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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox religious group | {{Infobox religious group | ||
| group = Indian Muslims<br /> | | group = Indian Muslims<br />{{Nq|ہندوستانی مسلمان}} | ||
| population = {{Circa|'''172.2 million'''|lk=yes}}<ref name="2011census-Religion-pca"/> (14.2%) (2011 Census) {{increase}} | | population = {{Circa|'''172.2 million'''|lk=yes}}<ref name="2011census-Religion-pca"/> (14.2%) (2011 Census) {{increase}} | ||
| image = Islam In India By Population.png | | image = Islam In India By Population.png | ||
| image_size = | | image_size = | ||
| image_alt = Map of India showing the number of | | image_alt = Map of India showing the number of Muslims in each state according to the 2011 Indian census | ||
| image_caption = | | image_caption = | ||
|region1 = [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] | |region1 = [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] | ||
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'''Liturgical'''<br>{{Hlist| [[Quranic Arabic]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Al-Jallad |first=Ahmad |title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic |date= 30 May 2011|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004177024 |doi=10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_000030}}</ref>}} | '''Liturgical'''<br>{{Hlist| [[Quranic Arabic]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Al-Jallad |first=Ahmad |title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic |date= 30 May 2011|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004177024 |doi=10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_000030}}</ref>}} | ||
*'''Common'''<br />{{Hlist| [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why the 30% Muslim vote share is crucial in Bengal, explains Robin Roy|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/why-the-30-muslim-vote-share-is-crucial-in-bengal-explains-robin-roy|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref> [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani]], [[Nawayathi dialect|Nawayathi]], [[Beary language|Beary]], [[Malvani Konkani]], [[Meitei language|Pangon]], and other [[languages of India]]}} | *'''Common'''<br />{{Hlist| [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why the 30% Muslim vote share is crucial in Bengal, explains Robin Roy|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/why-the-30-muslim-vote-share-is-crucial-in-bengal-explains-robin-roy|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref> [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani]], [[Nawayathi dialect|Nawayathi]], [[Beary language|Beary]], [[Malvani Konkani]], [[Meitei language|Pangon]], and other [[languages of India]]}} | ||
* '''Traditional'''<br />{{Hlist| [[Arwi]], [[Arabi | * '''Traditional'''<br />{{Hlist| [[Arwi]], [[Arabi]]}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
|rels= Majority [[Sunni Islam]] and significant minority [[Shia Islam]] | |rels= Majority [[Sunni Islam]] and significant minority [[Shia Islam]] | ||
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{{Islam in India}} | {{Islam in India}} | ||
{{Islam by country}} | {{Islam by country}} | ||
Islam is India's [[India#Demographics, languages, and religion|second-largest religion]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/jammu-and-kashmir-the-view-from-india-29991|title=Jammu and Kashmir: The view from India|website=Jammu and Kashmir: The view from India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> with 14.2% of the country's population, approximately 172.2 million people identifying as adherents of [[Islam]] in 2011 Census.<ref name="2011census-Religion-pca">{{Cite web|title=Religion PCA – India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0000.xlsx|access-date=26 October 2021 |work=[[2011 Census of India]]}}<br />{{Cite web|title=Religion PCA |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html|access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> [[India]] is also the country with the second largest number of [[Muslims]] in the world.<ref name="pewresearch.org-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&q=what+percent+of+muslims+live+in+south+asia&pg=PA193 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415448512 |page=193}}</ref> The majority of India's Muslims are Sunni, with Shia making up 13% of the population.<ref name="USSD-IRFR" /> | |||
[[Islam]] spread in Indian communities along the Arab coastal trade routes in [[Gujarat]] and along the [[Malabar Coast]] shortly after the religion emerged in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Islam arrived in the inland of [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 7th century when the Arabs conquered [[Sindh]] and later arrived in [[North India]] in the 12th century via the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids conquest]] and has since become a part of India's [[Culture of India|religious and cultural heritage]]. The Barwada Mosque in [[Ghogha]], [[Gujarat]] built before 623 | [[Islam]] spread in Indian communities along the Arab coastal trade routes in [[Gujarat]] and along the [[Malabar Coast]] shortly after the religion emerged in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Islam arrived in the inland of [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 7th century when the Arabs conquered [[Sindh]] and later arrived in [[North India]] in the 12th century via the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids conquest]] and has since become a part of India's [[Culture of India|religious and cultural heritage]]. The Barwada Mosque in [[Ghogha]], [[Gujarat]] built before 623 AD, [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] (629 AD) in [[Methala]], [[Kerala]] and [[Palaiya Jumma Palli]] (or The Old Jumma Masjid, 628–630 AD) in [[Kilakarai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] are three of [[List of mosques in India|the first mosques in India]] which were built by [[seafaring]] [[Arabs|Arab]] [[merchant]]s.<ref>Prof.Mehboob Desai,''Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam, Divy Bhasakar, Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan',24 May, page 4''</ref><ref>Kumar(Gujarati Magazine), Ahmadabad, July 2012, P 444</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat |date=6 November 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116041920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |archive-date=16 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-oldest-mosque-and-growing-irrelevance-of-muslim-vote-in-gujarat/articleshow/61985802.cms|title=India's oldest mosque and growing irrelevance of Muslim vote in Gujarat |date=8 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209035951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-oldest-mosque-and-growing-irrelevance-of-muslim-vote-in-gujarat/articleshow/61985802.cms |archive-date=9 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujaratexpert.com/blog/muslim-religious-places-in-gujarat/|title=Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat|last=Sharma|first=Indu|date=22 March 2018 |website=Gujarat Travel Blog|language=en |access-date=28 July 2019}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/911246496]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/911172027]] cite #23 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] in present-day [[Kerala]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632). On a similar note, [[Tamil Muslim]]s on the eastern coasts also claim that they converted to Islam in Muhammad's lifetime. The local mosques date to the early 700s.{{Sfn|Metcalf|2009|p=1}} | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]] | [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]] | ||
