Odia grammar: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
'''Odia grammar''' is the study of the [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] and [[Syntax|syntactic]] structures, [[word order]], [[Case (linguistics)|case inflections]], [[verb conjugation]] and other grammatical structures of [[Odia language|Odia]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken in [[South Asia]].
'''Odia grammar''' is the study of the [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] and [[Syntax|syntactic]] structures, [[word order]], [[Case (linguistics)|case inflections]], [[verb conjugation]] and other grammatical structures of [[Odia language|Odia]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken in [[South Asia]].


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes and other units of meaning in the [[Odia language]]. [[Morpheme]]s (called ରୁପିମ in Odia and pronounced Rupima) are the smallest units of the Odia language that carry and convey a unique meaning and is grammatically appropriate. A morpheme in [[Odia language|Odia]] is the most minuscule meaningful constituent which combines and synthesizes the phonemes into a meaningful expression through its (morpheme's) form & structure. Thus, in essence, the morpheme is a structural combination of phonemes in Odia. In other words, in the [[Odia language]], the morpheme is a combination of sounds that possess and convey a meaning.  A morpheme is not necessarily a meaningful word in [[Odia language|Odia]]. In Odia, every morpheme is either a ''base'' or an ''affix'' (prefix or a suffix).<ref name="Linguistic Survey of India">{{cite book |last= Mahapatra |first= B.P. |title= Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa |year=2002 |publisher= Language Division, Office of the Registrar General |location= Kolkata, India |page=36 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_orissa/3_orissa_vol_page_no_31_46.pdf |access-date= 5 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Linguistic survey of India">{{cite book |last= Grierson |first= G.A. |title= Linguistic Survey of India |year=1903–28 |publisher= Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |location= India |page=367 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466 |access-date= 31 October 2020}}</ref>
Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes and other units of meaning in the [[Odia language]]. [[Morpheme]]s (called ରୁପିମ) are the smallest units of the Odia language that carry and convey a unique meaning and is grammatically appropriate. A morpheme in [[Odia language|Odia]] is the most minuscule meaningful constituent which combines and synthesizes the phonemes into a meaningful expression through its (morpheme's) form & structure. Thus, in essence, the morpheme is a structural combination of phonemes in Odia. In other words, in the [[Odia language]], the morpheme is a combination of sounds that possess and convey a meaning.  A morpheme is not necessarily a meaningful word in [[Odia language|Odia]]. In Odia, every morpheme is either a ''base'' or an ''affix'' (prefix or a suffix).<ref name="Linguistic Survey of India">{{cite book |last= Mahapatra |first= B.P. |title= Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa |year=2002 |publisher= Language Division, Office of the Registrar General |location= Kolkata, India |page=36 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_orissa/3_orissa_vol_page_no_31_46.pdf |access-date= 5 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Linguistic survey of India">{{cite book |last= Grierson |first= G.A. |title= Linguistic Survey of India |year=1903–28 |publisher= Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |location= India |page=367 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466 |access-date= 31 October 2020}}</ref>


Examples:
Examples:
Base Morpheme:
Base Morpheme:
* /ଘର/ (Pronounced as ghara([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ghɔrɔ), a(ɔ), meaning: house)
* ଘର ({{IPA|or|ɡʰɔɾɔ|pron}}); {{Lit|House}}


Phonetic Components:
Phonetic Components:
/ଘରକୁ/ = /ଘ୍/ + /ଅ/ + /ର୍/ + /ଅ/ + /କ୍/ + /ଉ/
ଘରକୁ = ଘ୍ + ଅ + ର୍ + ଅ + କ୍ + ଉ


Morphological Components:
Morphological Components:
/ଘରକୁ/ = / ଘର/ + /କୁ/ <br>
ଘରକୁ = ଘର + କୁ <br>


* /ହାତ/ (Pronounced as hāta([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: hatɔ); meaning: hand)
* ହାତ ({{IPA|or|hatɔ|pron}}); {{Lit|Hand}}


Morphological Components/Derivatives:
Morphological Components/Derivatives:


/ହାତୀ/ = / ହାତ/ + /ଈ/ [ଈ = ଅଛି] <br>
:ହାତୀ  = ହାତ + ଈ  (ଈ = ଅଛି)
/ହାତିଆ/ = / ହାତ/ + /ଇଆ/ [ଇଆ = ପରିମାଣ] <br>
:ହାତିଆ = ହାତ + ଇଆ (ଇଆ = ପରିମାଣ)
/ହାତୁଡି/ = / ହାତ/ + /ଉଡି/ [ଉଡି = ଆକୃତି]
:ହାତୁଡ଼ି = ହାତ + ଉଡ଼ି (ଉଡି = ଆକୃତି)


===General analysis===
===General analysis===
The existence and span of rules of morphemes in a language depend on the "[[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]" in that particular language. In a language having greater morphology, a word would have an internal compositional structure in terms of word-pieces (i.e. free morphemes - Bases) and those would also possess bound morphemes like affixes. Such a morpheme-rich language is termed as [[synthetic language]]. To the contrary, an [[isolating language]] uses independent words and in turn, the words lack internal structure. A synthetic language tends to employ affixes and internal modification of roots (i.e. free morphemes - Bases) for the same purpose of expressing additional meanings.
The existence and span of rules of morphemes in a language depend on the "[[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]" in that particular language. In a language having greater morphology, a word would have an internal compositional structure in terms of word-pieces (i.e. free morphemes – Bases) and those would also possess bound morphemes like affixes. Such a morpheme-rich language is termed as [[synthetic language]]. To the contrary, an [[isolating language]] uses independent words and in turn, the words lack internal structure. A synthetic language tends to employ affixes and internal modification of roots (i.e. free morphemes – Bases) for the same purpose of expressing additional meanings.


Odia is a moderately synthetic language. It contains definite synthetic features, such as the bound morphemes mark tense, number (plurality), gender etc. However, though the Odia language has a larger number of [[derivation (linguistics)|derivation]]al affixes, it has virtually no inflectional morphology.
Odia is a moderately synthetic language. It contains definite synthetic features, such as the bound morphemes mark tense, number (plurality), gender etc. However, though the Odia language has a larger number of [[derivation (linguistics)|derivation]]al affixes, it has virtually no inflectional morphology.


