Abraham of Angamaly

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Mar

Abraham
Metropolitan and Gate of all India
Mar Abraham Metropolitan and the Gate of All India.jpg
DioceseIndia, later renamed to Angamaly
Installed31 January 1565
Term ended1597
PredecessorMar Iousep Sulaqa
SuccessorPalliveettil Mar Chandy
Orders
Ordination1565
Personal details
Died1597 (1598)
Angamaly
BuriedMar Hormiz Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Angamaly[1][2]

Abraham of Angamaly (Template:Lang-syr, died c. 1597) (Mar Abraham) was the last bishop in the long line of Nestorian[3][4][5] bishops sent from the Church of the East (Chaldean Patriarchate of Babylon) to the Malankara Christians of modern-day Kerala. He was sent by the Patriarch Abdisho IV Maron (1555-70). In spite of the express approbation by Pope Pius IV (1565), he was not welcomed by the Latin Catholic Portuguese ecclesiastical authorities.[1][6] He was given the title of Metropolitan and Gate of All India by the pope, which is currently used by the Head and Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church.

Introduction[edit]

The last two East Syriac bishops of Malabar were Joseph Sulaqa and Mar Abraham; both arrived in Malabar after the arrival of the Portuguese.[7][8]

There is no doubt that Joseph Sulaqa's appointment was canonical, for he, the brother of the first Chaldean patriarch Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa, was appointed by his successor Abdisho IV Maron and sent out to Malabar. Mar Joseph was sent to India with letters of introduction from the Pope to the Portuguese authorities; he was besides accompanied by Bishop Ambrose, a Dominican and papal commissary to the first patriarch, by his socius Father Anthony, and by Mar Elias Hormaz, Archbishop of Diarbekir. They arrived at Goa about 1563, and were detained at Goa for eighteen months before being allowed to enter the diocese. Proceeding to Cochin they lost Bishop Ambrose; the others travelled through Malabar for two and a half years on foot, visiting every church and detached settlement.[7]

By 1567, Latin authorities asked him to make enquiries into the conduct and doctrine of the prelate suspected for propagating "Nestorian error"; in consequence of this the first provincial council was held and Joseph Sulaqa was sent to Portugal in 1568, thence to Rome, where he died shortly after his arrival.[7]

Mar Abraham in India[edit]

Tomb of last East Syriac Metropolitan Mar Abraham inside the Madbaha of Mar Hormizd Syro-Malabar Church, Angamaly

While Joseph Sulaqa was leaving India there arrived from Mesopotamia another bishop named Mar Abraham, sent by Shemon VII Ishoyahb the East Syriac Patriarch. He succeeded in entering Malabar undetected at the appearance of another Chaldean who proclaimed himself a bishop. The people were greatly delighted and received him with applause; he at once set about holding episcopal functions and conferring holy orders, and quietly established himself in the diocese.[9] Later, the Portuguese captured him and sent him to Portugal, but during the journey he escaped at Mozambique, found his way back to Mesopotamia, and went straight to Mar Abdisho IV Maron, the Chaldean Patriarch, having realized from his Indian experience that, unless he secured a nomination from him, it would be difficult to establish himself in Malabar. He succeeded admirably, obtained nomination, consecration, and a letter from the patriarch to the pope. With this he proceeded to Rome, and in an audience with the Pope disclosed his position.[10] The Pope ordered the Bishop of San Severino to give him orders from tonsure to priesthood, and a Brief was sent to the Patriarch of Venice to consecrate him a bishop. The facts are attested, both as to the minor orders and the episcopal consecration, by the original letters found in the archives of the Church of Angamaly, where he resided and where he died.[7]

Metropolitan of Angamaly (1568-1597)[edit]

Abraham succeeded also in obtaining his nomination as Archbishop of Angamaly from Pope Pius IV, with letters to the Archbishop of Goa and the Bishop of Cochin dated 27 February 1565.[7]

