Raebareli district
Raebareli district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. The city of Raebareli is the district headquarters. This district is a part of Lucknow Division in Uttar Pradesh state. The total area of Raebareli district is 4043 Sq. km.[2]
Raebareli District | |
|---|---|
 Location of Raebareli district in Uttar Pradesh | |
| Coordinates (Raebareli): 26°13′48″N 81°14′24″E / 26.23000°N 81.24000°ECoordinates: 26°13′48″N 81°14′24″E / 26.23000°N 81.24000°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| Division | Lucknow |
| Established | 1858 |
| Headquarters | Raebareli |
| Government | |
| • Lok Sabha constituencies |
|
| • Vidhan Sabha constituencies[1] | |
| Area | |
| • Total | 4,043 km2 (1,561 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 3,405,559 |
| • Density | 840/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
| Demographics | |
| • Literacy | 81% |
| • Sex ratio | 941 |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Major highways | NH30, NH31, NH330A, NH128, NH335 |
| Website | http://raebareli.nic.in/ |
As of 2011, its population is 3,405,559, which makes it the 27th largest in the state.[3] It is a predominantly rural district, with 91% of the population living in rural areas.[3]
Geography
The district had an area of 4,609 km2. The principal rivers of the district are the Ganges and the Sai: the former skirts it for 54 miles near Dalmau and is everywhere navigable for boats of 40 tons; the latter traverses it from N.W. to S.E. The principal crops are rice, pulse, wheat, barley, millet, and poppy. Rae Bareli town is connected with Lucknow by a branch of the Oudh and Rohilkhand railway, which in 1898 was extended to Benares.
History
Raebareli district did not exist as a distinct administrative division until 1858.[4] After the British annexation of Oudh State in 1856, there was originally a Salon district, with its headquarters at Salon, and which stretched from Purwa to Allahabad, but in 1858 this was scrapped and Raebareli district was created.[4] However, Raebareli district has since undergone major territorial changes.[4] As originally drawn up, Raebareli district was composed of four tehsils: Raebareli, Haidergarh, Bihar, and Dalmau.[4] Raebareli and Dalmau tehsils, which were soon merged, each contained a single pargana of the same name.[4] Haidergarh tehsil contained four parganas: Haidergarh, Kumhrawan, Bachhrawan, and Hardoi.[4] Meanwhile, Bihar tehsil covered the region known as Baiswara and had nine parganas: Bihar, Khiron, Sareni, Bhagwantnagar, Daundia Khera, Patan, Panhan, Magrayar, and Ghatampur.[4]
The resulting district boundaries were very irregular and in 1869 there was a significant administrative overhaul.[4] All of Bihar tehsil except for Khiron and Sareni were transferred into Unnao district, and the Haidergarh pargana was moved into Barabanki district.[4] Meanwhile, the parganas of Inhauna, Mohanganj, Rokha Jais, and Simrauta were moved into Raebareli district from Sultanpur district, while the parganas of Salon and Parshadepur were taken from Pratapgarh district.[4]
As a result of these changes, the tehsil arrangement of Raebareli district was altered.[4] A new Dalmau tehsil was formed containing the parganas of Dalmau, Khiron, and Sareni, leaving Raebareli tehsil containing the single pargana of Raebareli.[4] Salon remained a tehsil headquarters, as it had been under Pratapgarh district, comprising the parganas of Salon, Parshadepur, and Rokha Jais (replacing Ateha, which was left in Pratapgarh district).[4] In the north of the district, the remnants of the Haidergarh and Mohanganj tehsils were united under the new Maharajganj tehsil, which comprised the parganas of Mohanganj, Simrauta, Inhauna, Kumhrawan, Bachhrawan, and Hardoi.[4]
When Raebareli district was first formed, it was made the seat of Raebareli division, along with Sultanpur and Pratapgarh districts, but in 1891 this division was merged with Lucknow division.[4]
Early history
The history of what is now Raebareli district is mostly unknown until the time of the medieval Delhi Sultanate.[4] The only sources for this period are local traditions.[4] One thing that most traditions agree on is that this region was originally ruled by the Bhars, and most old ruins in the district are generally attributed to them.[4] The Bhars appear to have been in power in this area longer than anywhere else in Awadh, and they were not finally subjugated until the reign of Ibrahim Shah of the Jaunpur Sultanate (early 15th century).[4] According to legend, the cities of Raebareli and Dalmau take their names from two Bhar rulers named Dal and Bal, but if they ever existed, it is impossible to assign any dates to them.[4] In any case, tradition holds that the Bhars were later driven out by the Rajputs and, to a lesser extent, the Muslims.[4]