[[File:Cheraman jumamasjid.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Cheraman Juma Masjid|Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid]] on the Malabar Coast, probably the first Mosque in India.]] | [[File:Cheraman jumamasjid.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Cheraman Juma Masjid|Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid]] on the Malabar Coast, probably the first Mosque in India.]] | ||
Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the [[Indian subcontinent]] since ancient times. Even in the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic era]], Arab traders used to visit the [[Konkan]]-[[Gujarat]] coast and [[Malabar Coast]], which linked them with the ports of [[Southeast Asia]]. Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam's first contact with India. Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'', that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 | Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the [[Indian subcontinent]] since ancient times. Even in the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic era]], Arab traders used to visit the [[Konkan]]-[[Gujarat]] coast and [[Malabar Coast]], which linked them with the ports of [[Southeast Asia]]. Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam's first contact with India. Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'', that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 AD. H.G. Rawlinson in his book ''Ancient and Medieval History of India''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY3fPAAACAAJ |title=Ancient and Medieval History of India|last=Rawlinson|first=H. G.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=9788186050798 |language=en}}</ref> claims that the first [[Arab Muslims]] settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century AD. ([[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] "[[Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen]]" is also a reliable work.)<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 983-9154-80-X|title = Tuḥfat-al-mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century|year = 2006}}</ref> This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his ''Madras District Manuals''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNJnwEACAAJ |title=Madras District Manuals: South Canara|date=1894|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|language=en}}</ref> and by Haridas Bhattacharya in ''Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV''.<ref>{{ISBN|8187332050}} Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV</ref> It was with the advent of Islam that the Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world. Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jaihoon.com/456.htm|title=Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community {{!}} JAIHOON.COM|date=2009-11-03|work=JAIHOON.COM|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
According to popular tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to [[Lakshadweep]] islands, situated just to the west of [[Malabar Coast]], by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 | According to popular tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to [[Lakshadweep]] islands, situated just to the west of [[Malabar Coast]], by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 AD. His grave is believed to be located on the island of [[Andrott]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|publisher=lakshadweep.nic.in|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514235511/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A few [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] (661–750 AD) coins were discovered from [[Kothamangalam]] in the eastern part of [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |author-link=Roland E. Miller |article=Mappila |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=VI |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1988 |pages=458–66}}</ref> According to [[Mappila|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, the [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]] at [[Mangalore]] is one of the oldest mosques in [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/zeenath-baksh-masjid/|title=Zeenath Baksh Masjid {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid Mangalore {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid History|date=2017-12-02|work=Karnataka.com|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] in present-day [[Kerala]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] was died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> | ||
The first Indian [[mosque]], [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], is thought to have been built in 629 | The first Indian [[mosque]], [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], is thought to have been built in 629 AD by [[Malik Deenar]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cheraman-Juma-Masjid-A-1000-year-old-lamp-burns-in-this-mosque/articleshow/47486911.cms |title=Cheraman Juma Masjid: A 1,000-year-old lamp burns in this mosque|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> although some historians say the first mosque was in [[Gujarat]] in between 610 and 623 AD.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 November 2016 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> In [[Malabar region|Malabar]], the [[Mappila]]s may have been the first community to convert to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA506|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |last=West|first=Barbara A.|date=2010-05-19|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438119137|language=en}}</ref> Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and many other natives embraced Islam. According to legend, two travellers from India, Moulai [[Abdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary)|Abdullah]] (formerly known as Baalam Nath) and Maulai Nuruddin (Rupnath), went to the court of [[Imam]] [[Al-Mustansir Billah|Mustansir]] (427–487 AH)/(1036-1094 AD) and were so impressed that they converted to Islam and came back to preach in India in 467 AH/1073 AD. Moulai Ahmed was their companion. [[Abdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary)|Abadullah]] was the first [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra|Wali-ul-Hind]] (saint of India). He came across a married couple named Kaka Akela and Kaki Akela who became his first converts in the [[Taiyabi Ismaili|Taiyabi]] ([[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohra]]) community. | ||
