Christianity in Kerala

Christianity is the third-most practised religion in Kerala, accounting for 18% of the population according to the Indian census.^[1] Although a minority, the Christian population of Kerala is proportionally much larger than that of India as a whole. A significant portion of the Indian Christian population resides in the state.^[2]^[3]

HistoryEdit

Mar Thoma Sleeha Pilgrim Church, Kodungalloor where the relics of the right hand of the apostle is kept and venerated. This new church is built where it is believed that the first of the seven churches was built by St. Thomas in AD 52.

The tradition of origin among Saint Thomas Christians relates to the arrival of Saint Thomas, one of the 12 disciples of Jesus at the ancient seaport Muziris on the Kerala coast in AD 52.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] The families Sankaramangalam,^[9] Pakalomattam, Kalli, and Kaliyankal were considered particularly preeminent, and historically the most aristocratic Syriac Christian families tended to claim descent from these families.^[10]

It is also possible for Aramaic-speaking Jews from Galilee to make a trip to Kerala in the 1st century. The Cochin Jews are known to have existed in Kerala around that time. The earliest known source connecting the apostle to India is the Acts of Thomas, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in Edessa.

Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Arakuzha was founded in 999

The text describes Thomas' adventures in bringing Christianity to India, a tradition later expanded upon in early Indian sources such as the "Thomma Parvam" ("Song of Thomas"). Generally he is described as arriving in or around Maliankara and founding Seven Churches and half churches, or Ezharapallikal: Kodungallur, Kollam, Niranam, Nilackal (Chayal), Kokkamangalam, Kottakkavu, Palayoor , Thiruvithamcode Arappalli and Aruvithura church (half church). A number of 3rd- and 4th-century Roman writers also mention Thomas' trip to India, including Ambrose of Milan, Gregory of Nazianzus, Jerome, and Ephrem the Syrian, while Eusebius of Caesarea records that his teacher Pantaenus visited a Christian community in India in the 2nd century. There came into existence a Christian community who were mainly merchants.

Kuravilangad Church

DenominationsEdit

Denominations among all Christians in Kerala

Syro-Malabar (40.2%)

Syro-Malankara (7.6%)

Syrian Jacobite (7.9%)

Malankara Orthodox (8.0%)

Syrian Marthoma (6.6%)

Syrian Chaldean (0.43%)

Pentecost (4.3%)

Latin Catholic (13.2%)

Dalit Christian (2.6%)

CSI (4.5%)

Others (5.47%)

Source: Religious Denominations of Kerala^[11]

English Church, Nadakkavu

Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey(Latin church)

Nasrani cross

The 2011 Indian census found a total of 6,411,269 Christians in Kerala.^[1] The Saint Thomas Syrian Christians (Syro Malabar, Syro Malankara, Orthodox, Jacobite, Marthoma, Chaldean and the Thozhiyur churches) constituted 70.73% of the Christians in Kerala. The Roman Catholics formed 13.3%. The Pentecostal church formed 4.3%. Other Protestant, Reformed and Charismatic churches form 5.9% of the Christians. The CSI Church constitutes 4.5% of the Christians. Dalit Christians formed 2.6% of the Christian community of Kerala.

Catholics form three particular Churches totalling overall 3,743,851 (61% of all Christians)numbers as follows:

Syro Malabar (2,345,911),
Syro Malankara(465,207),
Roman Catholic (932,733).

Major Churches of the non-Catholic Syro-Antiochian Rite form 1,381,209 (23% of all Christians) (also Reformed Oriental church like Malankara Marthoma) numbers are as follows:

Malankara Orthodox (689,404)
Malankara Jacobite (493,358)
Malankara Marthoma (405,089)

Protestant, Reformed and other Charismatic churches numbers are as follows

CSI (Church of South India) (274,255)
Pentecostal (213,806)
Seventh-day Adventist Church (37,000 membership in Kerala)
St. Thomas Evangelical Church (2900)
Other miscellaneous (301,864),
Dalit (159,982).