====Derivational synthesis in Odia morphology====
====Derivational synthesis in Odia morphology====
Odia morphemes of different types (nouns, verbs, affixes, etc.) combine to create new words.
Odia morphemes of different types (nouns, verbs, affixes etc.) combine to create new words.


====Relational synthesis in Odia morphology====
====Relational synthesis in Odia morphology====
In relationally synthesized Odia words, base morphemes (root words) join with bound morphemes to express grammatical function.
In relationally synthesized Odia words, base morphemes (root words) join with bound morphemes to express grammatical function.


The Odia language has a tendency for commonly used words to have a 2:1 morpheme-word ratio i.e. on an average; there are 2 morphemes in a single word. Because of this tendency, Odia is said to "possess morphology" since almost each used word has an internal compositional structure in terms morphemes. In the Odia language, generally, separate words are used to express syntactic relationships which imparts an [[isolating language|isolating]]  tendency, while using inflectional morphology could have made the language more synthetic.
The Odia language has a tendency for commonly used words to have a 2:1 morpheme-word ratio i.e. on average; there are two morphemes in a single word. Because of this tendency, Odia is said to "possess morphology" since almost each used word has an internal compositional structure in terms of morphemes. In the Odia language, generally, separate words are used to express syntactic relationships which imparts an [[isolating language|isolating]]  tendency, while using inflectional morphology could have made the language more synthetic.


===Components of a morpheme===
===Components of a morpheme===
There are several components of a morpheme in the Odia language. There are as follows:
There are several components of a morpheme in the Odia language:


'''Base:''' A morpheme that imparts meaning on a word.
'''Base:''' A morpheme that imparts meaning to a word.


'''Derivational Morpheme:''' These morphemes alter and/or modify the meaning of the word and may create a whole new word.
'''Derivational morpheme:''' These morphemes alter and/or modify the meaning of the word and may create a whole new word.


'''Allomorphs:''' These are different phonetic forms or variations of a morpheme. The final morphemes in several words are pronounced differently, but they all signify plurality.
'''Allomorphs:''' These are different phonetic forms or variations of a morpheme. The final morphemes in several words are pronounced differently, but they all signify plurality.


'''Homonyms:''' are morphemes that are spelled the similarly but have different meanings. Such examples abound Odia grammar and are termed as similarly pronounced words (ସମୋଚ୍ଚାରିତ ଶବ୍ଦ).  ''Examples: ''
'''Homonyms:''' are morphemes that are spelled similarly but have different meanings. Such examples abound in Odia grammar and are termed as similarly pronounced words (ସମୋଚ୍ଚାରିତ ଶବ୍ଦ).  ''Examples: ''


ଜୀବନ (life) and ଜୀବନ (water), ହରି(Lord Vishnu) and ହରି (Monkey).
ଜୀବନ (life) and ଜୀବନ (water), ହରି (Lord Vishnu) and ହରି (Monkey).


'''Homophones:''' These are morphemes that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings.  ''Examples:''
'''Homophones:''' These are morphemes that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings.  ''Examples:''
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Independent meaningful units are free morphemes. These are elemental words. Free morpheme can stand alone as a word without help of another morpheme.  It does not need anything attached to it to make a word.
Independent meaningful units are free morphemes. These are elemental words. Free morpheme can stand alone as a word without help of another morpheme.  It does not need anything attached to it to make a word.


ରାମ ଭାତ ଖାଉଛି = ରାମ ଭାତ(କୁ) ଖାଉଛି: କମౕ
:ରାମ ଭାତ ଖାଉଛି = ରାମ ଭାତ(କୁ) ଖାଉଛି: କର୍ମ
ରାତି ବିତାଇଲା = ରାତି(ରେ) ବିତାଇଲା: ଅଧିକରଣ
:ରାତି ବିତାଇଲା = ରାତି(ରେ) ବିତାଇଲା: ଅଧିକରଣ
ରାମ କଥା ଶୁଣିଲି = ରାମ(ର) କଥା ଶୁଣିଲି: ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ପଦ
:ରାମ କଥା ଶୁଣିଲି = ରାମ(ର) କଥା ଶୁଣିଲି: ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ପଦ


====Bound morpheme====
====Bound morpheme====
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In Odia, prefixes are bound morphemes are affixes that come before a base morpheme. For example:
In Odia, prefixes are bound morphemes are affixes that come before a base morpheme. For example:


/ଉପକୂଳ/ = /ଉପ/ + /କୂଳ/
:ଉପକୂଳ = ଉପ + କୂଳ
/ଉପନଦୀ/ = /ଉପ/ + /ନଦୀ/
:ଉପନଦୀ = ଉପ + ନଦୀ
/ଅପବାଦ/ = /ଅପ/ + /ବାଦ/
:ଅପବାଦ = ଅପ + ବାଦ
/ଅପରୂପ/ = /ଅପ/ + /ରୂପ/
:ଅପରୂପ = ଅପ + ରୂପ


A suffix is an affix that comes after a base morpheme. Example of suffix Bound Morphemes are:
A suffix is an affix that comes after a base morpheme. Example of suffix Bound Morphemes are:


/ସାଧୁତା/ = /ସାଧୁ/ + /ତା/
:ସାଧୁତା = ସାଧୁ + ତା
/ବୀରତ??/ = /ବୀର/ + /ତ/
:ବୀରତ୍ୱ = ବୀର + ତ୍ୱ
/କାମିକା/ = /କାମ/ + /ଇକା/
:କାମିକା = କାମ + ଇକା
/ନିସୃୃତ/ = / ନିଃ/ + /କୃତ/
:ନିସୃୃତ  = ନିଃ + କୃତ
/ତା/, /ତ/, /ଇକା/ are bound morphemes used suffixes.
:ତା, ତ୍ୱ, ଇକା are bound morphemes used suffixes.
/ସାଧୁ/, /ବୀର/, /କାମ/ etc. are ‘complete bound morphemes’ /ତା/, /ତ??/, /ଇକା/ etc. are ‘dissected or partial bound morphemes’.
:/ସାଧୁ/, /ବୀର/, /କାମ/ etc. are ‘complete bound morphemes’ /ତା/, /ତ୍ୱ/, /ଇକା/ etc. are ‘dissected or partial bound morphemes’.