The Rajputs that came to rule over the area of today's Raebareli district mostly belonged to three main clains: the Bais in the south and west, the Kanhpurias in the east, and the Amethias in the north.[4] Of these, the Bais were the first; their family traditions state that they came to this region around 1250 under one Abhai Chand, who was rewarded by the Gautam Raja of Argal (in what is now Fatehpur district) with a grant of lands that the raja had only nominal control over.[4] His descendants came to rule over the region known as Baiswara.[4] The Kanhpurias also became powerful in this region at an early date; their original base was at Kanhpur between Salon and Pratapgarh.[4] As for the Amethias, they were always the weakest of the three clans in this region; they got their name from the town of Amethi in today's Lucknow district.[4]
Early Muslim dynasties
The early history of the Muslims in this region are not clear.[4] According to legend, Dalmau was conquered by Salar Sahu, father of Sayyid Salar Masud, in 423 AH, and he then appointed one Malik Abdullah as governor.[4] However, it is more likely that Dalmau only came under Muslim control during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate, when one Malik Mubarak was made governor, and that before this Dalmau had been under Hindu rule.[4] Some early Muslim immigrants also came from Manikpur, such as the Gardezi Sayyids of Mustafabad and the Pathans of Amanwan and Pahremau.[4]
The Jaunpur Sultanate was the first major Muslim polity to make significant inroads in the area of today's district.[4] In 1376, one Mardan Daulat Nasir-ul-Mulk was given the territories of Kara and Mahoba, along with the iqta of Dalmau.[4] This man was given the title "Malik-ush-Sharq" by Firoz Shah Tughlaq and later became known as Khizr Khan.[4] It is not known how long Khizr Khan retained control of Dalmau, but in 1394 it was given to Khwaja-i-Jahan, founder of the Jaunpur Sultanate, along with the rest of Awadh.[4]
The most prominent of the Jaunpur Sultans in the history of Raebareli district was Ibrahim Shah, who rose to power in 1401.[4] He posted a governor at Dalmau and went to war against the Bhars and Rajputs, and he went on to establish most of the Muslim outposts in the area.[4] It was during this time that Raebareli was probably built up into a major town for the first time, with a qazi posted there.[4] After Ibrahim Shah's death, however, the Bais and Kanhpuria Rajputs reasserted their independence and were not subdued until the reign of the final Jaunpur Sultan, Husain Shah, who was Ibrahim's grandson.[4]
After Husain Shah's defeat by Bahlol Lodi, the region came under the nominal authority of the Delhi Sultanate.[4] The Rajputs again took advantage of the temporary instability to strengthen their own position.[4] In 1492, the Bachgotis in what is now Pratapgarh district rebelled, and Sikandar Lodi went on a campaign against them.[4] He reached Dalmau in 1493, and fought a battle at Katghar nearby where he routed the Bachgotis.[4] Another rebellion later broke out in Jaunpur, and Sikandar passed through the area on his way to deal with it.[4] He stopped at Dalmau on the way and married the widow of Sher Khan Lohani while he was there.[4]
Ain-i-Akbari
At the time of the Ain-i-Akbari in the late 1500s, the area of today's Raebareli district was divided between three different sarkars in two subahs: most belonged to Manikpur sarkar in Allahabad Subah, while portions in the north and west were included in Awadh and Lucknow sarkars in Awadh Subah.[4]
12 mahals (i.e. parganas) of Manikpur sarkar were located partly or totally in the area of Raebareli district.[4] In the north was Bhilwal, aka Bhalol, which was named after a village in what is now Barabanki district; it was later transferred to Nagram in today's Lucknow district, and Nagram remained the pargana headquarters until the foundation of Haidergarh at the end of the 18th century.[4] The small pargana of Thulendi bordered Bhilwal to the south; its namesake was an old Muslim qasba, and the headquarters were moved to Bachhrawan during the time of Shuja-ud-Daula.[4] To the south of Thulendi was the large pargana of Raebareli.[4] South of Raebareli was Dalmau, whose borders then probably corresponded fairly closely with its 20th-century borders, although some of the western part probably belonged to the Baiswara mahals of Lucknow sarkar.[4] Bordering Dalmau was the pargana of Salon, which provided the Mughal army with an "unusually large force" consisting of 8,900 infantry and 180 cavalry.[4] North of Salon, and bordering Raebareli, was the pargana of Nasirabad, which included the later parganas of Parshadepur and Rokha (before it was merged with Jais).[4] The pargana of Jais, at that time, also covered the later parganas of Mohanganj, Gaura Jamun (now in Sultanpur district), and part of Simrauta.[4] The Kanhpurias were probably already the predominant group in the pargana; the later dismantling of Jais pargana took place towards the end of the 18th century, at the same time that the Kanhpuria estates were divided.[4]
