Declaration of independence

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This article is about the general document. For the United States' declaration of independence, see United States Declaration of Independence. For other uses, see Declaration of independence (disambiguation).

A declaration of independence, declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence",[1] though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.

List of declarations of independence[edit]

This incomplete list is not intended to be exhaustive.
State Declaration Date Association Signatories First recognizing state(s)
Albania Albanian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Ottoman Empire Assembly of Vlorë  Austria-Hungary
Template:Country data First Republic of Armenia Declaration of Independence of Armenia Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Armenian National Congress (1917), Armenian Revolutionary Federation  Ottoman Empire
 Armenia Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Levon Ter-Petrosyan and Supreme Council of Armenia secretary Ara Sahakian  Lithuania
Template:Country data Artsakh Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Nagorno-Karabakh Regional and Shahumyan District Councils of People's Deputies of the Azerbaijan SSR
Template:Country data Azawad Azawadi Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Mali National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
 Azerbaijan Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Azerbaijani National Council  Ottoman Empire
 Azerbaijan Act on Restoration of State Independence of Azerbaijan Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Council of Azerbaijan  Turkey
 Bangladesh Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence Template:DTS  Pakistan Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh  Bhutan
 Belarus Third Constituent Charter Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
 Belarus Announcement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia Template:DTS  Poland Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions Template:Country data Soviet Russia
Template:Country data BSSR Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the BSSR  Turkey
 Belgium Belgian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Netherlands Provisional Government of Belgium
Template:Country data Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Yugoslavia  Bulgaria
Bougainville Bougainville Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Papua New Guinea Bougainville Interim Government
 Brazil Declaration of the Independence of Brazil Template:DTS  Portugal Pedro I of Brazil  United States
 Bulgaria Bulgarian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Ottoman Empire Ferdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of Bulgaria  Russia
 Burma Burmese Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  United Kingdom
Template:Country data Catalonia Declaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian Federation Template:DTS Spain Francesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
Template:Country data Catalonia Declaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of Spain Template:DTS Spain Lluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
Template:Country data Catalonia Declaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan Republic Template:DTS  Spain
Template:Country data Federal Republic of Central America(present day
 Costa Rica
 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Nicaragua) 		Act of Independence of Central America Template:DTS Spain
 Chile Chilean Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Spain National Congress  Portugal
 Colombia Colombian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Spain
Flag of the Comoros (1963–1975).svg Comoros Comorian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  France  Guinea
Template:Country data Republic of Crimea Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea Template:DTS  Ukraine Supreme Council of Crimea  Russia
 Croatia Declaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of Croatia Template:DTS  Yugoslavia  Iceland
 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Austria-Hungary Czechoslovak National Council  United States
 Dominican Republic Dominican Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Haiti  United Kingdom
 East Timor East Timorese declaration of independence Template:DTS  Portugal  Morocco
 Egypt Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence Template:DTS  United Kingdom Unilateral grant of independence by the British government  United Kingdom
 Estonia Estonian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Germany
Template:Country data Russian Republic		 Estonian Salvation Committee  Finland
 Finland Finnish Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Country data Russian Republic Parliament of Finland Template:Country data Soviet Russia
Template:Country data First Mexican Empire
(present day  Mexico)		 Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
(real independence)[clarification needed] 		Template:DTS  Spain Supreme Provisional Governmental Board  United Kingdom[2]
Florida Florida's Constitution of 1861 Template:DTS  United States Florida State Legislature
Galicia Declaration of the Republic of Galicia Template:DTS Spain
Template:Country data Democratic Republic of Georgia Georgian Declaration of Independence, 1918 Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Georgian National Council  Germany
 Georgia, Republic of Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia Template:DTS[3] Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia   Switzerland
Georgia, State of Georgia's secession declaration Template:DTS  United States
Template:Country data Kingdom of Greece Greek Declaration of Independence Template:DTS[citation needed]  Ottoman Empire First National Assembly  Haiti
 Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Portugal
 Haiti Haitian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Country data First French Empire Jean-Jacques Dessalines France[4]
Hungary Hungarian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Country data Habsburg Monarchy Habsburgs
 Iceland Icelandic Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Denmark  United States
 India Declaration of the Independence of India Template:DTS  United Kingdom
 Indonesia Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Template:DTS  Netherlands Sukarno & Mohammad Hatta Template:Country data Kingdom of Egypt[5]
 Iraq Iraq Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  United Kingdom  United Kingdom
 Ireland Proclamation of the Irish Republic Template:DTS  United Kingdom Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
Irish Republic Irish Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  United Kingdom Dáil Éireann Template:Country data Soviet Russia
 Israel Israeli Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  United Kingdom Jewish People's Council  United States
Katanga Katangan Declaration of Independence[citation needed] Template:DTS Congo-Léopoldville
 Korea Korean Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Japan Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea  China
Template:Country data Republic of Kosova Proclamation of the Republic of Kosova Template:DTS  FR Yugoslavia Assembly of Kosovo  Albania
 Kosovo Kosovo declaration of independence Template:DTS  Serbia
Template:Country data UN Administration		 "Democratically elected leaders of our people"[lower-alpha 1]  Costa Rica
 Latvia Latvian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Germany
Template:Country data Soviet Russia 		People's Council of Latvia Template:Country data Soviet Russia
 Latvia On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR  Iceland
 Liberia Liberian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS American Colonization Society Liberian Constitutional Convention  United Kingdom
 Lithuania Act of Independence of Lithuania Template:DTS  Germany
Template:Country data Soviet Russia 		Council of Lithuania  Germany
 Lithuania Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Council of Lithuania  Iceland
Lower Canada Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada Template:DTS  United Kingdom Robert Nelson
Macedonia Independence of the Republic of Macedonia Template:DTS  Yugoslavia  Bulgaria
 Malaya
(present day Malaysia)		 Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 Template:DTS  United Kingdom Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia  United Kingdom[6]
Mississippi A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union Template:DTS  United States
 Moldova Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Parliament of the Republic of Moldova  Romania
 Montenegro Montenegro declaration of independence Template:DTS  Serbia and Montenegro Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro  Iceland
 Morocco Moroccan Declaration of Independence Template:DTS France Istiqlal Party
 Netherlands Act of Abjuration Template:DTS Template:Country data Spanish Empire Union of Utrecht
Northern America
(present day)  Mexico		 Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America Template:DTS  Spain Congress of Anáhuac
Template:Country data Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Template:DTS  Cyprus  Turkey
Northern Epirus Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Albania Provisional Government of Northern Epirus
North Solomons Declaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons Template:DTS Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia) Unknown  Vatican City
 Norway
(Kingdom of Norway)		 Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after[clarification needed], sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of Norway Template:DTS Template:Country data Denmark-Norway
(As of Treaty of Kiel)		 Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Template:Country data Padania Padanian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Flags Italy
 Pakistan Lahore Resolution Template:DTS  United Kingdom Muslim League (Pakistan)
 Palestine Palestinian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Palestinian territories