===Arab–Indian interactions=== | ===Arab–Indian interactions=== | ||
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Commercial intercourse between Arabia and India had gone on from time immemorial, with for example the sale of dates and aromatic herbs by Arabs traders who came to Indian shores every spring with the advent of the [[monsoon]] breeze. People living on the western coast of India were as familiar with the annual coming of Arab traders as they were with the flocks of monsoon birds; they were as ancient a phenomenon as the monsoon itself. However, whereas monsoon birds flew back to Africa after a sojourn of few months, not all traders returned to their homes in the desert; many married Indian women and settled in India.<ref name="A history of the Sikhs-p20">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nsGAQAAIAAJ|title=A history of the Sikhs|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=1963|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=20|language=en}}</ref> | Commercial intercourse between Arabia and India had gone on from time immemorial, with for example the sale of dates and aromatic herbs by Arabs traders who came to Indian shores every spring with the advent of the [[monsoon]] breeze. People living on the western coast of India were as familiar with the annual coming of Arab traders as they were with the flocks of monsoon birds; they were as ancient a phenomenon as the monsoon itself. However, whereas monsoon birds flew back to Africa after a sojourn of few months, not all traders returned to their homes in the desert; many married Indian women and settled in India.<ref name="A history of the Sikhs-p20">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nsGAQAAIAAJ|title=A history of the Sikhs|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=1963|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=20|language=en}}</ref> | ||
The advent of [[Muhammad]] (569–632 | The advent of [[Muhammad]] (569–632 AD) changed the [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|idolatrous]] and easy-going Arabs into a nation unified by faith and fired with zeal to spread the gospel of Islam. The merchant seamen who brought dates year after year now brought a new faith with them. The new faith was well received by South India. Muslims were allowed to build mosques, intermarry with Indian women, and very soon an Indian-Arabian community came into being. Early in the 9th century, Muslim missionaries gained a notable convert in the person of the King of Malabar.<ref name="A history of the Sikhs-p20" /> | ||
According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh(currently province of Pakistan) and early partisans of Ali or proto-Shi'ites can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of Muhammad]], who traveled across Sind to [[Makran]] in the year | According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh(currently province of Pakistan) and early partisans of Ali or proto-Shi'ites can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of Muhammad]], who traveled across Sind to [[Makran]] in the year 649 AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported [[Ali]], and died in the [[Battle of the Camel]] alongside Sindhi [[Jats]].<ref>M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).</ref> He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama.<ref>Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref>{{efn| Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi's poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib:<br />{{Blockquote|text=({{lang-ar|ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدة | ||
ان الرزيه فقد العلم والحكم | ان الرزيه فقد العلم والحكم | ||
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"Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are truly of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".<ref>Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900).</ref> |sign=|source=|title=}}}} | "Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are truly of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".<ref>Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900).</ref> |sign=|source=|title=}}}} | ||
During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam.<ref>Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "''The Shia Muslims''", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).</ref> Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day [[Quetta]]) in the year 658.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside [[Hujr ibn 'Adi|Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi]]<ref>Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, Brill, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> in | During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam.<ref>Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "''The Shia Muslims''", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).</ref> Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day [[Quetta]]) in the year 658.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside [[Hujr ibn 'Adi|Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi]]<ref>Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, Brill, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> in 660 AD, near Damascus. | ||
===Political history of Islam in India=== | ===Political history of Islam in India=== | ||
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[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|right|thumb|Muslim woman clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], in 18th-century [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Subah]].]] | [[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|right|thumb|Muslim woman clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], in 18th-century [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Subah]].]] | ||
[[Muhammad bin Qasim]] (672 | [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] (672 AD) at the age of 17 was the first Muslim general to invade the Indian subcontinent, managing to reach [[Sindh]]. In the first half of the 8th century AD, a series of battles took place between the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and the Indian kingdoms; resulted in [[Umayyad campaigns in India]] checked and contained to Sindh.<ref name=Crawford>{{cite book |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |first=Peter |last=Crawford |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |location=Barnsley, Great Britain |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84884-612-8 |page=216}}</ref>{{efn|"India" in this page refers to the territory of present-day [[India]].}} Around the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic empire, the [[Ghaznavids]], under [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (971–1030 AD), was the second, much more ferocious invader, using [[courser (horse)|swift-horse]] cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains. Eventually, under the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]]s, the Muslim army broke into the North Indian Plains, which lead to the establishment of the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206 by the slaves of the Ghurid dynasty.<ref>{{citation|last=Ludden|first=D.|date=13 June 2002|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|publisher=[[One World Media|One World]]|isbn=978-1-85168-237-9|page=68}}</ref> The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. However, internal squabbling resulted in the decline of the sultanate, and new Muslim sultanates such as the [[Bengal Sultanate]] in the east and the [[Deccan sultanates]] in the southern territory breaking off.<ref>Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998, {{ISBN|0-415-15482-0}}, pp 187–190</ref> In 1339, [[Shah Mir]] became the first [[Muslim]] ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the ''Salatin-i-Kashmir'' or [[Shah Mir dynasty]].<ref name=imp-gazet-history>''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15''. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.</ref> | ||