The free morphemes carry a fixed meaning while the bound morphemes exhibit large scale variations in meanings. The variable and changing meanings of the bound morphemes impart diversity to word meanings and enrich the language.
The free morphemes carry a fixed meaning while the bound morphemes exhibit large scale variations in meanings. The variable and changing meanings of the bound morphemes impart diversity to word meanings and enrich the language.
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In a complex morpheme, multiple free morphemes are combined to form a word and impart meaning. More than one Stem Morphemes create a complex morpheme.
In a complex morpheme, multiple free morphemes are combined to form a word and impart meaning. More than one Stem Morphemes create a complex morpheme.


Noun + Noun:
:Noun + Noun:
ଘର + ଭଡା = ଘରଭଡା
:ଘରଭଡ଼ା = ଘର + ଭଡ଼ା
/ରଂଗ ମଂଚ/ = / ରଂଗ / + /ମଂଚ/
:ରଙ୍ଗମଞ୍ଚ = ରଙ୍ଗ + ମଞ୍ଚ


Adjective + Noun:
Adjective + Noun:
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Noun + Adjective:
Noun + Adjective:
ସବౕ + ସାଧାରଣ = ସବౕସାଧାରଣ
ସର୍ବ + ସାଧାରଣ = ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣ


Adjective + Adjective:  
Adjective + Adjective:  
ଭୀମ + କାଂତ = ଭୀମକାଂତ
ଭୀମ + କାନ୍ତ = ଭୀମକାନ୍ତ


====Mixed morpheme====
====Mixed morpheme====
Where both free and bound morphemes combine to form another morpheme, the result is called a mixed morpheme. The mixed morpheme may result from the following combinations:
Where both free and bound morphemes combine to form another morpheme, the result is called a mixed morpheme. The mixed morpheme may result from the following combinations:


/ମଣିଷ/ + /ପଣ/ + /ଇଆ/ = /ମଣିଷପଣ/ + /ଇଆ/ = /ମଣିଷପଣିଆ/
ମଣିଷ + ପଣ + ଇଆ = ମଣିଷପଣ + ଇଆ = ମଣିଷପଣିଆ


/ମଣିଷପଣ/ is a complex morpheme while /ଇଆ/ is a bound morpheme.
ମଣିଷପଣ is a complex morpheme while ଇଆ is a bound morpheme.


Inflectional morphemes can only be suffixes. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. Example, /ଇଲା/ with / ସୁଗନ୍ଧ/, giving rise to /ସୁଗନ୍ଧିଲା/, indicates past tense. Odia has innumerable inflectional morphemes, unlike only seven in [[English Language]]. Among others, these include the following:
Inflectional morphemes can only be suffixes. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. Example, ଇଲା with ସୁଗନ୍ଧ, giving rise to ସୁଗନ୍ଧିଲା, indicates past tense. Odia has innumerable inflectional morphemes, unlike only seven in [[English Language]]. Among others, these include the following:


* /ମାେନ/, /ଗୁେଡ଼/, /ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ/ (plural, -s in English language)  
* ମାନେ, ଗୁଡ଼ା, ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ (plural, -s in English language)
* /ର/, /ଙ୍କର/, /ମାନଙ୍କର/, /ମାନଙ୍କ/, / ମାନଙ୍କର/,  -'s (possessive) are noun inflections;  
* ର, ଙ୍କର, ମାନଙ୍କ, ମାନଙ୍କର;  -'s (possessive) are noun inflections;
*/ଲା/, ନିର୍ମିତିଲା past tense (-ed),
* ଇଲା, ନିର୍ମିତିଲା past tense (-ed),
*/ଇଲା/, // past participle (-en),
*
* /ଛି/, /ହେଉଛି/, /ପଳାଉଛି/, /ଗନ୍ଧୁଛି/, /ନିବାସୁଛି/, /ପ୍ରଯୋଗୁଛି/ ing (present participle) are verb inflections;
* ଉଛି; -ing (present participle) are verb inflections;


In Odia morphology, there are no adjective and adverb inflections like the comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) of English language. Instead, bound morphemes like /ଠାରୁ/ and /ରୁ/, and free morphemes like /ତୁଳନାରେ/ etc. are used.
In Odia morphology, there are no adjective and adverb inflections like the comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) of English language. Instead, bound morphemes like ଠାରୁ and ରୁ, and free morphemes like ତୁଳନାରେ etc. are used.


====Marker morpheme====
====Marker morpheme====
In linguistics, a [[Marker (linguistics)|marker]] is a morpheme, mostly bound, that indicates the grammatical function of the target (marked) word or sentence. In a language like Odia with [[isolating language]] tendencies, it is possible to express syntactic information via separate grammatical words instead via morphology (with bound morphemes). Therefore, the marker morphemes are easily distinguished.
In linguistics, a [[Marker (linguistics)|marker]] is a morpheme, mostly bound, that indicates the grammatical function of the target (marked) word or sentence. In a language like Odia with [[isolating language]] tendencies, it is possible to express syntactic information via separate grammatical words instead of morphology (with bound morphemes). Therefore, the marker morphemes are easily distinguished.


=====Verb morpheme=====
=====Verb morpheme=====
Verb roots can take transformation and function as morphemes.
Verb roots can take transformation and function as morphemes.


/ଖା/ + /ଇଆ/ = /ଖିଆ/ = /ମଣିଷଖିଆ ବାଘ/
:ଖା + ଇଆ = ଖିଆ = ମଣିଷଖିଆ ବାଘ
/ପ୍ରଭାବ/ + /ଇଆ/ = /ପ୍ରଭାବିଆ/ = /ପ୍ରଭାବିଆ ମଣିଷ/
:ପ୍ରଭାବ + ଇଆ = ପ୍ରଭାବିଆ = ପ୍ରଭାବିଆ ମଣିଷ
Verb Morpheme can be either continuous morphemes or perfect morphemes on the basis of tense.
Verb Morpheme can be either continuous morphemes or perfect morphemes on the basis of tense.