On arrival at Goa, he was detained in a convent, but escaped and entered Malabar. His arrival was a surprise and a joy to the people. He kept out of the reach of the Portuguese, living among the churches in the hilly parts of the country. In time he was left in peaceful occupation. As is usual in such cases the old tendencies assumed once more their ascendency, and he returned to his teaching and practices, Complaints were made by Jesuits; Rome sent warnings to Abraham to allow Catholic doctrine to be preached and taught to his people. At one time he took the warning seriously to his heart. In 1583 Father Valignano, then Superior of the Jesuit Missions, devised a means of forcing a reform. He persuaded Mar Abraham to assemble a synod, convening the clergy and the chiefs of the laity. He also prepared a profession of faith which was to be made publicly by the bishop and all present. Moreover, urgent reforms were sanctioned and agreed to. A letter was sent by Pope Gregory XIII on 28 November 1578, laying down what Abraham had to do for the improvement of his diocese; after the synod, Abraham sent a long letter to the pope in reply, specifying all that he had been able to do by the aid of the Fathers. This is called the first reconciliation of the Syrians to the Church. It was formal and public, but left no improvement on the general body, the liturgical books were not corrected nor was Catholic teaching introduced in the Church.[7][11]

Rabban Hormizd Church, built by Mar Abraham[edit]

Mar Hormizd Syro-Malabar Church (Old Cathedral), built by Mar Abraham.
Front view of Mar Hormizd Syro-Malabar Church which houses the tomb of Mar Abraham

After his escape from Portuguese detention in Goa, Mar Abraham returned to Angamaly in 1570. In the same year, he built his first cathedral church dedicated to Rabban Hormizd, a seventh century Abbot of the East Syriac Church, as its patron. In 1578, as a response to the requests made by Jesuit missionaries who had been working in Angamaly and in the other centres of the Saint Thomas Christians, the pope granted plenary indulgences to the Church of Rabban Hormizd, which the faithful could obtain four times a year for 25 years from the year of the election of Metropolitan Mar Abraham. The indulgences covered two feasts of the Patron Rabban Hormizd that fell on the fifteenth day after Easter (Monday) and on the first of September. On 15 August 1579, as requested by Mar Abraham, the Jesuits laid the foundation stone of a new cathedral namely "Rabban Hormizd" in the same place chosen by the Metropolitan.[12] The Synod of Diamper of the year 1599, prohibited the Christians from commemorating the feast of Rabban Hormizd, since Rabban Hormizd was considered a Nestorian heretic by the Latin missionaries. Session 3, Canon 14 of the Synod severely condemned Rabban Hormizd. According to the new regulations, the Synod commanded as planned by Archbishop Menezes that the Christians celebrate the feast of St. Hormizd, the Martyr (according to the Roman Martyrology published from Rome in 1583), a Persian Catholic saint who lived in the fifth century, suppressing the memory of Rabban Hormizd. The Feast was fixed on 8 August according to the Canon 10 of the Session 2 of the Synod of Diamper.[13][14][15]

The efforts of Archbishop Menezes and the Portuguese missionaries to replace Rabban Hormizd as patron of St. Hormizd church with St. Hormizd the martyr is an instance of sixteenth-century attempts at forced Latinization. It is doubtful whether the Christians immediately accepted this change of patronage. Bishop Francis Ros, the first Latin bishop of the Saint Thomas Christians, attempted to get the decree of the Synod of Diamper accepted with the Second Synod of Angamaly that he convoked in December 1603.[16] St. Hormizd, the Martyr of Persia,[17] is a historical person who lived in the fifth century in Persia.

Later years and death[edit]

In 1595, Mar Abraham fell dangerously ill but recovered.[18] In 1597 he again became dangerously ill. Archbishop Aleixo de Menezes wrote and exhorted him to reform his people, but for answer only got frivolous excuses.[19] He would not even avail himself of the exhortations of the Fathers who surrounded his bed, nor did he receive the last sacraments. Thus he died in January 1597.[20] The viceroy made known his death to Archbishop Menezes, then absent on a visitation tour, by letter of 6 Feb. 1597.[7] The Archdeacon during the first part of the reign of Mar Abraham was George of Christ, who was on friendly terms with the Latin missionaries and was to be appointed the successor of Mar Abraham as Metropolitan of India. Thus he should have become, according to the plans of Mar Abraham, supported by the Jesuits, the first indigenous Chaldaean Metropolitan of the St Thomas Christians. However, the last letter of Mar Abraham, in which he requests the Pope to confirm George's ordination as Bishop of Palur and his successor, is dated 13 January 1584, while from another letter of the same Mar Abraham we learn that the consecration of George failed because of the latter's death.[21]