Two other mahals from Manikpur sarkar covered parts of Raebareli district: Qariat Guzara and Qariat Paegah.[4] These were each very scattered entities consisting of various villages throughout the Salon tehsil as well as Pratapgarh district (Qariat Guzara had 262 villages and Qariat Paegah had 256).[4] The purpose of Qariat Guzara is unclear; the word guzara means "maintenance", and it has been suggested that this mahal consisted of either villages assigned to the ruler's own (private) servants or villages whose revenues went towards the cost of entertaining royal messengers or other public servants passing through Manikpur.[4] As for Qariat Paegah, the word paegah refers to a stable, indicating that its villages' revenues were set aside to defray the expenses incurred through the purchase and maintenance of the royal cattle.[4] The two mahals each had their own courts as well as their own qanungos, whose descendants are still known as Guzaras and Paegahwalas respectively.[4]
In the sarkar of Awadh, there were two mahals that covered parts of Raibareli district; these were Inhauna and Subeha.[4] In the Ain-i-Akbari, Inhauna is said to have been held by Chauhans who had recently converted to Islam, which is possibly a reference to the Bhale Sultans, although they were mostly based further east.[4] Alternatively, this could be a confused reference to the Bais of Inhauna, who are known to have converted to Islam in large numbers at an early date.[4] As for Subeha, it was a very large mahal at that point; besides the later pargana of that name in today's Barabanki district, it also included the northern part of the later pargana of Simrauta, and possibly the northwestern part of Inhauna as well, although its exact boundaries at the time are uncertain.[4]
At the time of the Ain-i-Akbari, the western part of today's Raebareli district was part of Lucknow sarkar, but the correspondence here is harder to trace.[4] The modern parganas of Khiron and Sareni, in Baiswara, were then divided into several mahals that later ceased to exist.[4] The ones in Sareni include Nisgar (or "Lashkar"), named after a village on the banks of the Ganges southwest of Sareni; Tara Singhaur, named after the present village of Singhaur Tara some distance downstream from Nisgar, in the far southeast of the pargana; Kahanjara, whose name is still preserved in the village of Kahanjar in the north of the pargana; and finally Deorakh, which refers to the present-day hamlet of Deorahar in the village of Raipur, and which covered the south-central part of the pargana.[4] As for Khiron, it was mostly if not entirely covered by the mahal of Satanpur, although the northwestern corner may have belonged to Maurawan in Unnao district, or one of the other small mahals of Baiswara.[4] Maurawan must have also included the later pargana of Raebareli.[4] The mahal called "Haihar" in the Ain-i-Akbari probably corresponds to the modern village of Aihar, near Lalganj; this was a small mahal that belonged to the Bais.[4] Finally, the mahal of Hardoi seems to be identical with the later pargana of the same name (not to be confused with the Hardoi in Hardoi district), but this is located some distance away from the rest of Lucknow sarkar and would have been entirely surrounded by Manikpur.[4] It's not clear why this territory was included in Lucknow rather than Manikpur.[4]
Later Mughals and Nawabs of Awadh
After Akbar died, the Rajput clans in the region once again enjoyed a period of relative independence.[4] From this period until the foundation of Oudh State in the 18th century, the history of this area is basically synonymous with the history of its Rajput dynasties.[4] It was during this period that the Saibasi branch of the Bais established their large domain.[4]
When Saadat Ali Khan I was made governor of Awadh, he travelled through the region to secure the submission of the Rajput leaders.[4] In order to earn their loyalty, he acknowledged the Rajput chiefs' rulership and entrusted them with collection of revenues within their own territories.[4] This policy was generally successful.[4]
Asaf-ud-Daula succeeded to the throne in 1774 and granted his mother the parganas of Salon, Jais, and Nasirabad in jagir.[4] He also put Raebareli, Dalmau, Khiron, and Thulendi under the control of the chakladar of Baiswara at about the same time.[4] From then until the British annexation of Awadh, the area of today's Raebareli district was then divided between the chaklas of Salon and Baiswara.[4]
Divisions
Raebareli district is divided into 7 tehsils and 21 community development blocks, as follows:[3]
- Maharajganj tehsil
- Bachhrawan block
- Shivgarh block
- Maharajganj block
- Tiloi tehsil
- Singhpur block
- Tiloi block
- Bahadurpur block
- Rai Bareli tehsil
- Harchandpur block
- Amawan block
- Sataon block
- Rahi block
- Lalganj tehsil
- Dalmau tehsil
- Dalmau block
- Deenshah Gaura block
- Unchahar tehsil
- Salon tehsil
Municipalities
Rae Bareli district has 9 statutory towns, including 2 Nagar Palika Parishads (municipal boards) and 7 Nagar Panchayats.[3] There are no non-statutory census towns in the district.[3] The district's towns are as follows:[3]
| Town name | Classification | Tehsil | Population (in 2011) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bachhrawan | Nagar Panchayat | Maharajganj | 12,521 |
| Maharajganj | Nagar Panchayat | Maharajganj | 6,673 |
| Jais | Nagar Palika Parishad | Tiloi | 26,735 |
| Rae Bareli | Nagar Palika Parishad | Rae Bareli | 191,316 |