Verb continuous morphemes:
Verb continuous morphemes:
/ଖା/ + /ଇ/ = /ଖାଇ/
:ଖା + ଇ = ଖାଇ
/ଅନୁବାଦ/ + /ଇ/ = /ଅନୁବାଦି/
:ଅନୁବାଦ + ଇ = ଅନୁବାଦି


Verb perfect morphemes:
Verb perfect morphemes:
/ଖା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ଖାଇଲା/
:ଖା + ଇଲା = ଖାଇଲା
/ଅନୁଭାବ/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ଅନୁଭାବିଲା/
:ଅନୁଭାବ + ଇଲା = ଅନୁଭାବିଲା


=====Sub-morpheme=====
=====Sub-morpheme=====
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* Number:
* Number:
/ଗୋଟିଏ/ + /ଘର/ = /ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର/ One + House = A House
:/ଗୋଟିଏ/ + /ଘର/ = /ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର/ One + House = A House


/ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ/ + /ଘର/ = / ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଘର/ Many + House = Many Houses
:/ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ/ + /ଘର/ = / ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଘର/ Many + House = Many Houses


/ଗୋଟିଏ/ + /ଲୋକ/ = /ଲୋକଟିଏ /
:/ଗୋଟିଏ/ + /ଲୋକ/ = /ଲୋକଟିଏ /
/ଅନେକ/ + /ଲୋକ/ = /ଲୋକ/ Sub Morpheme: /ଏ /
:/ଅନେକ/ + /ଲୋକ/ = /ଲୋକ/ Sub Morpheme: /ଏ /


* Tense:
* Tense:
The sub-morphemes are different appearances of a morpheme at different tense. For instance, the present perfect morpheme in Odia is: /ଇଲା/
The sub-morphemes are different appearances of a morpheme at different tense. For instance, the present perfect morpheme in Odia is: /ଇଲା/
However, the present perfect sub-morpheme of /ଇଲା/ is /ଲା/. For instance:
However, the present perfect sub-morpheme of /ଇଲା/ is /ଲା/. For instance:
/ଖା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ଖାଇଲା/
:/ଖା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ଖାଇଲା/
/ପା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ପାଇଲା/
:/ପା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ପାଇଲା/
are normal usage of /ଇଲା/.
are normal usage of /ଇଲା/.
However, the sub-morpheme is:
However, the sub-morpheme is:
/ଗ/ + /ଲା/ = /ଗଲା/
:/ଗ/ + /ଲା/ = /ଗଲା/
/ଦେ/ + /ଲା/ = /ଦେଲା/
:/ଦେ/ + /ଲା/ = /ଦେଲା/
/ନେ/ + /ଲା/ = /ନେଲା/
:/ନେ/ + /ଲା/ = /ନେଲା/


===Difference between morphemes, words and syllables in Odia===
===Difference between morphemes, words and syllables in Odia===
Line 182: Line 183:
===Number===
===Number===
There are two types of numbers in Odia:
There are two types of numbers in Odia:
* singular- ଏକବଚନ (''ekabacana'')
* singular- ଏକବଚନ ''ekabacana''
* plural- ବହୁବଚନ (''bahubacana'')
* plural- ବହୁବଚନ ''bahubacana''
Singular denotes one and only one person or thing and the noun maybe followed or preceded by singular specifiers or singular number markers. Plural which denotes number more than one person or thing, is formed by the addition of plural suffixes to the nouns which usually occur as singular.
Singular denotes one and only one person or thing and the noun may be followed or preceded by singular specifiers or singular number markers. Plural which denotes number more than one person or thing, is formed by the addition of plural suffixes to the nouns which usually occur as singular.


The singular number markers occur as suffix:
The singular number markers occur as suffix:
Line 241: Line 242:
===Gender===
===Gender===
There is no grammatical gender in Odia, instead gender is lexical. Though gender plays no major role in grammatical agreement between subject and predicate but it is accounted for in nominal inflections. There are three types of gender:
There is no grammatical gender in Odia, instead gender is lexical. Though gender plays no major role in grammatical agreement between subject and predicate but it is accounted for in nominal inflections. There are three types of gender:
* masculine- ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ (''puliṅga'')
* masculine- ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ ''puliṅga''
* feminine- ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ (''strīliṅga'')
* feminine- ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ ''striliṅga''
* common- ଉଭୟଲିଙ୍ଗ (''ubhayaliṅga'')
* common- ଉଭୟଲିଙ୍ଗ ''ubhayaliṅga''
* neuter- କ୍ଲୀବଲିଙ୍ଗ (''klībaliṅga'')
* neuter- କ୍ଲୀବଲିଙ୍ଗ ''klibaliṅga''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 269: Line 270:
! Male !! Meaning !! Female !! Meaning
! Male !! Meaning !! Female !! Meaning
|-
|-
| ପୁରୁଷ ଲୋକ || male person || ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ || female person
| ପୁରୁଷ ଲୋକ ''purusha loka'' || male person || ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ ''stri loka'' || female person
|-
|-
| ପୁଅ ପିଲା || male child || ଝିଅ ପିଲା || female child
| ପୁଅ ପିଲା ''pua pilā'' || male child || ଝିଅ ପିଲା ''jhia pilā'' || female child
|-
|-
| ପୁରୁଷ ଯାତ୍ରୀ || male passenger || ମହିଳା ଯାତ୍ରୀ || female passenger
| ପୁରୁଷ ଯାତ୍ରୀ ''purusha jātri'' || male passenger || ମହିଳା ଯାତ୍ରୀ ''mahiḷā jātri'' || female passenger
|-
|-
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୁକୁର || male dog || ମାଈ କୁକୁର || female dog
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୁକୁର ''aṇḍirā kukura'' || male dog || ମାଈ କୁକୁର ''māi kukura'' || female dog
|-
|-
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଛେଳି || male goat || ମାଈ ଛେଳି || female goat
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଛେଳି ''aṇḍirā cheḷi'' || male goat || ମାଈ ଛେଳି ''māi cheḷi'' || female goat
|}
|}