The tomb of Mar Abraham[edit]

The tomb of Mar Abraham was discovered in September 2015, in the sanctuary of St. Hormizd Church in Angamaly on the occasion of the renovation of the church. This church has witnessed many of the revolutions of the Christians of St. Thomas in the past against the new Latin hierarchy imposed upon them after the Synod of Diamper. The Christians used to assemble around the tomb in order to discuss important matters and to adopt resolutions concerning their future proceedings. One of the resolutions at the tomb of Mar Abraham was made by all the Christians, immediately after his death in 1597. The second resolution was made in 1601, by about 200 Christians who withdrew their obedience to Francis Ros, S.J, the first Latin bishop of Angamaly.[22][23] A committee was appointed by Major Archbishop Cardinal George Alencherry, at a meeting of Syro-Malabar Church Historians and Ecclesiastical Dignitaries held at Kochi to decide on the investigation, protection, and preservation of the tomb. The committee consisted of Fr. Kuriakose Mundadan, Vicar and Rector of the Angamaly Basilica, Fr. Ignatius Payyappilly, Fr. Peter Kannampuzha (Executive Director of LRC), Prof. George Menachery, and Dr. Jomon Thachil.

Notes and references[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Tomb of State's last Persian Chaldean bishop discovered". The Hindu. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  2. ↑ http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Discovery-of-Ancient-Tomb-Redefines-History-of-Angamaly/2015/09/21/article3038626.ece
  3. ↑ Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij, Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915 (BRILL 2012), p. 21
  4. ↑ Gertrude Lowthian Bell, Amurath to Amurath (Heinemann 1911), p. 281
  5. ↑ Gabriel Oussani, "The Modern Chaldeans and Nestorians, and the Study of Syriac among them" in Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 22 (1901), p. 81; cf. Albrecht Classen (editor), East Meets West in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times (Walter de Gruyter 2013), p. 704
  6. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines, Volume 4 By Charles George Herbermann page 1180,1181
  8. ↑ For details on Mar Jacob, Mar Joseph, and Mar Abraham cf. A. M. Mundadan, "History of St. Thomas Christianity in India", in George Menachery, Ed., The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol. II, Trichur, 1973 pp.46-52, esp. the end notes.Also Joseph Thkkedath, History of Christianity in India, Vol.II, CHAI, Bangalore, 1982, Ch.3 pp.34-56.
  9. ↑ Gouva, p. col. 2
  10. ↑ Du Jarric, "Rer. Ind. Thesaur.", tom. III, lib. II, p. 69
  11. ↑ see letter, pp. 97-99, in Giamil
  12. ↑ "The removal of Patrons and some Historical reflexions/പടിയിറങ്ങുന്ന പ്രതിഷ്ഠകളും ചില ചരിത്രവിചാരങ്ങളും." Sathyadeepam Weekly. 88 (25 March 2015): 5.
  13. ↑ "The removal of Patrons and some Historical reflexions." 5, 16.
  14. ↑ Theodoret, "Historia Ecclesiastica: St. Hormisdas, a Persian martyr." b. 5, c. 39.
  15. ↑ http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5856
  16. ↑ "Marichaalum Marikkaatha Mar Abraham/Mar Abraham, an Immortal Soul." Sunday Shalome, vol. 16, No. 42, 25 October 2015, 2
  17. ↑ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-christian
  18. ↑ Du Jarric, tom. I, lib. II, p. 614
  19. ↑ Gouva, p. 2
  20. ↑ For details of the last days of Mar Abraham cf. Michael Geddes, "History of the Malabar Church &c.", London, 1694, repr. George Menachery, Ed.Indian Church History Classics, Vol.I, Ollur 1998 pp.51-112
  21. ↑ Language of religion, language of the people: medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Ernst Bremer, Susanne Röhl Page 401
  22. ↑ "Marichaalum Marikkaatha Mar Abraham/Mar Abraham, an Immortal Soul." Sunday Shalome, vol. 16, No. 42, 25 October 2015, 2
  23. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

See also[edit]

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