Under the [[Delhi Sultanate]], there was a synthesis of [[Indian civilization]] with that of [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic civilization]], and the integration of the Indian subcontinent with a growing world system and wider international networks spanning large parts of [[Afro-Eurasia]], which had a significant impact on [[Indian culture]] and society.<ref name="asher-50-52">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|pages=50–52|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC|page=50}}}}</ref> The time period of their rule included the earliest forms of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]],<ref>A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, pp 311-322</ref><ref>J. A. Page, [https://archive.org/stream/guidetothequtbde031434mbp#page/n15/mode/2up/search/temple Guide to the Qutb], Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, page 2-7</ref> increased growth rates in [[Demographics of India|India's population]] and [[Economic history of India|economy]],<ref name="maddison379">{{cite book|last=Madison|first=Angus|title=Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history|date=6 December 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-922720-4|page=379}}</ref> and the emergence of the [[Hindustani language]].<ref name="brown2008">{{Citation | title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |author1=Keith Brown |author2=Sarah Ogilvie | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 | publisher=Elsevier | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC | quote=... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ...}}</ref> The Delhi Sultanate was also responsible for repelling the [[Mongol Empire]]'s potentially devastating [[Mongol invasions of India|invasions of India]] in the 13th and 14th centuries.<ref name="asher-50-51">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA19|pages=19, 50–51}}</ref> The period coincided with a greater use of mechanical technology in the Indian subcontinent. From the 13th century onwards, India began widely adopting mechanical technologies from the [[Islamic world]], including [[Water wheel|water-raising wheels]] with [[gear]]s and [[pulley]]s, machines with [[cam]]s and [[Crank (mechanism)|cranks]],<ref name="Pacey">{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | url = https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace | url-access = registration | orig-year = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = [https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace/page/26 26]–29}}</ref> [[papermaking]] technology,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |author-link1=Irfan Habib |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Pearson Education India]] |isbn=9788131727911 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA96}}</ref> and the [[spinning wheel]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | url = https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace | url-access = registration | orig-year = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = [https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace/page/23 23]–24}}</ref> | Under the [[Delhi Sultanate]], there was a synthesis of [[Indian civilization]] with that of [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic civilization]], and the integration of the Indian subcontinent with a growing world system and wider international networks spanning large parts of [[Afro-Eurasia]], which had a significant impact on [[Indian culture]] and society.<ref name="asher-50-52">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|pages=50–52|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC|page=50}}}}</ref> The time period of their rule included the earliest forms of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]],<ref>A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, pp 311-322</ref><ref>J. A. Page, [https://archive.org/stream/guidetothequtbde031434mbp#page/n15/mode/2up/search/temple Guide to the Qutb], Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, page 2-7</ref> increased growth rates in [[Demographics of India|India's population]] and [[Economic history of India|economy]],<ref name="maddison379">{{cite book|last=Madison|first=Angus|title=Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history|date=6 December 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-922720-4|page=379}}</ref> and the emergence of the [[Hindustani language]].<ref name="brown2008">{{Citation | title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |author1=Keith Brown |author2=Sarah Ogilvie | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 | publisher=Elsevier | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC | quote=... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ...}}</ref> The Delhi Sultanate was also responsible for repelling the [[Mongol Empire]]'s potentially devastating [[Mongol invasions of India|invasions of India]] in the 13th and 14th centuries.<ref name="asher-50-51">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA19|pages=19, 50–51}}</ref> The period coincided with a greater use of mechanical technology in the Indian subcontinent. From the 13th century onwards, India began widely adopting mechanical technologies from the [[Islamic world]], including [[Water wheel|water-raising wheels]] with [[gear]]s and [[pulley]]s, machines with [[cam]]s and [[Crank (mechanism)|cranks]],<ref name="Pacey">{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | url = https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace | url-access = registration | orig-year = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = [https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace/page/26 26]–29}}</ref> [[papermaking]] technology,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |author-link1=Irfan Habib |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Pearson Education India]] |isbn=9788131727911 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA96}}</ref> and the [[spinning wheel]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | url = https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace | url-access = registration | orig-year = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = [https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace/page/23 23]–24}}</ref> | ||