Catholic ChurchEdit

Syro-Malabar Catholic Church^[12] - an Eastern Catholic church of the East Syriac Rite (Edessan Rite) - the largest Christian denomination in Kerala.
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church - an Eastern Catholic church of the West Syriac Rite (Syro-Antiochene Rite)
Roman Catholic Church also known as Latin Church (Roman Rite)

Oriental Orthodox Churches (West Syriac Rite)Edit

Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church^[13] - autocephalous Indian Orthodox Church, part of the Oriental Orthodox communion.
Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church - autonomous jurisdiction of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch in India.

Independent Oriental Orthodox ChurchesEdit

(The denominations that follow Oriental Orthodox theology but are not officially part of Oriental Orthodox Communion).

Malabar Independent Syrian Church - Oriental Orthodox church in good ecumenical relations with the Anglican Communion, but not in communion with other Oriental orthodox churches.^[14]

Reformed Oriental ChurchesEdit

Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church^[15] - Reformed West Syriac Rite Church. In communion with the Anglican Communion and Malabar Independent Syrian Church.
St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India - Evangelical Oriental Church.

United and Uniting (Anglican)Edit

Church of South India (CSI) - the successor to the Anglican and several Protestant denominations in India, including the Church of England, the Methodist Church and the Church of Scotland, after Indian Independence. This Church is part of the Anglican Communion.

