Bharatpedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

See also: BP:Citing sources and BP:Cleanup resources

This page contains the following:

• Issues with sources: this is for tagging issues with sources; they are either inline tags, or message boxes for sections or entire pages. You could also leave a note on the talk page asking for a source, or move the material to the talk page and ask for a source there. There are also some templates for search links to find sources. Transcluded from Bharatpedia:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources.
• Including third-party content: these are templates for referencing content for some specific sources: United States government, public domain and wikis.
• Citations of specific sources: inline citation templates for a few specific sources.
• Citations of generic sources: general inline citation templates transcluded from Bharatpedia:Citation templates

Issues with sources

Is the article worth it?

Before placing templates on a page it is worthwhile to consider whether it should in fact be included in Wikipedia according to Bharatpedia:What Bharatpedia is not. Some articles can be tagged for speedy deletion or marked as an article for deletion.

Dates

It is useful to add the date of the request (or sometimes, a bot will assist by doing it automatically) by appending |date=month year to the template code, like this: {{Unreferenced|date=January 2025}} to produce this:

Overarching copyright issues

Tag	Text that will be shown (and usage notes)
{{copypaste}} category links talk edit
{{unattributed translation}} category links talk edit

Combined message boxes

Tag	Text that will be shown (and usage notes) — multiple issues (top of article)
{{multiple issues}} links talk edit

Tag	Text that will be shown (and usage notes) — multiple issues (section)
{{multiple issues|section=yes}} links talk edit

Verifiability and sources

Transcluded from Bharatpedia:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources

Including third-party content

United States federal government attribution templates

These templates can be added to articles (close to the end of the article, in the References or External links section, for example). Before adding the template to an article, check the details of the usage—some templates require parameters such as a URL. Most of these templates add the articles to the category Bharatpedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government.

Template	Display
{{US Air Force}} Talk	Template:US Air Force
{{AFHRA}} Talk	Template:AFHRA
{{Bioguide}} Talk	Template:Bioguide
{{CDC}} Talk	Template:CDC
{{CIA World Factbook}} Talk	Template:CIA World Factbook
{{USCG}} Talk	Template:USCG
{{Country study}} Talk	Template:Country study
{{DADS}} Talk	Template:DADS
{{DANFS}} Talk	Template:DANFS
{{DHS}} Talk	Template:DHS
{{DoE}} Talk	Template:DoE
{{FJC Bio}} Talk	Template:FJC Bio
{{FS1037C}} Talk	Template:FS1037C
{{FS1037C MS188}} Talk	Template:FS1037C MS188
{{GHR}} Talk	Template:GHR
{{Marine Corps}} Talk	Template:Marine Corps
{{NARA}} Talk	Template:NARA
{{NASA}} Talk	Template:Include-NASA
{{NCBI-handbook}} Talk	Template:NCBI-handbook
{{NCBI-scienceprimer}} Talk	Template:NCBI-scienceprimer
{{NCI-cancer-dict}} Talk	Template:NCI-cancer-dict
{{NHC}} Talk	Template:NHC
{{NIMH}} Talk	Template:NIMH
{{NIOSH}} Talk	Template:NIOSH
{{NIST-PD}} Talk	Template:NIST-PD
{{NLM content}} Talk	Template:NLM content
{{NPS}} Talk	Template:NPS
{{NTSB}} Talk	Template:NTSB
{{NVR}} Talk	Template:NVR
{{OSGguide}} Talk	Template:OSGguide
{{Recreation.Gov}} Talk	Template:Recreation.Gov
{{US DOS}} Talk	Template:US DOS
{{US DOS Background Notes}} Talk	Template:US DOS Background Notes
{{US Army}} Talk	Template:US Army
{{USACE.Army.Mil}} Talk	Template:USACE.Army.Mil
{{USDA}} Talk	Template:USDA
{{HHS content}} Talk	Template:HHS content
{{USGS}} Talk	Template:USGS
{{USGovernment}} Talk	Template:USGovernment
{{USGovernment-Navy}} Talk	Template:USGovernment-Navy
{{USGovernment-courts}} Talk	Template:USGovernment-courts
{{Usgs-gazetteer}} Talk	Template:Usgs-gazetteer

United States state government attribution templates

From Category:United States State government attribution templates:

Template	Display
{{CAGovernment}}	Template:CAGovernment
{{California tourist guide}}	Template:California tourist guide
{{FLGovernment}}	Template:FLGovernment
{{Geological Survey of California}}	Template:Geological Survey of California
{{Include-ILCS}}	Template:Include-ILCS
{{Natural Wealth of California}}	Template:Natural Wealth of California
{{NHStateBuilders}}	Template:NHStateBuilders

Other

Some of the reference types below use named fields (such as Title=Electric Power Monthly). In these references, you must use the exact field name (capitalization matters). Fields are separated with pipe (|) characters. The order of the fields does not matter.