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==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
{{Main|Islam by country#Countries}} | {{Main|Islam by country#Countries}} | ||
With around 204 million Muslims (2019 estimate), India's Muslim population is about the [[Islam by country|world's third-largest]]<ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21>{{citation |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/08/30/2288000/0/en/MRHB-DeFi-and-Coinsbit-India-Partner-to-Bring-Halal-Crypto-to-India-s-200-Million-Muslims.html |title=MRHB DeFi and Coinsbit India Partner to Bring Halal Crypto to India's 200 Million Muslims |date=29 August 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |work=[[GlobeNewswire]] |agency=MRHB DeFi}}</ref><ref name="MuslimPopulation2020" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bangladesh-wants-indias-entry-in-oic-as-observer/articleshow/64044678.cms |title=Make India observer in forum of Islamic nations: Bangladesh |date=6 May 2018 |first1=Indrani |last1= Bagchi |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the world's largest Muslim-minority population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Muslims-of-India.html|title=Muslims of India – World Directory of Minorities|website=faqs.org|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> India is home to 10.9% of the world's Muslim population.<ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21/><ref name="pewforum-17Nov17">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/chart/interactive-data-table-world-muslim-population-by-country/|title=World Muslim Population by Country|date=17 November 2017|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> According to Pew Research Center, there can be 213 million Muslims in 2020, India's 15.5% population.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> | With around 204 million Muslims (2019 estimate), India's Muslim population is about the [[Islam by country|world's third-largest]]<ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21>{{citation |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/08/30/2288000/0/en/MRHB-DeFi-and-Coinsbit-India-Partner-to-Bring-Halal-Crypto-to-India-s-200-Million-Muslims.html |title=MRHB DeFi and Coinsbit India Partner to Bring Halal Crypto to India's 200 Million Muslims |date=29 August 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |work=[[GlobeNewswire]] |agency=MRHB DeFi}}</ref><ref name="MuslimPopulation2020" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bangladesh-wants-indias-entry-in-oic-as-observer/articleshow/64044678.cms |title=Make India observer in forum of Islamic nations: Bangladesh |date=6 May 2018 |first1=Indrani |last1= Bagchi |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the world's largest Muslim-minority population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Muslims-of-India.html|title=Muslims of India – World Directory of Minorities|website=faqs.org|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> India is home to 10.9% of the world's Muslim population.<ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21/><ref name="pewforum-17Nov17">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/chart/interactive-data-table-world-muslim-population-by-country/|title=World Muslim Population by Country|date=17 November 2017|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> According to Pew Research Center, there can be 213 million Muslims in 2020, India's 15.5% population.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Indian Muslim have a fertility rate of 2.36, the highest in the nation as per as according to year 2019-21 estimation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/total-fertility-rate-down-across-all-communities/articleshow/91407169.cms | title=Total fertility rate down across all communities | India News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> | ||
'''Muslim populations (top 5 countries) Est. 2020<ref name="MuslimPopulation2020">{{cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/muslim-population-by-country/|title=Muslim Population By Country by Population 2020}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/muslim-population-in-india.html|title=Muslim Population in India - Muslims in Indian States|website=www.indiaonlinepages.com|access-date=2017-10-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908034112/http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/muslim-population-in-india.html|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.id/agamadanstatistik/umat |title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut |date=15 May 2018 |work=Sensus Penduduk 2018 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |trans-title=Population by Region and Religion |access-date=3 September 2020 |quote=Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian (Protestant), Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religions.}} Muslim 231,069,932 (86.7), Christian (Protestant)20,246,267 (7.6), Catholic 8,325,339 (3.12), Hindu 4,646,357 (1.74), Buddhist 2,062,150 (0.72), Confucianism 71,999 (0.03),Other Religions/no answer 112,792 (0.04), Total 266,534,836</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-05-24|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |title=Salient Features of Final Results Census-2017 |work=[[2017 Census of Pakistan]] |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> | '''Muslim populations (top 5 countries) Est. 2020<ref name="MuslimPopulation2020">{{cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/muslim-population-by-country/|title=Muslim Population By Country by Population 2020}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/muslim-population-in-india.html|title=Muslim Population in India - Muslims in Indian States|website=www.indiaonlinepages.com|access-date=2017-10-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908034112/http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/muslim-population-in-india.html|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.id/agamadanstatistik/umat |title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut |date=15 May 2018 |work=Sensus Penduduk 2018 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |trans-title=Population by Region and Religion |access-date=3 September 2020 |quote=Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian (Protestant), Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religions.}} Muslim 231,069,932 (86.7), Christian (Protestant)20,246,267 (7.6), Catholic 8,325,339 (3.12), Hindu 4,646,357 (1.74), Buddhist 2,062,150 (0.72), Confucianism 71,999 (0.03),Other Religions/no answer 112,792 (0.04), Total 266,534,836</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-05-24|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |title=Salient Features of Final Results Census-2017 |work=[[2017 Census of Pakistan]] |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> | ||