 Jordan (claimed the West Bank until 1988)

Palestinian National Council  Arab League
Peru Act of the Declaration of Independence of Peru Template:DTS  Spain José de San Martín  Argentina
Philippines Philippine Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Spain

 United States

98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[7] (ratified on September 29, 1898 by the Malolos Congress[8])
Provinces of the Río de la Plata
(present-day
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Uruguay)		 Argentine Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Spain Congress of Tucumán Template:Country data Kingdom of Hawaii
 Rhodesia Rhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  United Kingdom Ian Smith and the rest of the Cabinet
 Romania Romanian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Ottoman Empire King Carol I
 Russia Belovezha Accords Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
Template:Country data Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Bir Lehlou Declaration Template:DTS Template:Country data Spanish Sahara Polisario Front  Madagascar
 Scotland Declaration of Arbroath Template:DTS  England Scottish leaders
Serbia The Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније) Template:DTS  Ottoman Empire Karađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs
 Singapore Proclamation of Singapore[9] Template:DTS  Malaysia[10][11] Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore  United Kingdom[12]
 Czechoslovakia Martin Declaration Template:DTS  Austria-Hungary Slovak National Council  France
 Slovakia Slovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation Template:DTS  Czechoslovakia Slovak National Council
 Slovenia Slovenian Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Yugoslavia  Croatia
 Somaliland Somaliland Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Somalia
South Carolina Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union Template:DTS  United States South Carolinians in Charleston
 Sri Lanka Declaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon") Template:DTS  United Kingdom
Template:Country data Republic of Texas Texas Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Mexico  France
Texas, State of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union Template:DTS  United States Texas Legislature
 Tibet Tibet's Declaration of Independence Template:DTS China 13th Dalai Lama  Mongolia
 Turkmenistan About Independence and Bases of a State System of Turkmenistan Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union none  Turkey
 Ukraine IV Universal Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Russia Central Council of Ukraine
 Ukraine Declaration of Independence of Ukraine Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Verkhovna Rada  Canada
 Poland[13]
 United States United States Declaration of Independence Template:DTS[lower-alpha 2]  Great Britain Second Continental Congress  Morocco[16][17]
United Tribes of New Zealand Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand Template:DTS — Māori chiefs  United Kingdom[18]
 Uzbekistan Declaration of Independence Template:DTS Template:Country data Soviet Union Supreme Council of Uzbekistan  Turkey
 Venezuela Venezuelan Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  Spain National Congress
Template:Country data Vermont Republic Vermont Declaration of Independence Template:DTS  United States