Line 285: Line 286:
! Suffix !!Male !! Meaning !! Female !! Meaning
! Suffix !!Male !! Meaning !! Female !! Meaning
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"| ଆ || ସଭ୍ୟ || male member || ସଭ୍ୟା || female member
| rowspan="3"| ଆ ''ā'' || ସଭ୍ୟ ''sabhya'' || male member || ସଭ୍ୟା ''sabhyā'' || female member
|-
|-
| | ଶିଷ୍ୟ || male student || ଶିଷ୍ୟା || female student
| | ଶିଷ୍ୟ ''śishya'' || male student || ଶିଷ୍ୟା ''śishyā'' || female student
|-
|-
| | ଦୁଷ୍ଟ || naughty(m) || ଦୁଷ୍ଟା || naughty(f)
| | ଦୁଷ୍ଟ ''dushṭa'' || naughty(m) || ଦୁଷ୍ଟା ''dushṭā'' || naughty(f)
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"| ଆ<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଅ to ଇ)|| ବାଳକ || boy || ବାଳିକା || girl
| rowspan="4"| ଆ ''ā''<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଅ ''a'' to ଇ ''i'')|| ବାଳକ ''bāḷaka'' || boy || ବାଳିକା ''bāḷikā'' || girl
|-
|-
| | ଗାୟକ || male singer || ଗାୟିକା || female singer
| | ଗାୟକ ''gāyaka'' || male singer || ଗାୟିକା ''gāyikā'' || female singer
|-
|-
| | ନାୟକ || actor || ନାୟିକା || actress
| | ନାୟକ ''nāyaka'' || actor || ନାୟିକା ''nāyikā'' || actress
|-
|-
| | ଶିିିକ୍ଷକ || male teacher || ଶିକ୍ଷିକା || female teacher
| | ଶିକ୍ଷକ ''śikshaka'' || male teacher || ଶିକ୍ଷିକା ''śikshikā'' || female teacher
|-
|-
| rowspan="5"| ଈ || ପୁତ୍ର || son || ପୁତ୍ରୀ || daughter
| rowspan="5"| ଈ ''i'' || ପୁତ୍ର ''putra'' || son || ପୁତ୍ରୀ ''putri'' || daughter
|-
|-
| | ବୁଢ଼ା || old man || ବୁଢ଼ୀ || old woman
| | ବୁଢ଼ା ''buṛhā'' || old man || ବୁଢ଼ୀ ''buṛhi'' || old woman
|-
|-
| | କୁମାର || young boy || କୁମାରୀ || young girl
| | କୁମାର ''kumāra'' || young boy || କୁମାରୀ ''kumāri'' || young girl
|-
|-
| | ସୁନ୍ଦର || handsome(m) || ସୁନ୍ଦରୀ || beautiful(f)
| | ସୁନ୍ଦର ''sundara'' || handsome(m) || ସୁନ୍ଦରୀ ''sundari'' || beautiful(f)
|-
|-
| | ଦେବ || god || ଦେବୀ || goddess
| | ଦେବ ''deba'' || god || ଦେବୀ ''debi'' || goddess
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଈ<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଆ to ଈ)|| ଟୋକା || boy || ଟୋକୀ  || girl
| rowspan="2"| ଈ ''i''<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଆ ''ā'' to ଈ ''i'')|| ଟୋକା ''ṭokā'' || boy || ଟୋକୀ  ''ṭoki'' || girl
|-
|-
| | ଛୋଟା || lame(m) || ଛୋଟୀ || lame(f)
| | ଛୋଟା ''choṭā'' || lame(m) || ଛୋଟୀ ''choṭi'' || lame(f)
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଈ<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଅ to ଆ)|| କଣା || blind(m) || କାଣୀ || blind(f)
| rowspan="2"| ଈ ''i''<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଅ ''a'' to ଆ ''ā'')|| କଣା ''kaṇā'' || blind(m) || କାଣୀ ''kāṇi'' || blind(f)
|-
|-
| | ସଳା || brother-in-law || ସାଳୀ || sister-in-law
| | ସଳା ''saḷā'' || brother-in-law || ସାଳୀ ''sāḷi'' || sister-in-law
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଈ<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଆ to ରୀ)|| ନେତା || male leader || ନେତ୍ରୀ || female leader
| rowspan="2"| ଈ ''i''<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଆ ''ā'' to ରୀ ''ri'')|| ନେତା ''netā'' || male leader || ନେତ୍ରୀ ''netri'' || female leader
|-
|-
| | ରଚୈତା || author || ରଚୈତ୍ରୀ || authoress
| | ରଚୈତା ''racaitā'' || author || ରଚୈତ୍ରୀ ''racaitri'' || female author
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ || ଚୋର || male thief || ଚୋରଣୀ || female thief
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ ''ṇi'' || ଚୋର ''cora'' || male thief || ଚୋରଣୀ ''coraṇi'' || female thief
|-
|-
| | ମୂଲିଆ || male labourer || ମୂଲିଆଣୀ || female labourer
| | ମୂଲିଆ ''muliā'' || male labourer || ମୂଲିଆଣୀ ''muliāṇi'' || female labourer
|-
|-
| rowspan="4"| ଣୀ<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଅ to ଆ) || ଠାକୁର || god || ଠାକୁରାଣୀ || goddess
| rowspan="4"| ଣୀ ''ṇi''<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଅ ''a'' to ଆ ''ā'') || ଠାକୁର ''ṭhākura'' || god || ଠାକୁରାଣୀ ''ṭhākurāṇi'' || goddess
|-
|-
| | ମାଷ୍ଟର || male teacher || ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରାଣୀ || female teacher
| | ମାଷ୍ଟର ''māshṭara'' || male teacher || ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରାଣୀ ''māshṭrāṇi'' || female teacher
|-
|-
| | ତନ୍ତୀ || male weaver || ତନ୍ତୀଆଣୀ || female weaver
| | ତନ୍ତୀ ''tanti'' || male weaver || ତନ୍ତୀଆଣୀ ''tantiāṇi'' || female weaver
|-
|-
| | ଡାକ୍ତର || male doctor || ଡାକ୍ତରାଣୀ || female doctor
| | ଡାକ୍ତର ''ḍāktara'' || male doctor || ଡାକ୍ତରାଣୀ ''ḍāktarāṇi'' || female doctor
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଅ to ଉ)|| ବାଘ || tiger || ବାଘୁଣୀ || tigress
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ ''ṇi''<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଅ ''a'' to ଉ ''u'')|| ବାଘ ''bāgha'' || tiger || ବାଘୁଣୀ ''bāghuṇi'' || tigress
|-
|-
| | ଗଧ || male donkey || ଗଧୁଣୀ || female donkey
| | ଗଧ ''gadha'' || male donkey || ଗଧୁଣୀ ''gadhuṇi'' || female donkey
|-
|-
| rowspan="1"| ଣୀ<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଆ to ଉ)|| ଚଷା || male farmer || ଚାଷୁଣୀ || female farmer
| rowspan="1"| ଣୀ ''ṇi''<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଆ ''ā'' to ଉ ''u'')|| ଚଷା ''cashā'' || male farmer || ଚାଷୁଣୀ ''cāshuṇi'' || female farmer
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଇ to ଉ)|| ମାଳି || male gardener || ମାଲୁଣୀ || female gardener
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ ''ṇi''<br>(morpho-phonemic<br>change- ଇ ''i'' to ଉ ''u'')|| ମାଳି ''māḷi'' || male gardener || ମାଲୁଣୀ ''māluṇi'' || female gardener
|-
|-
| | ଭିକାରି || male beggar || ଭିକାରୁଣୀ || female beggar
| | ଭିକାରି ''bhikāri'' || male beggar || ଭିକାରୁଣୀ ''bhikāruṇi'' || female beggar
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| ନୀ || ବନ୍ଦୀ || male prisoner || ବନ୍ଦିନୀ || female prisoner
| rowspan="2"| ନୀ ''ni'' || ବନ୍ଦୀ ''bandi'' || male prisoner || ବନ୍ଦିନୀ ''bandini'' || female prisoner
|-
|-
| |  ଧନା || rich(m) || ଧନିନୀ || rich(f)
| |  ଧନା ''dhanā'' || rich(m) || ଧନିନୀ ''dhanini'' || rich(f)
|}
|}