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As per the 2011 census of India, it was found that 172.2 million Muslims were living in India as its citizens, constituting 14.2% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bjp-leaders-cite-growing-muslim-population-as-threat-to-india-facts-dont-back-their-claims-4303403.html |title=BJP leaders cite growing Muslim population as threat to India; facts don't back their claims |agency=IndiaSpend |work= [[Firstpost]] |date=15 January 2018}}</ref> As per as recent estimation of year (2020) Indian religious demography by Pew research center, it has been found that 213.34 million Muslims are living in India constituting 15.4% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/india#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2010®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|title = Religion in India | Indian Religious Information | PEW-GRF}}</ref> But however, at a same time, many individuals and experts have said that the Muslim population in India is more than the expected census results, leading to a heated debate and controversies as their claim of being that estimation as truth is still not known today. | As per the 2011 census of India, it was found that 172.2 million Muslims were living in India as its citizens, constituting 14.2% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bjp-leaders-cite-growing-muslim-population-as-threat-to-india-facts-dont-back-their-claims-4303403.html |title=BJP leaders cite growing Muslim population as threat to India; facts don't back their claims |agency=IndiaSpend |work= [[Firstpost]] |date=15 January 2018}}</ref> As per as recent estimation of year (2020) Indian religious demography by Pew research center, it has been found that 213.34 million Muslims are living in India constituting 15.4% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/india#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2010®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|title = Religion in India | Indian Religious Information | PEW-GRF}}</ref> But however, at a same time, many individuals and experts have said that the Muslim population in India is more than the expected census results, leading to a heated debate and controversies as their claim of being that estimation as truth is still not known today. | ||
As per as [[Zakir Naik]], | As per as [[Zakir Naik]], an Islamic preacher, he claimed that India has over 250-300 million Muslims. He also told that the government of India suppress real Muslim population.<ref name=theweek.in-22Aug20/> As per as author Shakir Lakhani, there should be at least 90 million Indian Muslims who have not been registered by the Indian authorities during last census. He have also said that there should have been about 262 million Muslims in 2011 census, instead of 172.2 million as reported by census authority earlier.<ref name=tribune.com.pk-26Oct17/> On 2021, Congress MLA from Bhopal Arif Masood have also said, "The country’s population is over 130 crores and the Muslim population stands at around 25 crores."<ref name="indiatoday.in-20Jul21"/> | ||
==Denominations== | ==Denominations== | ||
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====Khojas==== | ====Khojas==== | ||
The Khojas are a group of diverse people who converted to [[Islam]] in [[South Asia]]. In [[India]], most Khojas live in the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and the city of [[Hyderabad]]. Many Khojas have also migrated and settled over the centuries in [[East Africa]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. The Khoja were by then adherents of [[Nizari]] [[Ismailism]] branch of Shi'ism. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the aftermath of the [[Aga Khan case]] a significant minority separated and adopted [[Twelver Shi'ism]] or [[Sunni Islam]], while the majority remained [[Nizari|Nizārī Ismā'īlī]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= | The Khojas are a group of diverse people who converted to [[Islam]] in [[South Asia]]. In [[India]], most Khojas live in the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and the city of [[Hyderabad]]. Many Khojas have also migrated and settled over the centuries in [[East Africa]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. The Khoja were by then adherents of [[Nizari]] [[Ismailism]] branch of Shi'ism. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the aftermath of the [[Aga Khan case]] a significant minority separated and adopted [[Twelver Shi'ism]] or [[Sunni Islam]], while the majority remained [[Nizari|Nizārī Ismā'īlī]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316803/Khoja |title=Khoja (Islam) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref> | ||
===Sufis=== | ===Sufis=== | ||
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* [[Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College]], [[Pulikkal]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] | * [[Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College]], [[Pulikkal]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] | ||
*[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] [[Hyderabad]] | *[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] [[Hyderabad]] | ||
*[[Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University]] [[Patna]] [[Bihar]] | |||
* [[Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] | * [[Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] | ||
* [[Muslim Educational Association of Southern India]] | * [[Muslim Educational Association of Southern India]] | ||
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===Leadership and organisations=== | ===Leadership and organisations=== | ||
[[File:Protest in U.P against Caricature of Prophet of Islam.jpg|thumb|400px|[[All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board|AIUMB | [[File:Protest in U.P against Caricature of Prophet of Islam.jpg|thumb|400px|[[All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board|AIUMB | ||
]] protest against caricature of | ]] protest against caricature of Muhammad in the city of [[Sambhal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].]] | ||
* The [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] and [[Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat]] at [[Bareilly]] Shareef are prime center of Sufi oriented Sunni Muslims of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zG3aMfKAuC26PNQsW8ODZJ/The-sufi-solution.html |title=The sufi solution |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |first1=Mayank Austen |last1=Soofi |date=3 February 2012|access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> | * The [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] and [[Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat]] at [[Bareilly]] Shareef are prime center of Sufi oriented Sunni Muslims of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zG3aMfKAuC26PNQsW8ODZJ/The-sufi-solution.html |title=The sufi solution |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |first1=Mayank Austen |last1=Soofi |date=3 February 2012|access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> | ||