Public domain

What to type	What it makes	Where it goes
{{1728}} Talk	Template:1728	Articles near bottom
{{1771 Britannica}} Talk	Template:1771 Britannica	Articles near bottom
{{1911}} Talk	This article includes text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Please add to the article as needed.	Articles near bottom
{{Sect1911}} Talk	Template:Sect1911	Articles at the end of a section
{{WD1913}} Talk	Template:WD1913	Articles near bottom
{{A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature}} Talk	Template:A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature	Articles near bottom
{{Catholic}} Talk	Template:Catholic	Articles near bottom
{{DCBL}} Talk	Template:DCBL	Articles near bottom
{{DNB}} Talk	Template:DNB	Articles near bottom
{{Eastons}} Talk	Template:Eastons	Articles at top
{{Etude}} Talk	Template:Etude	Articles near bottom
{{Gray's}} Talk	Template:Gray's	Articles near bottom
{{Grocers}} Talk	Template:Grocers	Articles near bottom
{{GSE}} Talk	Template:GSE	Articles near bottom
{{JargonFile}} Talk	Template:JargonFile	Articles near bottom
{{JewishEncyclopedia}} Talk	Template:JewishEncyclopedia	Articles near bottom
{{KeyTarot}} Talk	Template:KeyTarot	Articles near bottom
{{NHC}} Talk	Template:NHC	Articles near bottom
{{Owl}} Talk	Template:Owl	Articles near bottom
{{RBD}} Talk	Template:RBD	Articles near bottom
{{Schaff-Herzog}} Talk	Template:Schaff-Herzog	Articles near bottom
{{SeyffertDCA}} Talk	Template:SeyffertDCA	Articles near bottom
{{SmithDGRA}} Talk	Template:SmithDGRA	Articles near bottom
{{DGRBM}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{DGRG}} Talk	Template:DGRG	Articles near bottom
{{Vectorsite}} Talk	Template:Vectorsite	Articles Reference

Wikis

For interwiki translation and other copying, see Bharatpedia:Copying within Wikipedia.

What to type	What it makes	Where it goes
{{Citizendium}} Talk	Template:Citizendium	Articles near bottom
{{from Camerapedia}} Talk	Template:From Camerapedia	Articles bottom
{{FOLDOC}} Talk	Template:FOLDOC	Articles near bottom
{{OpenHistory}} Talk	Template:OpenHistory	Articles near bottom
{{wookieepedia content}} Talk	Template:Wookieepedia content	Talk pages

Citations of specific sources

Notes:

• See also Bharatpedia:Template messages/Links#External links for components of online citations such as DOIs.
• ISBNs are autolinked by the Wikipedia software, though this feature is deprecated; see Bharatpedia:ISBN.
• RFC references such as "RFC 2821" are also autolinked, though this feature is deprecated.
• PMIDs are also autolinked, though this feature is deprecated; see Bharatpedia:PMID.

