Bharatpedia

Declaration of independence


This article is about the general document. For the United States' declaration of independence, see United States Declaration of Independence. For other uses, see Declaration of independence (disambiguation).

A declaration of independence, declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence",[1] though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.

List of declarations of independenceEdit

This incomplete list is not intended to be exhaustive.
State Declaration Date Association Signatories First recognizing state(s)
  Albania Albanian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Ottoman Empire Assembly of Vlorë   Austria-Hungary
Template:Country data First Republic of Armenia Declaration of Independence of Armenia Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Armenian National Congress (1917), Armenian Revolutionary Federation   Ottoman Empire
  Armenia Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Levon Ter-Petrosyan and Supreme Council of Armenia secretary Ara Sahakian   Lithuania
Template:Country data Artsakh Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Nagorno-Karabakh Regional and Shahumyan District Councils of People's Deputies of the Azerbaijan SSR
Template:Country data Azawad Azawadi Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Mali National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
  Azerbaijan Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Azerbaijani National Council   Ottoman Empire
  Azerbaijan Act on Restoration of State Independence of Azerbaijan Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Council of Azerbaijan   Turkey
  Bangladesh Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence Template:DTS   Pakistan Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh   Bhutan
  Belarus Third Constituent Charter Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
 Belarus Announcement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia Template:DTS   Poland Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions Template:Country data Soviet Russia
Template:Country data BSSR Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the BSSR   Turkey
  Belgium Belgian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Netherlands Provisional Government of Belgium
Template:Country data Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Yugoslavia   Bulgaria
  Bougainville Bougainville Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Papua New Guinea Bougainville Interim Government
  Brazil Declaration of the Independence of Brazil Template:DTS   Portugal Pedro I of Brazil   United States
  Bulgaria Bulgarian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Ottoman Empire Ferdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of Bulgaria   Russia
  Burma Burmese Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   United Kingdom
Template:Country data Catalonia Declaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian Federation Template:DTS   Spain Francesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
Template:Country data Catalonia Declaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of Spain Template:DTS   Spain Lluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
Template:Country data Catalonia Declaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan Republic Template:DTS   Spain
Template:Country data Federal Republic of Central America(present day
  Costa Rica
  El Salvador
  Guatemala
  Honduras
  Nicaragua) 		Act of Independence of Central America Template:DTS   Spain
  Chile Chilean Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Spain National Congress   Portugal
  Colombia Colombian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Spain
  Comoros Comorian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   France   Guinea
Template:Country data Republic of Crimea Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea Template:DTS   Ukraine Supreme Council of Crimea   Russia
  Croatia Declaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of Croatia Template:DTS   Yugoslavia   Iceland
  Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Austria-Hungary Czechoslovak National Council   United States
  Dominican Republic Dominican Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Haiti   United Kingdom
  East Timor East Timorese declaration of independence Template:DTS   Portugal   Morocco
  Egypt Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence Template:DTS   United Kingdom Unilateral grant of independence by the British government   United Kingdom
  Estonia Estonian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Germany
Template:Country data Russian Republic		 Estonian Salvation Committee   Finland
  Finland Finnish Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Country data Russian Republic Parliament of Finland Template:Country data Soviet Russia
Template:Country data First Mexican Empire
(present day   Mexico)		 Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
(real independence)[clarification needed]		 Template:DTS   Spain Supreme Provisional Governmental Board   United Kingdom[2]
  Florida Florida's Constitution of 1861 Template:DTS   United States Florida State Legislature
  Galicia Declaration of the Republic of Galicia Template:DTS   Spain
Template:Country data Democratic Republic of Georgia Georgian Declaration of Independence, 1918 Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Georgian National Council   Germany
  Georgia, Republic of Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia Template:DTS[3] Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia    Switzerland
  Georgia, State of Georgia's secession declaration Template:DTS   United States
Template:Country data Kingdom of Greece Greek Declaration of Independence Template:DTS[citation needed]   Ottoman Empire First National Assembly   Haiti
  Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Portugal
  Haiti Haitian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Country data First French Empire Jean-Jacques Dessalines   France[4]
  Hungary Hungarian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Country data Habsburg Monarchy Habsburgs
  Iceland Icelandic Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Denmark   United States
  India Declaration of the Independence of India Template:DTS   United Kingdom
  Indonesia Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Template:DTS   Netherlands Sukarno & Mohammad Hatta Template:Country data Kingdom of Egypt[5]
  Iraq Iraq Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   United Kingdom   United Kingdom
  Ireland Proclamation of the Irish Republic Template:DTS   United Kingdom Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
  Irish Republic Irish Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   United Kingdom Dáil Éireann Template:Country data Soviet Russia
  Israel Israeli Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   United Kingdom Jewish People's Council   United States
  Katanga Katangan Declaration of Independence[citation needed] Template:DTS   Congo-Léopoldville
  Korea Korean Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Japan Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea   China
Template:Country data Republic of Kosova Proclamation of the Republic of Kosova Template:DTS   FR Yugoslavia Assembly of Kosovo   Albania
  Kosovo Kosovo declaration of independence Template:DTS   Serbia
Template:Country data UN Administration		 "Democratically elected leaders of our people"[lower-alpha 1]   Costa Rica
  Latvia Latvian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Germany
Template:Country data Soviet Russia 		People's Council of Latvia Template:Country data Soviet Russia
  Latvia On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR   Iceland
  Liberia Liberian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   American Colonization Society Liberian Constitutional Convention   United Kingdom
  Lithuania Act of Independence of Lithuania Template:DTS   Germany
Template:Country data Soviet Russia 		Council of Lithuania   Germany
  Lithuania Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Council of Lithuania   Iceland
  Lower Canada Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada Template:DTS   United Kingdom Robert Nelson
  Macedonia Independence of the Republic of Macedonia Template:DTS   Yugoslavia   Bulgaria
  Malaya
(present day Malaysia)		 Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 Template:DTS   United Kingdom Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia   United Kingdom[6]
  Mississippi A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union Template:DTS   United States
  Moldova Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Parliament of the Republic of Moldova   Romania
  Montenegro Montenegro declaration of independence Template:DTS   Serbia and Montenegro Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro   Iceland
  Morocco Moroccan Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   France Istiqlal Party
  Netherlands Act of Abjuration Template:DTS Template:Country data Spanish Empire Union of Utrecht
  Northern America
(present day)   Mexico		 Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America Template:DTS   Spain Congress of Anáhuac
Template:Country data Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Template:DTS   Cyprus   Turkey
  Northern Epirus Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Albania Provisional Government of Northern Epirus
  North Solomons Declaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons Template:DTS   Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia) Unknown   Vatican City
  Norway
(Kingdom of Norway)		 Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after[clarification needed], sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of Norway Template:DTS Template:Country data Denmark-Norway
(As of Treaty of Kiel)		 Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Template:Country data Padania Padanian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Flags Italy
  Pakistan Lahore Resolution Template:DTS   United Kingdom Muslim League (Pakistan)
  Palestine Palestinian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Palestinian territories