===Case===
===Case===
Case inflection is a characteristic of inflectional languages and are also known as case markers or vibhakti. It is both syntactical and morphological in nature. The function of the case is to indicate the grammatical or semantic relationships between nouns and also between nouns and verbs in a larger syntactic structure.
Case inflection is a common characteristic of inflectional languages and are also known as case markers or "ବିଭକ୍ତି" (''bibhakti'') in Odia. It is both syntactical and morphological in nature. The function of the case is to indicate the grammatical or semantic relationships between nouns and also between nouns and verbs in a larger syntactic structure.
There are 8 types of cases in Odia:
There are 8 types of cases in Odia:
* Nominative- କର୍ତ୍ତା (''karttā'')
* Accusative- କର୍ମ (''karma'')
* Instrumental- କରଣ (''karaṇa'')
* Dative- ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାନ (''sampradana'')
* Ablative- ଅପାଦାନ (''apādāna'')
* Genitive- ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ (''sambandha'')
* Locative- ଅଧିକରଣ (''adhikaraṇa'')
* Vocative- ସମ୍ବୋଧକ (''sambodhaka'')
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cases (ବିଭକ୍ତି Bibhakti)
|+Cases (ବିଭକ୍ତି)
|-
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Plural  
! Case  
!Names of cases in Odia!! Singular !! Plural  
|-
|-
| Nominative || ∅ || -ମାନେ, -ଏ  
| [[Nominative]]
|କର୍ତ୍ତାକାରକ<br>''karttākāraka''|| ∅ || -ମାନେ, -ଏ <br> ''-māne, -e''
|-
|-
| Accusative || -କୁ || -ମାନଙ୍କୁ
| [[Accusative]]
|କର୍ମକାରକ<br>''karmakāraka''|| rowspan="2" | -କୁ<br>''-ku'' || rowspan="2" | -ମାନଙ୍କୁ<br>''-mānanku''
|-
|-
| Instrumental || -ରେ, -ଦ୍ୱାରା, -ଦେଇ || -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା
| [[Dative]]
|ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାନ କାରକ<br>''sampradāna kāraka''
|-
|-
| Dative || -କୁ || -ମାନଙ୍କୁ
| [[Genitive]]
|ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ କାରକ<br>''sambandha kāraka''|| -ର<br>''-ra'' || -ମାନଙ୍କର<br>''-mānankara''
|-
|-
| Ablative || -ରୁ, -ଠାରୁ || -ମାନଙ୍କରୁ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ
| [[Locative]]
|ଅଧିକରଣ କାରକ<br>''adhikaraṇa kāraka''|| -ରେ, -ଠାରେ<br>''-re, -ṭhāre'' || -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ<br>''-mānankare, -mānankaṭhāre''
|-
|-
| Genitive || -ର || -ମାନଙ୍କର
| [[instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|କରଣକାରକ<br>''karaṇakāraka''|| -ରେ, -ଦ୍ୱାରା, -ଦେଇ<br>''-re, -dwārā, -dera''|| -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା<br>''-mānankare, -mānankadwārā''
|-
|-
| Locative || -ରେ, -ଠାରେ || -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ
| [[Ablative]]
|ଅପାଦାନ କାରକ<br>''apādāna kāraka''|| -ରୁ, -ଠାରୁ<br>''-ru, -ṭhāru''|| -ମାନଙ୍କରୁ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ<br>''-mānankaru, -mānankaṭhāru''
|-
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| ହେ, ରେ, ହୋ
| [[Vocative]]
|ସମ୍ବୋଧକ କାରକ<br>''sambodhaka kāraka''|| colspan="2" | ହେ, ରେ, ହୋ<br>''he, re, ho''
|}
|}


For Vocative case: Due to no inflections, vocative particle is used.
For Vocative case: Due to lack of synthetic inflectional morphemes, a vocative [[grammatical particle|particle]] is used.