What to type	What it makes
{{ITIS|ID=|taxon=|accessdate=}} Talk	"Genus species". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 January 2004.
{{FishBase species|genus=|species=|year=|month=}} Talk
{{FishBase species alt|ID=|taxon=|year=|month=}} Talk
{{FishBase_genus|genus=|year=|month=}} Talk
{{FishBase family|family=|year=|month=}} Talk
{{Cite iucn|author=|title=|year=|ID=}} Talk	Lastname, Firstname Initial (2022). "Title". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022. 1234.no identifier
{{Gutenberg | no=6656 | name=The Kiltartan Poetry Book}} Talk	The Kiltartan Poetry Book at Project Gutenberg
{{MathWorld | urlname=PetersenGraph | title=Petersen Graph}} Talk	Template:MathWorld
{{ScienceWorld | urlname=biography/Einstein.html | title=Albert Einstein}} Talk	Template:ScienceWorld
The Encyclopedia of World History at Bartleby.com {{worldhistory|section=|quote=}}	section – the portion between http://www.bartleby.com/67/ and .html in the URL of the page you wish to cite. For example, if I wished to cite http://www.bartleby.com/67/716.html, the section is 716. quote – What do you want the first part of the included text to read. The default is Citation. Example: {{worldhistory|section=716|quote=Diderot's encyclopedia banned in 1751}} Creates: Template:Worldhistory
USGS Geographic Names Information System {{Cite gnis|id|name|type=}}	Example: {{Cite gnis|2410240|Cotati}} Creates: "Cotati". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature {{Gpn|id|name}}	Example: {{Gpn|65876|Stickney}} Creates: Template:Gpn
UDOT Traffic Statistics {{UDOT AADT|year=}}	Example: {{UDOT AADT|year=2023}} Creates: Template:UDOT AADT

Citations of generic sources

Transcluded from Bharatpedia:Citation templates

Citation templates are used to format citations in a consistent way, as an alternative to formatting the citations by hand. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. Because templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with a consistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus. The various citation templates below may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format. It is expected that a reference citation includes wikilinks to the relevant article for the source, such as The Times of India, rather than The Times of India.

Use in footnotes

For a citation to appear in a footnote, it needs to be enclosed in "ref" tags. You can add these by typing <ref> at the front of the citation and </ref> at the end. Alternatively you may notice above the edit box there is a row of "markup" formatting buttons which include a <ref></ref> button to the right—if you highlight your whole citation and then click this markup button, it will automatically enclose your citation in ref tags (i.e. <ref>citation</ref>).

Note, if this is a new page or if there are not already references previously cited, it is necessary to create a section usually named "Notes" or "References" near the end of the page:

== Notes ==
<references />

or

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

Using the same footnote multiple times

Add a name attribute when creating a footnote <ref name="name">citation text</ref>. Thereafter, the footnote may be referenced by just using the following expression <ref name="name" />.

Using multiple pages from the same source

When an article cites many different pages from the same source, there are two main methods of unifying them instead of copying a completely new citation. One method is shortened footnotes (see Shortened footnotes), which automatically displays an entirely new reference listing in the References section per unique page citation. Another method is to use the template {{rp}}, which appends any type of positional information (such as page numbers, chapter numbers, or audiovisual time code) directly to each given citation in the article body, which would result in text such as appearing after a superscripted footnote number.

Creating links to citations

Wikilinks to citation templates can be created using the templates {{harv}}, {{harvnb}}, {{harvtxt}}, {{sfn}}, etc. For example this "Mumford 1999" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest when using shortened footnotes. (See the examples below or wikilinks to full references.)

Using commas rather than periods

{{Citation}} creates a citation in the same format as most of the Citation Style 1 templates, except that the periods (or full stops) are replaced with commas, and there is no final period or full stop. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by {{citation}} can be found at {{citation/core}}. The parameter |mode= can be used to alter the punctuation.

Examples

Below are examples of how to use various templates to cite a book, encyclopedia, journal, website, comic strip, video and editorial comics, etc.

• For full description of a template and the parameters which can be used with it—click the template name (e.g. {{Citation}} or {{cite xxx}}) in the "template" column of the table below.
• Required field(s) are indicated in bold
• Copy and paste the text under "common usage" to use the template.
• Following each example is the resulting article text.

For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: Bharatpedia:Citation tools.

Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: Bharatpedia:Footnotes.