British Quebec

 Vietnam Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Template:DTS  France Hồ Chí Minh  China

See also[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

  1. ↑ No reference in original Albanian text to the declaration being the work of the Assembly of Kosovo. The language used in the declaration differs from that employed in acts of the Assembly of Kosovo in that the first paragraph commences with the phrase "We, the democratically-elected leaders of our people . . .", whereas acts of the Assembly of Kosovo employ the third person singular. Moreover, the procedure employed in relation to the declaration differed from that employed by the Assembly of Kosovo for the adoption of legislation. It was not transmitted to the Special Representative of the Secretary General and was not published in the Official Gazette of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo. As the practice shows, he would have been under a duty to take action with regard to acts of the Assembly of Kosovo which he considered to be ultra vires. Taking all factors together, the authors of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not act as one of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government within the Constitutional Framework, but rather as persons who acted together in their capacity as representatives of the people of Kosovo outside the framework of the interim administration.
  2. ↑ The Continental Congress voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence on July 2.[14] Versions were not printed until July 4 and later, while the signatories did not sign the Matlack declaration until August.[15]
    Further information: Lee Resolution

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo" (PDF). Icj-cij.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  2. ↑ "Inglaterra: primer país que reconoce la Independencia de México" (in español). Memoria Politica de México. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia". Archived from the original on 2020-05-20.
  4. ↑ Ashmore, Harry S., ed. (1961). "Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11". p. 85. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Mohy, Mahmoud (2017-10-30). "EXCLUSIVE: Indonesian President's Advisor: 'We have a long history with Egypt'". Egypt Today. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  6. ↑ Template:Sourcetext
  7. ↑ Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. p. 162. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
  8. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  9. ↑ Singapore was forced out of Malaysia by the Malaysian Parliament, and the proclamations were then agreed by the two governments. See the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 Archived 2017-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (1985 Rev. Ed.) and the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  10. ↑ Template:Sourcetext
  11. ↑ Template:Sourcetext
  12. ↑ Template:Sourcetext
  13. ↑ Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0742510182 (page 100)
    Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992, University of British Columbia Press, 1993, ISBN 9780774804387 (page 371)
    Szporluk, Roman (24 February 2020). Russia, Ukraine and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9543-0., p. 355
  14. ↑ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875. Library of Congress. 2003. pp. 506–507. Tuesday July 2, 1776 [...] Resolved, That these United colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved of all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.
  15. ↑ Coelho, Chris (2013), Timothy Matlack, Scribe of the Declaration of Independence, McFarland, p. 61, ISBN 978-0-7864-7443-1
  16. ↑ US-Morocco Diplomatic Relationship Archived 2015-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. Official Web site of the Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco to the United States of America.
  17. ↑ Dolan, Kerry A. (November 21, 2013). "Why Morocco Matters To The U.S." Forbes. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  18. ↑ The Lord Glenelg (25 May 1836), "EXTRACT of a DESPATCH from Lord GLENELG to Major-General Sir RICHARD BOURKE, New South Wales", written at London, Documents > Declaration of Independence, Christchurch: Waitangi Associates, retrieved 22 May 2010

External links[edit]

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