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
Line 388: Line 389:


Personal pronouns are of two types:
Personal pronouns are of two types:
*Direct case- used for Nominative case
*[[Direct case]]- used for Nominative case
*Oblique case- used with case inflections (Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative)
*[[Oblique case]]- used with case inflections (Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative)


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 427: Line 428:
| | ଦଶ ଜଣ ଶିକ୍ଷକ || ten teachers
| | ଦଶ ଜଣ ଶିକ୍ଷକ || ten teachers
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| adjective(numeral)-quantity/measure || ପାଞ୍ଚ କିଲୋ ପରିବା || 5&nbsp;kg vegetables
| rowspan="2"| adjective(numeral)-quantity/measure || ପାଞ୍ଚ କିଲୋ ପରିବା || 5 kg vegetables
|-
|-
| | ଦଶ ଲିଟର ତେଲ || 10 ltr oil
| | ଦଶ ଲିଟର ତେଲ || 10 ltr oil
Line 489: Line 490:
| ବଦଳରେ || instead of || ନେଇ || by
| ବଦଳରେ || instead of || ନେଇ || by
|-
|-
| ନିକତରେ || near || ଦେଇ || by
| ନିକଟରେ || near || ଦ୍ଵାରା || by
|-
|-
| ଠାରୁ || from || ଦ୍ୱାରା || by
| ଠାରୁ || from || ଦ୍ୱାରା || by
|-
|-
| ସକାସେ || for || ପାଁଇ || by
| ସକାସେ || for || ପାଇଁ || by
|-
|-
| ନିମନ୍ତେ || for || ଠାରେ || at
| ନିମନ୍ତେ || for || ଠାରେ || at
Line 527: Line 528:
When the number denotes 'one', then the structure of the phrase:
When the number denotes 'one', then the structure of the phrase:
* '''classifier-numeral noun'''
* '''classifier-numeral noun'''
Eg- ଜଣେ ପିଲା - one child
Eg- ଜଣେ ପିଲା – one child


When the numeral is more than 'one', then the structure is:
When the numeral is more than 'one', then the structure is:
* '''numeral classifier noun'''
* '''numeral classifier noun'''
Eg- ଦୁଇ ଜଣ ପିଲା - two children
Eg- ଦୁଇ ଜଣ ପିଲା – two children


Classifiers have two types-
Classifiers have two types-
Line 538: Line 539:
Nouns which occur with ଗୋଟା,ଗୋଟି or its variant -ଟା,-ଟି
Nouns which occur with ଗୋଟା,ଗୋଟି or its variant -ଟା,-ଟି


Eg- ଗୋଟିଏ ପିଲା - one child, ଦୁଇଟି ପିଲା -two children<br>
Eg- ଗୋଟିଏ ପିଲା – one child, ଦୁଇଟି ପିଲା -two children<br>
ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର - one house, ଦୁଇଟି ଘର - two houses
ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର – one house, ଦୁଇଟି ଘର – two houses


Other types of count nouns of human and non human forms include-
Other types of count nouns of human and non human forms include-
ଜଣେ ପିଲା - one child<br>
: ଜଣେ ପିଲା – one child
ଖଣ୍ଡେ ଲୁଗା - one piece of cloth<br>
: ଖଣ୍ଡେ ଲୁଗା – one piece of cloth
ଗୋଛାଏ କାଠ - one bundle of wood<br>
: ଗୋଛାଏ କାଠ – one bundle of wood
ଫାଳେ କାଠ - a half piece of wood<br>
: ଫାଳେ କାଠ – a half piece of wood
ଗଦାଏ କାଠ - one heap of wood<br>
: ଗଦାଏ କାଠ – one heap of wood
କିଲେ କାଠ - one kilo of wood<br>
: କିଲେ କାଠ – one kilo of wood
ଫୁଟେ କାଠ - one foot of wood<br>
: ଫୁଟେ କାଠ – one foot of wood
ବସ୍ତାଏ କାଠ - one sack of wood<br>
: ବସ୍ତାଏ କାଠ – one sack of wood


* '''quantifiers'''- used for mass nouns
* '''quantifiers'''- used for mass nouns
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Nouns which occur with ମେଞ୍ଚା
Nouns which occur with ମେଞ୍ଚା


Eg- ମେଞ୍ଚାଏ କାଦୁଅ - a lump of mud
Eg- ମେଞ୍ଚାଏ କାଦୁଅ – a lump of mud


==See also==
==See also==
Line 566: Line 567:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*Neukom, Lukas and Manideepa Patnaik. 2003. ''A grammar of Oriya''. (Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft; 17). Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Zürich. {{ISBN|3-9521010-9-5}}
* {{cite book | last1=Neukom | first1=Lukas | first2= Manideepa | last2= Patnaik | title=A grammar of Oriya | url=https://www.comparativelinguistics.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:00000000-17e0-420f-ffff-ffffd3785a01/ASAS_17_Neukom_Patnaik_2003_A_grammar_of_Oriya.pdf | publisher=Universität Zürich | publication-place=Zürich | year=2003 | isbn=3-9521010-9-5 | oclc=53903369 | page=}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
  |year=2003
  |year=2003
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|editor2-first= Dhanesh
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
  |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
  |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages
  |publisher=Routledge
  |publisher=Routledge
  |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
  |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
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  |publisher=Cambridge University Press
  |publisher=Cambridge University Press
  |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
  |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
}}
}}
*[[John Beames]], ''A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali''. Londinii: Trübner, 1872–1879. 3 vols.
*[[John Beames]], ''A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali''. Londinii: Trübner, 1872–1879. 3 vols.
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  |title=Oriya Grammar for English Students
  |title=Oriya Grammar for English Students
  |publisher=Baptist Mission Press
  |publisher=Baptist Mission Press
  |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Oriya_Grammar_for_English_Students.html?id=gYduNoKpLW4C&redir_esc=y
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYduNoKpLW4C
}}
}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
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  |title=An Introductory Grammar of the Oriya Language
  |title=An Introductory Grammar of the Oriya Language
  |publisher=Baptist Mission Press
  |publisher=Baptist Mission Press
|isbn=9785878188555
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuEQAwAAQBAJ
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuEQAwAAQBAJ
}}
}}
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  |title=A synchronic grammar of Oriya : standard spoken and written
  |title=A synchronic grammar of Oriya : standard spoken and written
  |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore
  |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore
  |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/synchronic-grammar-of-oriya-standard-spoken-and-written/oclc/269283851
  |oclc=269283851
}}
}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman, ''An Introduction to Language'',  5th ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Joanovich College Publishers, 1993
* Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman, ''An Introduction to Language'',  5th ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Joanovich College Publishers, 1993
*Bauer, Mary Beth, et al., ''Grammar and Composition'', New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982
* Bauer, Mary Beth, et al., ''Grammar and Composition'', New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982
*Dhal, Golok Behari, ''Introduction to Oriya Phonetics'', 1961
* Dhal, Golok Behari, ''Introduction to Oriya Phonetics'', 1961
*Ghosh, A, ''An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa'', Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan, 2003
* Ghosh, A, ''An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa'', Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan, 2003
*Masica, Colin (1991). ''The Indo-Aryan Languages'',  Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29944-2}}
* Masica, Colin (1991). ''The Indo-Aryan Languages'',  Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29944-2}}
*Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). ''The History of Oriya Literature'' (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
* Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). ''The History of Oriya Literature'' (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
*Neukom, Lukas and Manideepa Patnaik, [https://www.comparativelinguistics.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:00000000-17e0-420f-ffff-ffffd3785a01/ASAS_17_Neukom_Patnaik_2003_A_grammar_of_Oriya.pdf ''A grammar of Oriya''], 2003


{{Odia language}}
{{Odia language}}

Latest revision as of 15:41, 18 July 2025


Odia grammar is the study of the morphological and syntactic structures, word order, case inflections, verb conjugation and other grammatical structures of Odia, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia.