Source	Template	Common usage	Examples
book	{{cite book}} title	{{cite book | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | publisher = | series = | volume = | edition = | date = | location = | pages = | language = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}	{{cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of V... | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture Notes ... | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | location = Berlin | date = 1999 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001 }} Mumford, David (1999). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 198. doi:10.1007/b62130. ISBN 354063293X. MR 1748380. Zbl 0945.14001. {{cite book | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | location = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001). Manual of the Planes. Berlin: Wizards of the Coast. pp. 198–203. ISBN 0-786918-50-0.
	{{Citation}}	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | place = | publisher = | series = | volume = | orig-year = | year = | edition = | chapter = | chapter-url = | page = | pages = | language = | url = | archive-url = | archive-date = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}	{{Citation | first = David | last = Mu... | author-link = David Mumfo... | title = The Red Book of V... | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture Notes ... | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | year = 1999 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001 }} Mumford, David (1999), The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 198, doi:10.1007/b62130, ISBN 354063293X, MR 1748380, Zbl 0945.14001 {{Citation | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001), Manual of the Planes, Berlin: Wizards of the Coast, pp. 198–203, ISBN 0-786918-50-0
journal paper thesis dissertation See also {{cite thesis}}	{{cite journal}} title	{{cite journal | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | access-date = }}	{{cite journal | author-link = Stephen Brey... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972 }} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972). "Copyright: A Rejoinder". UCLA Law Review. 20: 75–83. {{cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author1-link = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author2-link = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002 }} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1997). "The Quest for Pi" (PDF). Mathematical Intelligencer. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 19 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1007/BF03024340. ISSN 0343-6993. MR 1439159. Zbl 0878.11002.
	{{Citation}} journal (or periodical)	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | orig-year = | year = | language = | url = | jstor = | archive-url = | archive-date = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}	{{Citation | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Bre... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972 }} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972), "Copyright: A Rejoinder", UCLA Law Review, 20: 75–83 {{Citation | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author1-link = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author2-link = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002 }} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1997), "The Quest for Pi" (PDF), Mathematical Intelligencer, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 19 (1): 50–57, doi:10.1007/BF03024340, ISSN 0343-6993, MR 1439159, Zbl 0878.11002
website	{{cite web}} title url	{{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }}	{{cite web | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url = http://science-educat... | access-date = 30 April 2006 | archive-url = http://web.archive... | archive-date = 3 March 2006 }} Spiegel, Rachel. "Research in the News: Thalidomide". Archived from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006. {{cite web | title = | url = | website = | date = | access-date = }} (Write date as one of the formats shown at MOS:DATE; e.g. |date=22 July 2009 or |date=July 22, 2009.) {{cite web | last = Hansen | first = James E. | author-link = James E. Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | website = NASA.gov | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006 }} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (15 December 2005). "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation". NASA.gov. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
	{{Citation}} title url	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | publisher = | date = | year = | url = | access-date = }}	{{Citation | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url=http://science-educat... | access-date = 30 April 2006 }} Spiegel, Rachel, Research in the News: Thalidomide, retrieved 30 April 2006 {{Citation | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006 }} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (15 December 2005), GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, retrieved 28 September 2006
comic	{{cite comic}}	{{cite comic | writer= | penciller= | inker= | story= | title= | volume= | issue= | date= | publisher= | page= | panel= }}	{{cite comic | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]] | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]] | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]] | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]] | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=November 1961 | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | page=3 | panel=2 }} Lee, Stan (w), Kirby, Jack (p), Rule, Christopher (i). "The Fantastic Four!" The Fantastic Four 1: 3/2 (November 1961), Marvel Comics
comic strip	{{comic strip reference}}	{{comic strip reference | cartoonist= | strip= | paper= | location= | date= | supplement= | syndicate= | page= }}	{{comic strip reference | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]] | strip=[[Steve Canyon]] | paper=Journal Herald | location=Dayton, OH | date=July 15, 1967 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate | page=1 }} Caniff, Milton (c). Steve Canyon. Journal Herald (Dayton, OH). July 15, 1967, [Color Comics Supplement], Newspaper Syndicate: 1.