Assyrian Church of the East - (East Syriac Rite)Edit

Chaldean Syrian Church - archbishopric of the Assyrian Church of the East

Prominent Protestant denominationsEdit

Pilgrimage sitesEdit

The National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom Roman Catholic Church, Vallarpadam, Ernakulam.
St. Antony's Roman Catholic Church Kaloor, Ernakulam.
St. Francis Assisi Cathedral Roman Catholic Church, Archdiocese of Verapoly, Marine Drive, Ernakulam, Kochi
St.Philomena's Forane Church, Koonammavu & St. Chavara Pilgrimage, Archdiocese of Verapoly, a Roman Catholic Church, Koonammavu, Cochin.
St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church, Niranam, Pathanamthitta- one of the oldest churches in India and founded by St. Thomas.
St. Mary's Cathedral, Kundara, Kollam- contains a Holy Girdle believed to be dropped from the sky by the Virgin Mary to St. Thomas.
St. George Orthodox Church, Puthuppally, Kottayam- commonly called the 'Puthuppally Valiyappally' and contains a shrine declared as the 'Georgian Pilgrim Centre of the East'. Relics of Saint George are also present at Puthuppally Pally.
St Mary's Orthodox Church, Kallooppara, Pathanamthitta(Kallooppara Valyapally).
Our Lady of Dolours Basilica, Thrissur, Thrissur- commonly known as 'Puthanpally' ('new church') and the third-tallest church in Asia.
St. Antony's Forane Church, Ollur, Thrissur- a well-known church, site of the famous 'Malakhayude Perunnal'.
St. Peter and St.Paul's Church, Parumala, Pathanamthitta- important to Malankara Orthodox Christians as the burial site of St. Geevarghese Mar Gregorios.
Basilica of St. George, Angamaly, Ernakulam- largest of its kind in India and the first church in Angamaly, which was formerly dedicated to St Mary. It was the seat of power of Syrian Christians till 16th century.
St. Mary's Soonoro Cathedral Angamaly, built by Archdeacon George in 1567.
Potta Ashram, Potta, Thrissur- a famous Catholic charismatic renewal centre in Kerala.
St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Aruvithura, Kottayam- first church built in the Pala Eparchy and has a cross laid down by St. Thomas.
St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Manarcad, Kottayam- contains part of the Holy Girdle and was the site of the Jacobite ritual of the Holy Mooron in 1982 by the Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas.
Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor, Thrissur- a famous retreat centre with a rehabilitation centre, retirement home and other centres.
Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam- first seminary in Kerala for the Malankara Church and currently owned by the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.
St. Thomas Church, Malayattoor, Ernakulam- an international shrine and the site of St. Thomas' footprints and knee-prints, along with other historical sites.
Manjinikkara Dayara, Omallur, Pathanamthitta- Syriac Orthodox monastery and contains the tombs of St. Ignatius Elias III and Mor Yulios Elias Qoro.
St. George Church, Edappally, Ernakulam- foundation laid by Pope John Paul II and the site of the 'offering of fowls' during the Feast of St. George.
St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad, Pathanamthitta- contains the tomb of Mar Thoma III and declared as a 'Marthoman Pilgrim Centre'.
St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Kolenchery, Ernakulam- contains the tomb of Mar Thoma VII and reopened recently for both Malankara Orthodox Christians and Jacobite Orthodox Christians.
St. Thomas Church, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam- contains the tomb of St. Baselios Yeldo.
St. Mary's Jacobite Church, Thamarachal, Ernakulam- pilgrim centre of St. Mary and famous for its 'Ettunombu'.
St. George Orthodox Church, Chadanapally, Pathanamthitta- contained the relics of St. George for a while and site of the well-known 'Chembuduppu' annual ritual.
St. George Orthodox Church, Cheppad, Alappuzha- contains the tomb of Mar Dionysius IV and a 600-year-old mural.
St. Francis Church, Fort Kochi, Ernakulam- oldest European church and currently under control of the CSI.
St. John Nepumsian's Forane Church Parappukkara, Thrissur- a rare pilgrim centre of St. John Nepumsian and contains a granite cross given by St. Francis Xavier.
St. Joseph's Church, Mannanam, Kottayam- constructed by St. Kuriakose Elias Chavara and contains his tomb.
Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam, Ernakulam- a National Pilgrim Centre and contains a privileged altar.
St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Kattachira, Alappuzha- declared as a Global Marian Pilgrim Centre and contains an icon of St. Mary with tears of aromatic oil flowing from the eyes.
Marth Mariam Forane Church, Arakuzha, Ernakulam- one of the oldest churches in Kerala and where Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly served as a parish priest.
Jerusalem Retreat Center, Thalore, Thrissur- a famous Catholic charismatic renewal centre in Kerala.
St.George Forane Church Aruvithura

ReferencesEdit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "Census of India". Retrieved 2009-04-12.
↑ "Christianity in India". Members.tripod.com. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
↑ Compiled by Robert Eric Frykenberg (2005-07-01). "Timeline". Ctlibrary.com. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
↑ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/
↑ The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing – 2008. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-8028-2417-2.
↑ "Syrian Christians in Muslim Society", Syrian Christians in a Muslim Society: An Interpretation, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 1–98, 2015-12-31, doi:10.1515/9781400872589-003, ISBN 978-1-4008-7258-9, retrieved 2020-11-04
↑ Jullien, Christelle (2011-05-15). "Origin of Christianity in India. A historiographical Critique. Delhi, Media House, 2007, 392 p." Abstracta Iranica. 31. doi:10.4000/abstractairanica.39686. ISSN 0240-8910.
↑ Bayly, Susan. (1989). Saints, goddesses, and kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37201-1. OCLC 70781802.
↑ https://gallery.library.vanderbilt.edu/exhibits/show/syriaca/syriaca/christianity
↑ K.C. Zachariah (April 2016). "Religious Denominations of Kerala" (PDF). Center for Development Studies. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
↑ World Christian Encyclopedia , Second edition, 2001 Volume 1, p. 368-371
↑ "Malankara Orthodox Church - Kottayam Seminary". Malankaraorthodoxchurch.in. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
↑ Fenwick, John R. K. "Malabar Independent Syrian Church The Thozhiyur Church".
↑ "Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar". Marthoma.in. Retrieved 2013-12-16.