  Jordan (claimed the West Bank until 1988)

Palestinian National Council   Arab League
  Peru Act of the Declaration of Independence of Peru Template:DTS   Spain José de San Martín   Argentina
  Philippines Philippine Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Spain

  United States

98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[7] (ratified on September 29, 1898 by the Malolos Congress[8])
  Provinces of the Río de la Plata
(present-day
  Argentina
  Bolivia
  Uruguay)		 Argentine Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Spain Congress of Tucumán Template:Country data Kingdom of Hawaii
  Rhodesia Rhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   United Kingdom Ian Smith and the rest of the Cabinet
  Romania Romanian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Ottoman Empire King Carol I
  Russia Belovezha Accords Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
Template:Country data Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Bir Lehlou Declaration Template:DTS Template:Country data Spanish Sahara Polisario Front   Madagascar
  Scotland Declaration of Arbroath Template:DTS   England Scottish leaders
  Serbia The Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније) Template:DTS   Ottoman Empire Karađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs
  Singapore Proclamation of Singapore[9] Template:DTS   Malaysia[10][11] Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore   United Kingdom[12]
  Czechoslovakia Martin Declaration Template:DTS   Austria-Hungary Slovak National Council   France
  Slovakia Slovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation Template:DTS   Czechoslovakia Slovak National Council
  Slovenia Slovenian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Yugoslavia   Croatia
  Somaliland Somaliland Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Somalia
  South Carolina Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union Template:DTS   United States South Carolinians in Charleston
  Sri Lanka Declaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon") Template:DTS   United Kingdom
Template:Country data Republic of Texas Texas Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Mexico   France
  Texas, State of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union Template:DTS   United States Texas Legislature
  Tibet Tibet's Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   China 13th Dalai Lama   Mongolia
  Turkmenistan About Independence and Bases of a State System of Turkmenistan Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union none   Turkey
  Ukraine IV Universal Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Central Council of Ukraine
  Ukraine Declaration of Independence of Ukraine Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Verkhovna Rada   Canada
  Poland[13]
  United States United States Declaration of Independence Template:DTS[lower-alpha 2]   Great Britain Second Continental Congress   Morocco[16][17]
  United Tribes of New Zealand Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand Template:DTS — Māori chiefs   United Kingdom[18]
  Uzbekistan Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Council of Uzbekistan   Turkey
  Venezuela Venezuelan Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   Spain National Congress
Template:Country data Vermont Republic Vermont Declaration of Independence Template:DTS   United States