conference report or paper	{{cite conference}} title book-title	{{cite conference | first = | last = | author-link = | title = | book-title = | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = | url = | doi = | id = | access-date = }}	{{cite conference | first = M. | last = Turk | first2 = A. | last2 = Pentland | title = Face recognition ... | book-title = Proc IEEE Con... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | year = 1991 }} Turk, M.; Pentland, A. (1991). "Face recognition using eigenfaces". Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Maui, Hawaii. pp. 586–591. {{cite conference | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | title = Direct detection of the ... | book-title = American Astronomical Society 207th ... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm }} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (9 January 2006). "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope". American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting. AAS.
	{{Citation}} contribution title	{{Citation | first = | last = | author-link = | first2 = | last2 = | author2-link = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | contribution = | contribution-url = | series = | year = | pages = | place = | publisher = | url = | doi = | id = }}	{{Citation | last1 = Turk | first1 = M. | last2 = Pet... | first2 = A. | contribution = Face recog... | title = Proc IEEE Confere... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | year = 1991 }} Turk, M.; Petland, A. (1991), "Face recognition using eigenfaces", Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Maui, Hawaii, pp. 586–591{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) {{Citation | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | contribution = Direct detection of ... | title = American Astronomical... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | contribution-url = http://...30.htm }} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (9 January 2006), "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope", American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting, AAS
court case (legal decision)	{{Cite court}}	{{cite court | litigants = | vol = | reporter = | opinion = | pinpoint = | court = | date = | url= }}	{{cite court | litigants=Roe v. Wade | vol=410 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=113 | date=1973 | url=http://www.law.corn... }} Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
encyclopedia, edited collection	{{cite encyclopedia}} title encyclopedia	{{cite encyclopedia | title = | encyclopedia = | volume = | pages = | publisher = | date = | id = | access-date = }}	{{cite encyclopedia | title = Kirkegaard... | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | year = 1882 }} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882). "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund". Grote Winkler Prins. Vol. 9. Elsevier. {{cite encyclopedia | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Bernard Lewis | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | date = 1999 | url = }} Kramer, Martin (1999). "Bernard Lewis". In Boyd, Kelley (ed.). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Vol. 1. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 719–720.
	{{Citation}} contribution=name of article	{{Citation | last = | first = | contribution = | year = | title = | editor-last = | editor-first = | volume = | pages = | place = | publisher = | id = }}	{{Citation | contribution = Kirkegaard... | title = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | year = 1882 }} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882), "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund", Grote Winkler Prins, vol. 9, Elsevier {{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians ... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | year = 1999 | contribution-url = http://...is.htm }} Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720
episode (television or radio)	{{cite episode}} title	{{cite episode | title = | episode-link = | url = | series = | series-link = | credits = | network = | station = | air-date = | began = | ended = | season = | seriesno = | number = | minutes = | transcript = | transcript-url= }}	{{cite episode | title = BBC-TV Presents: ... | episode-link = BBC Snooker World ... | series = Wide World of Snooker | series-link = Wide World of Snooker ... | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ... | network = [[BBC]] | station = [[BBC Two]] | city = [[Sheffield]], ... | air-date = 2008-04-27 | minutes = 2:34 }} "BBC-TV Presents: The 2008 World Snooker Championship Live at The Crucible". Presenters: Dennis Taylor and Clive Everton. Wide World of Snooker. BBC. BBC Two. 2:34 minutes in. {{cite episode | title = Duet | episode-link = Duet (Stargate Atlant... | series = Stargate Atlantis | series-link = Stargate Atlantis | air-date = August 5, 2005 | season = 2 | number = 4 }} "Duet". Stargate Atlantis. No. 4, season 2.
mailing list	{{cite mailing list}} title url	{{cite mailing list | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | mailing-list = | date = | url = | access-date = }}	{{cite mailing list | last=Murdock | first=Ian | author-link=Ian Murdock | title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9... | mailing-list=debian-announce | date=26 October 1995 | url=http://lists.debian.or... | access-date =20 April 2007 }} Murdock, Ian (26 October 1995). "Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available". debian-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 20 April 2007.
map	{{cite map}} author year or date title publisher	{{cite map | author = | year = | title = | url = | publisher = | section = | access-date = }}	{{cite map | author=Kansas Departmen... | year=2005 | title=Official State Trans... | url=http://www.ksdot.org/b... | format=PDF | edition=2005–06 | location=Topeka | publisher=Kansas Departmen... | section=F9 | access-date =March 30, 2007 }} Kansas Department of Transportation (2005). Official State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2005–06 ed.). Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. § F9. Retrieved 30 March 2007. {{cite map | author1=Skelly Oil Company | author2=Diversified Map Co | year=1966 | title=Highway Map of Oklahoma | scale= [1:1,500,000] | location= St. Louis | publisher=Diversified Map Co | section=11C | oclc= 67708775 }} Skelly Oil Company; Diversified Map Co (1966). Highway Map of Oklahoma (Map). [1:1,500,000]. St. Louis: Diversified Map Co. § 11C. OCLC 67708775.