* Indian [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] form a substantial minority within the Muslim community of India comprising between 25 and 31% of total Muslim population in an estimation done during mid-2005 to 2006 of the then Indian Muslim population of 157 million. Sources like [[The Times of India]] and [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] reported Indian [[Shia Islam|Shia]] population during that period between 40,000,000<ref name="TOI-20061106">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-06/lucknow/27799200_1_model-nikahnama-new-nikahnama-shia-personal-law-board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811081425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-06/lucknow/27799200_1_model-nikahnama-new-nikahnama-shia-personal-law-board |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Shia women too can initiate divorce|location=India |date=6 November 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="TOI-20061106b" /> to 50,000,000<ref name="DNA-20061106" /> of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population. | * Indian [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] form a substantial minority within the Muslim community of India comprising between 25 and 31% of total Muslim population in an estimation done during mid-2005 to 2006 of the then Indian Muslim population of 157 million. Sources like [[The Times of India]] and [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] reported Indian [[Shia Islam|Shia]] population during that period between 40,000,000<ref name="TOI-20061106">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-06/lucknow/27799200_1_model-nikahnama-new-nikahnama-shia-personal-law-board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811081425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-06/lucknow/27799200_1_model-nikahnama-new-nikahnama-shia-personal-law-board |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Shia women too can initiate divorce|location=India |date=6 November 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="TOI-20061106b" /> to 50,000,000<ref name="DNA-20061106" /> of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population. | ||
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====Styles of Islamic architecture in India==== | ====Styles of Islamic architecture in India==== | ||
Islamic architecture in India can be classified into three sections: Delhi or the imperial style ( | Islamic architecture in India can be classified into three sections: Delhi or the imperial style (1191–1557 CE); the provincial style, encompassing the surrounding areas like [[Ahmedabad]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]; and the [[Mughal architecture]] style (1526–1707 CE).<ref>(Courtesy: Culturopedia.com)</ref> | ||
==Law, Politics, and Government== | ==Law, Politics, and Government== | ||
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* [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML), led by [[E. Ahamed]] active in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web | title=IUML's crescent and star in question paper evokes protest |work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=18 March 2015 |first1=Shaju |last1=Philip |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/iumls-crescent-and-star-in-question-paper-evokes-protest/ | access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> | * [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML), led by [[E. Ahamed]] active in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web | title=IUML's crescent and star in question paper evokes protest |work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=18 March 2015 |first1=Shaju |last1=Philip |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/iumls-crescent-and-star-in-question-paper-evokes-protest/ | access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> | ||
* [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF), led by [[Badruddin Ajmal]] active in [[Assam]] state.<ref>{{cite news | title=Ajmal's AIUDF makes foray into Bodo bastion, wins 4 seats | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=15 April 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ajmals-aiudf-makes-foray-into-bodo-bastion-wins-4-seats/ |first1=Samudra Gupta |last1=Kashyap |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> | * [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF), led by [[Badruddin Ajmal]] active in [[Assam]] state.<ref>{{cite news | title=Ajmal's AIUDF makes foray into Bodo bastion, wins 4 seats | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=15 April 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ajmals-aiudf-makes-foray-into-bodo-bastion-wins-4-seats/ |first1=Samudra Gupta |last1=Kashyap |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> | ||
*[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] (JKPC), founded by Abdul Ghani Lone and Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari.<ref>{{citation |first=Sten |last=Widmalm |title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir |journal=Asian Survey |volume=37 |number=11 |date= November 1997 |pages=1005–1030 |jstor=2645738 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997}} |doi=10. | *[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] (JKPC), founded by Abdul Ghani Lone and Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari.<ref>{{citation |first=Sten |last=Widmalm |title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir |journal=Asian Survey |volume=37 |number=11 |date= November 1997 |pages=1005–1030 |jstor=2645738 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997}} |doi=10.2307/2645738}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |title=Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=22 |number=22 |date=30 May 1987 |pages=835–837 |jstor=4377036 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu|1987}}}}</ref> Led by Sajjad Lone.<ref>Rekha Chowdhary, [http://qz.com/317154/kashmir-election-has-reshaped-language-and-agenda-of-all-parties/ The Kashmir elections have reshaped the language and agenda of all parties], Quartz India, 23 December 2014</ref> It is active in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. | ||
* [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC) main party of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. | * [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC) main party of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. | ||
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) main party of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. | * [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) main party of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. | ||