| Lalganj | Nagar Panchayat | Lalganj | 23,124 |
| Dalmau | Nagar Panchayat | Dalmau | 9,983 |
| Unchahar | Nagar Panchayat | Unchahar | 11,033 |
| Parsadepur | Nagar Panchayat | Salon | 11,853 |
| Salon | Nagar Panchayat | Salon | 14,757 |
Villages
Raebareli district has 1,773 villages, of which 1,733 are inhabited and 40 are uninhabited.[3] As of 2011, a majority of the populated villages (950 of them, or 56%) have a population between 500 and 1,999 people.[3] At the extreme ends of the spectrum, there are 67 villages (4% of the total) with a population below 200, and there are 16 (1%) with a population greater than 10,000.[3]
Economy
Raebareli district is predominantly agrarian and it produces large amounts of grain.[3]
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Raebareli one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).[5] It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).[5]
Raebareli has also been nominated by the state government for receiving aid through central government's Smart Cities in India Programme.[citation needed]
Powerplant at Unchahar (National Thermal Power Limited, NTPC)[6]
Demographics
According to the 2011 census Raebareli district has a population of 3,405,559,[3] roughly equal to the nation of Panama[7] or the US state of Connecticut.[8] This gives it a ranking of 97th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 739 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,910/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.51%. Rae Bareli has a sex ratio of 941 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 81.04%.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 1,033,571 | — |
| 1911 | 1,016,689 | −0.16% |
| 1921 | 936,442 | −0.82% |
| 1931 | 974,237 | +0.40% |
| 1941 | 1,065,296 | +0.90% |
| 1951 | 1,157,461 | +0.83% |
| 1961 | 1,316,095 | +1.29% |
| 1971 | 1,504,187 | +1.34% |
| 1981 | 1,879,248 | +2.25% |
| 1991 | 2,309,928 | +2.08% |
| 2001 | 2,872,335 | +2.20% |
| 2011 | 3,405,559 | +1.72% |
| source:[9] | ||
Languages
Rae Bareli district: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.[10]
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 98.31% of the population in the district spoke Hindi (or a related language) and 1.60% Urdu as their first language.[10]
Languages spoken in the district include Awadhi, a vernacular in the Hindi continuum spoken by over 38 million people, mainly in the Awadh region.[11]
| Rae Bareli district: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.[10] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother tongue code | Mother tongue | People | Percentage |
| 002007 | Bengali | 418 | 0.01% |
| 006030 | Awadhi | 137,411 | 4.03% |
| 006142 | Chhattisgarhi | 731 | 0.02% |
| 006240 | Hindi | 3,209,172 | 94.23% |
| 015043 | Odia | 292 | 0.01% |
| 016038 | Punjabi | 1,169 | 0.03% |
| 019014 | Sindhi | 512 | 0.02% |
| 022015 | Urdu | 54,050 | 1.59% |
| – | Others | 1,804 | 0.05% |
| Total | 3,405,559 | 100.00% | |
Transportation
Raebareli is on the route of National Highway 30, between Lucknow and Allahabad. Ring Road Raebareli is an outer bypass road and crosses the Sharda River.[12]
Closest major airport to Raebareli is in Lucknow at about 78 kilometres (49 mi) distance on the National Highway 30. Other major airport is in Allahabad at 128 kilometres (79 mi) distance on National Highway 30.
A rail line is being built from Raebareli to Akbarganj, on the Northern Railways network.[13]
References
- ↑ "Constituencies". Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ↑ "District Raebareli, Government of Uttar Pradesh | Land of Martyrs | India". Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 "Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory)" (PDF). Census 2011 India. pp. xiii–xv, 5–10, 17–8, 28–65, 74, 90, 108, 125, 142, 158, 168, 185, 202, 219, 244, 262, 288, 306, 331, 348, 365, 375, 393, 410, 427, 573–92. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.60 4.61 4.62 4.63 4.64 4.65 4.66 4.67 4.68 4.69 4.70 4.71 4.72 4.73 4.74 4.75 4.76 4.77 4.78 4.79 Nevill, H.R. (1905). Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh. Allahabad: Government Press. pp. 108–9, 129–46. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ministry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). "A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme" (PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ↑ "Explosion at Indian Coal Power Plant Kills 29, Injures 85". Bloomberg.com. 2 November 2017.
- ↑ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Panama 3,460,462 July 2011 est.
- ↑ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Connecticut 3,574,097
- ↑ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Uttar Pradesh (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ↑ M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Awadhi: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "Rae Bareli District Map". mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ↑ "Sonia launches radio channel, roads, rail line in Rae Bareli". The Hindu. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2015.