news article	{{cite news}} title	{{cite news | last = | first = | title = | newspaper = | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = | url = | access-date = }}	{{cite news | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk ... }} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998). "What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair". The Independent. London. {{cite news | last = Andersen | first = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | work = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = http://www.military.com/Caree... | access-date = 6 June 2006 }} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006). "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success". Marine Corps News. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
	{{Citation}} newspaper (or magazine, journal, periodical)	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | newspaper = | pages = | year = | date = | url = | archive-url = | archive-date = | access-date = }}	{{Citation | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk ... | archive-url = http://www.webcitation ... | archive-date = 2010-03-06 }} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998), "What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair", The Independent, London, archived from the original on 6 March 2010 {{Citation | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | newspaper = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = http://www.military.com/Ca... | access-date = 2 June 2006 }} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006), "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success", Marine Corps News, retrieved 2 June 2006
newsgroup posting (DO NOT USE TO VERIFY)	{{cite newsgroup}} title	{{cite newsgroup | title = | author = | date = | newsgroup = | id = | url = | access-date = }}	{{cite newsgroup | author = Gary S. Terhune | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del... | date = January 11, 2004 | newsgroup = microsoft.pub... | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2... | url = http://groups.googl... | access-date = May 16, 2006 }} Gary S. Terhune (11 January 2004). "Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd". Newsgroup: microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion. [email protected]. Retrieved 16 May 2006. {{cite newsgroup | title = How can helping "Kids in Af... | author = Trodel | date = June 10, 2006 | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob... | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20... | url = http://groups.google.com/grou... | access-date = July 3, 2006 }} Trodel (10 June 2006). "How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest". Newsgroup: humanities.philosophy.objectivism. [email protected]. Retrieved 3 July 2006.
patent	{{Cite patent}} inventor-last	{{cite patent | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventorlink = | inventor2-last = | inventor2-first = | inventorlink2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }}	{{cite patent | inventor1-last = Degermark | inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor2-last = Brodnik | inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor3-last = Carlsson | inventor3-first = Svante | inventor4-last = Pink | inventor4-first = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US }} US 6266706, Template:Cite patent/authors, "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", issued 2001
press release	{{cite press release}} title	{{cite press release |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |agency= |access-date=}}	{{cite press release |last=Roithmayr |first=Mark |date=February 5, 2007 |title=Autism Speaks ... |url=http://autismspeaks.org... |location=New York |publisher=[[Autism Speaks]] |access-date=November 19, 2007}} Roithmayr, Mark (5 February 2007). "Autism Speaks and Cure Autism Now Complete Merger" (Press release). New York: Autism Speaks. Retrieved 19 November 2007. {{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up... |url=http://newsroom.sprint.com... |location=Overland Park, Kansas |publisher=[[Sprint Nextel]] |date=November 26, 2012 |access-date=November 28, 2012}} "Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up in 11 New Cities and Counties in Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia" (Press release). Overland Park, Kansas: Sprint Nextel. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
video (movie, television production, documentary, etc.)	{{cite AV media}} people title	{{cite AV media | people = | title = | medium = | publisher = | location = | date = | url = }}	{{cite AV media | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) | title = Harab libnan | medium = Television production | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om... | location = Lebanon | date = 2001 }} Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) (2001). Harab libnan (Television production). Lebanon: Al-Issawi, Omar. {{cite AV media | people = Dick Cavett | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock... | medium = DVD | publisher = Shout Factory | date = 2005 }} Dick Cavett (2005). The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969) (DVD). Shout Factory.
video game	{{cite video game}} title developer	{{cite video game | title = | developer = | publisher = | date = | platform = | version = | level = | language = | isolang = | quote = }}	{{cite video game | title=[[Halo 3]] | developer= [[Bungie]] | publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]] | date=September 25, 2007 | platform=[[Xbox 360]] | version=1.0 | level=The Storm | language=English | isolang= | quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /... }} Bungie (25 September 2007). Halo 3 (Xbox 360) (1.0 ed.). Microsoft Game Studios. Level/area: The Storm. Arbiter: More Brutes? / Master Chief: Worse.
Wikidata	{{Cite Q}} QID (Q number)	{{cite Q | QID}}	{{Cite Q|Q29396757}}