  British Quebec

  Vietnam Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Template:DTS   France Hồ Chí Minh   China

See alsoEdit

Explanatory notesEdit

  1. ↑ No reference in original Albanian text to the declaration being the work of the Assembly of Kosovo. The language used in the declaration differs from that employed in acts of the Assembly of Kosovo in that the first paragraph commences with the phrase "We, the democratically-elected leaders of our people . . .", whereas acts of the Assembly of Kosovo employ the third person singular. Moreover, the procedure employed in relation to the declaration differed from that employed by the Assembly of Kosovo for the adoption of legislation. It was not transmitted to the Special Representative of the Secretary General and was not published in the Official Gazette of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo. As the practice shows, he would have been under a duty to take action with regard to acts of the Assembly of Kosovo which he considered to be ultra vires. Taking all factors together, the authors of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not act as one of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government within the Constitutional Framework, but rather as persons who acted together in their capacity as representatives of the people of Kosovo outside the framework of the interim administration.
  2. ↑ The Continental Congress voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence on July 2.[14] Versions were not printed until July 4 and later, while the signatories did not sign the Matlack declaration until August.[15]
    Further information: Lee Resolution

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo" (PDF). Icj-cij.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  2. ↑ "Inglaterra: primer país que reconoce la Independencia de México" (in español). Memoria Politica de México. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia". Archived from the original on 2020-05-20.
  4. ↑ Ashmore, Harry S., ed. (1961). "Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11". p. 85. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Mohy, Mahmoud (2017-10-30). "EXCLUSIVE: Indonesian President's Advisor: 'We have a long history with Egypt'". Egypt Today. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  6. ↑ Template:Sourcetext
  7. ↑ Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. p. 162. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
  8. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  9. ↑ Singapore was forced out of Malaysia by the Malaysian Parliament, and the proclamations were then agreed by the two governments. See the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 Archived 2017-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (1985 Rev. Ed.) and the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  10. ↑ Template:Sourcetext
  11. ↑ Template:Sourcetext
  12. ↑ Template:Sourcetext
  13. ↑ Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0742510182 (page 100)
    Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992, University of British Columbia Press, 1993, ISBN 9780774804387 (page 371)
    Szporluk, Roman (24 February 2020). Russia, Ukraine and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9543-0., p. 355
  14. ↑ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875. Library of Congress. 2003. pp. 506–507. Tuesday July 2, 1776 [...] Resolved, That these United colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved of all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.
  15. ↑ Coelho, Chris (2013), Timothy Matlack, Scribe of the Declaration of Independence, McFarland, p. 61, ISBN 978-0-7864-7443-1
  16. ↑ US-Morocco Diplomatic Relationship Archived 2015-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. Official Web site of the Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco to the United States of America.
  17. ↑ Dolan, Kerry A. (November 21, 2013). "Why Morocco Matters To The U.S." Forbes. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  18. ↑ The Lord Glenelg (25 May 1836), "EXTRACT of a DESPATCH from Lord GLENELG to Major-General Sir RICHARD BOURKE, New South Wales", written at London, Documents > Declaration of Independence, Christchurch: Waitangi Associates, retrieved 22 May 2010

External linksEdit

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