+India&lr=&as_brr=0 Excerpts]