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The former [[Vice-President of India]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], former Foreign Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] and former Director (Head) of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], Syed Asif Ibrahim are Muslims. Ibrahim was the first Muslim to hold this office. From 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012, Dr. [[S. Y. Quraishi]] served as the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]].<ref name="yahind.com"/> He was the first Muslim to serve in this position. Prominent Indian bureaucrats and diplomats include [[Abid Hussain]], [[Ali Yavar Jung]] and [[Asaf Ali]]. [[Zafar Saifullah]] was [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994.<ref name="the first 50 years-p252"/> Salman Haidar was the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations.<ref name="apcd.anu.edu.au"/><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Influential Muslim politicians in India include [[Sheikh Abdullah]], [[Farooq Abdullah]] and his son [[Omar Abdullah]] (former Chief Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]], [[Mehbooba Mufti]], [[Sikander Bakht]], [[A. R. Antulay]], [[Ahmed Patel]], [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]], [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]], [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]], [[Salman Khurshid]], [[Saifuddin Soz]], [[E. Ahamed]], [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]], [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] and [[Badruddin Ajmal]], [[Najma Heptulla]]. | The former [[Vice-President of India]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], former Foreign Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] and former Director (Head) of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], Syed Asif Ibrahim are Muslims. Ibrahim was the first Muslim to hold this office. From 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012, Dr. [[S. Y. Quraishi]] served as the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]].<ref name="yahind.com"/> He was the first Muslim to serve in this position. Prominent Indian bureaucrats and diplomats include [[Abid Hussain]], [[Ali Yavar Jung]] and [[Asaf Ali]]. [[Zafar Saifullah]] was [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994.<ref name="the first 50 years-p252"/> Salman Haidar was the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations.<ref name="apcd.anu.edu.au"/><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Influential Muslim politicians in India include [[Sheikh Abdullah]], [[Farooq Abdullah]] and his son [[Omar Abdullah]] (former Chief Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]], [[Mehbooba Mufti]], [[Sikander Bakht]], [[A. R. Antulay]], [[Ahmed Patel]], [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]], [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]], [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]], [[Salman Khurshid]], [[Saifuddin Soz]], [[E. Ahamed]], [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]], [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] and [[Badruddin Ajmal]], [[Najma Heptulla]]. | ||
==Conflict, and controversy== | ==Conflict, and controversy== | ||
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[[Image:Ahmedabad riots1.jpg|right|thumb|The skyline of [[Ahmedabad]] filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by [[2002 Gujarat violence|rioting mobs]]. The riots, which took place following the [[Godhra train burning]] incident, killed more than 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus, including those killed in the Godhra train fire. These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed |work=BBC News |date=11 May 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=ExpressIndia (part of [[The Indian Express]] group) |date=12 May 2005 |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46626 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050527160301/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46626 |archive-date=27 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=254 Hindus, 790 Muslims killed in post-Godhra riots |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=Indiainfo.com |date=11 May 2005 |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |archive-date=26 February 2009 }}</ref>]] | [[Image:Ahmedabad riots1.jpg|right|thumb|The skyline of [[Ahmedabad]] filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by [[2002 Gujarat violence|rioting mobs]]. The riots, which took place following the [[Godhra train burning]] incident, killed more than 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus, including those killed in the Godhra train fire. These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed |work=BBC News |date=11 May 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=ExpressIndia (part of [[The Indian Express]] group) |date=12 May 2005 |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46626 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050527160301/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46626 |archive-date=27 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=254 Hindus, 790 Muslims killed in post-Godhra riots |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=Indiainfo.com |date=11 May 2005 |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |archive-date=26 February 2009 }}</ref>]] | ||
In 2004, several Indian school textbooks were scrapped by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] after they were found to be loaded with anti-Muslim prejudice. The NCERT argued that the books were "written by scholars hand-picked by the previous Hindu nationalist administration". According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', the textbooks depicted India's past Muslim rulers "as barbarous invaders and the medieval period as a | In 2004, several Indian school textbooks were scrapped by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] after they were found to be loaded with anti-Muslim prejudice. The NCERT argued that the books were "written by scholars hand-picked by the previous Hindu nationalist administration". According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', the textbooks depicted India's past Muslim rulers "as barbarous invaders and the medieval period as a Dark Age of Islamic colonial rule which snuffed out the glories of the Hindu empire that preceded it".<ref name=Guardian26Jun04>{{cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jun/26/india.schoolsworldwide |title=Another rewrite for India's history books |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 June 2004 |access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In one textbook, it was purported that the [[Taj Mahal]], the [[Qutb Minar]] and the [[Red Fort]] – all examples of Islamic architecture – "were designed and commissioned by Hindus".<ref name=Guardian26Jun04/> | ||
;West Bengal (2010) | ;West Bengal (2010) | ||
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===Notes=== | ===Notes=== | ||
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} | {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} | ||
===Citations=== | ===Citations=== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
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{{wikiquote}} | {{wikiquote}} | ||
* Online Copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] – This online Copy has been posted by: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132016/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List] | * Online Copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] – This online Copy has been posted by: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132016/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List] | ||
* {{ | * {{Country study}} | ||
{{Asia in topic|Islam in}} | {{Asia in topic|Islam in}} | ||