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• {{cite album-notes}}
• {{cite thesis}}

Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples

These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All of the following templates are supported: {{citation}} · {{cite book}} · {{cite journal}} · {{cite web}} · {{cite conference}} · {{cite encyclopedia}} · {{cite mailing list}} · {{cite news}} · {{cite press release}} · {{cite arXiv}} · {{cite AV media}} (an up-to-date list is at Help:Citation Style 1). To use the links, the template must define |surname= (or |last=) and |year= (or |date=).

What to type	What it makes
Article text.{{sfn|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} (Shortened footnote template) Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1879|p=289}} ==Notes== {{reflist}}	Article text. Article text. Notes
Templates used within <ref>...</ref> tags or within the {{efn}} family of templates: {{Harvard citation|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} {{Harv|Smith|1879|p=289}} {{Harvtxt|Turner|1851}} asserts that ... (author's name part of text) {{Harvnb|Smith|1879}} (no brackets) {{Harv|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}} (multi-author)	(Turner 1851, pp. 10–11) (Smith 1879, p. 289) Turner (1851) asserts that ... Smith 1879 (Lincoln et al. 2007, pp. 88–89)
Three Harvcol templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers. These are also used within <ref>...</ref> tags or within the {{efn}} family of templates: {{Harvcol|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} {{Harvcol|Smith|1879|p=289}} {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}} asserts that ... {{Harvcolnb|Smith|1879}} {{Harvcolnb|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}	Harvcol templates (Turner 1851:10–11) (Smith 1879:289) Blust (1999) asserts that ... Smith 1879 Lincoln et al. 2007:88–89

Variations

Bharatpedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link a short citation (e.g. Turner 1851) with the full citation in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short citations.

There are three primary ways to format individual full citations:

1. By hand. These are simply typed directly; however, when using shortened footnotes, each individual full citation can be surrounded with {{wikicite}} to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.
2. Using the Citation Style 1 templates, such as {{cite book}}, {{cite web}}, {{cite journal}}, or {{cite news}}.
3. Using the generic {{Citation}} template.

The main differences between the generic {{Citation}} template and the specific Citation Style 1 templates are:

1. The Citation Style 1 templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while {{Citation}} separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the |separator= and |postscript= parameters.)
2. Not all Citation Style 1 templates can easily be replaced by the {{Citation}} template. Generally, any Citation Style 1 template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.
3. Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed {{cite encyclopedia}} template, with |title= for the article name and |encyclopedia= for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in {{Citation}} are named contribution and title, respectively.

There are three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article (see Help:Citations quick reference for a tabular comparison of these three ways):

1. Footnotes. These simply place the citation inside of a <ref>...</ref> reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an endnote) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using {{reflist}}, which is typically placed by itself in a Notes (or References) section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using <ref name="foo">...</ref> the first time, and just <ref name="foo"/> elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the {{rp}} template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number.
2. Footnotes with list-defined references. All inline citations take the form <ref name="foo"/>. The reference list at the end of the article is a list of full citations, each of which takes the form <ref name="foo">...</ref>, all of which are surrounded by <references>...</references>.
3. Shortened footnotes. Instead of the full citation appearing in the footnote, a short form appears (e.g. Turner 1851), giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in (typically) alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.

When using shortened footnotes, there are three ways to link the short and full references:

1. Insert manual links. These look like e.g. <ref>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]</ref>. If a citation template is used for the full reference, the anchor (e.g. #CITEREFPereira2006) is automatically attached to the full reference; if the full reference is typed by hand, surround the reference with {{wikicite}} to attach the anchor to it.
2. Insert links using a Harvard citation template, e.g. <ref>See, for example: {{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref>. This will insert a footnote into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. Other variations of the Harvard citation templates format the short citation differently.
3. Use the {{sfn}} template for the whole of the footnote. The {{sfn}} template creates its own named <ref>...</ref> tags: {{sfn|Pereira|2006|p=25}} is exactly equivalent to <ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006]], p. 25.</ref> which is itself equivalent to <ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref>.

See also BP:Footnotes and BP:Citing sources for general information, and BP:CITEX for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.

Discussing citations on talk pages

For convenience when citations are brought to talk pages, noticeboards and other discussions, follow the group of citations with {{Reflist-talk}}.

{{Reflist-talk}}

This template places the citations in their own box under the bold header References. The resulting reference box does not appear in the table of contents.