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes and other units of meaning in the Odia language. Morphemes (called ରୁପିମ) are the smallest units of the Odia language that carry and convey a unique meaning and is grammatically appropriate. A morpheme in Odia is the most minuscule meaningful constituent which combines and synthesizes the phonemes into a meaningful expression through its (morpheme's) form & structure. Thus, in essence, the morpheme is a structural combination of phonemes in Odia. In other words, in the Odia language, the morpheme is a combination of sounds that possess and convey a meaning. A morpheme is not necessarily a meaningful word in Odia. In Odia, every morpheme is either a base or an affix (prefix or a suffix).[1][2]

Examples: Base Morpheme:

  • ଘର (or); lit. 'House'

Phonetic Components: ଘରକୁ = ଘ୍ + ଅ + ର୍ + ଅ + କ୍ + ଉ

Morphological Components: ଘରକୁ = ଘର + କୁ

  • ହାତ (or); lit. 'Hand'

Morphological Components/Derivatives:

ହାତୀ = ହାତ + ଈ (ଈ = ଅଛି)
ହାତିଆ = ହାତ + ଇଆ (ଇଆ = ପରିମାଣ)
ହାତୁଡ଼ି = ହାତ + ଉଡ଼ି (ଉଡି = ଆକୃତି)

General analysis[edit | edit source]

The existence and span of rules of morphemes in a language depend on the "morphology" in that particular language. In a language having greater morphology, a word would have an internal compositional structure in terms of word-pieces (i.e. free morphemes – Bases) and those would also possess bound morphemes like affixes. Such a morpheme-rich language is termed as synthetic language. To the contrary, an isolating language uses independent words and in turn, the words lack internal structure. A synthetic language tends to employ affixes and internal modification of roots (i.e. free morphemes – Bases) for the same purpose of expressing additional meanings.

Odia is a moderately synthetic language. It contains definite synthetic features, such as the bound morphemes mark tense, number (plurality), gender etc. However, though the Odia language has a larger number of derivational affixes, it has virtually no inflectional morphology.

Derivational synthesis in Odia morphology[edit | edit source]

Odia morphemes of different types (nouns, verbs, affixes etc.) combine to create new words.

Relational synthesis in Odia morphology[edit | edit source]

In relationally synthesized Odia words, base morphemes (root words) join with bound morphemes to express grammatical function.

The Odia language has a tendency for commonly used words to have a 2:1 morpheme-word ratio i.e. on average; there are two morphemes in a single word. Because of this tendency, Odia is said to "possess morphology" since almost each used word has an internal compositional structure in terms of morphemes. In the Odia language, generally, separate words are used to express syntactic relationships which imparts an isolating tendency, while using inflectional morphology could have made the language more synthetic.

Components of a morpheme[edit | edit source]

There are several components of a morpheme in the Odia language:

Base: A morpheme that imparts meaning to a word.

Derivational morpheme: These morphemes alter and/or modify the meaning of the word and may create a whole new word.

Allomorphs: These are different phonetic forms or variations of a morpheme. The final morphemes in several words are pronounced differently, but they all signify plurality.

Homonyms: are morphemes that are spelled similarly but have different meanings. Such examples abound in Odia grammar and are termed as similarly pronounced words (ସମୋଚ୍ଚାରିତ ଶବ୍ଦ). Examples:

ଜୀବନ (life) and ଜୀବନ (water), ହରି (Lord Vishnu) and ହରି (Monkey).

Homophones: These are morphemes that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings. Examples: ସିତ (Black colour), ସୀତ (Plough head).

Classification[edit | edit source]

Morphemes in Odia may be classified, on the basis of word formation, characteristics into the following types:

Type Structure Bound Free Sub-types
Root 1. Simple
2. Made up of a single morpheme
3. Basis for compounding and affixation		 Yes/No Yes/No None
Stem 1. Simple/Complex
2. Composed of one/multiple morphemes
3. Basis for affixation		 Yes/No Yes/No None
Affix Simple Yes No Prefix, Infix, Suffix, Suprafix, Simulfix, and Circumfix
Clitic Simple Yes (Phonologically) Yes (Syntactically) Proclitic and Enclitic

Types of morphemes[edit | edit source]

Free morpheme[edit | edit source]

Independent meaningful units are free morphemes. These are elemental words. Free morpheme can stand alone as a word without help of another morpheme. It does not need anything attached to it to make a word.

ରାମ ଭାତ ଖାଉଛି = ରାମ ଭାତ(କୁ) ଖାଉଛି: କର୍ମ
ରାତି ବିତାଇଲା = ରାତି(ରେ) ବିତାଇଲା: ଅଧିକରଣ
ରାମ କଥା ଶୁଣିଲି = ରାମ(ର) କଥା ଶୁଣିଲି: ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ପଦ

Bound morpheme[edit | edit source]

Units which are not independent words but convey meaning on account of their usage on combination are bound morphemes. A bound morpheme is a sound or a combination of sounds that cannot stand on its own as a meaningful word. Most of the bound morphemes in Odia are ‘affixes’. An affix is a morpheme that may come at the beginning (Termed as Prefix) or the end (Termed as Suffix) of a base morpheme.

In Odia, prefixes are bound morphemes are affixes that come before a base morpheme. For example:

ଉପକୂଳ = ଉପ + କୂଳ
ଉପନଦୀ = ଉପ + ନଦୀ
ଅପବାଦ = ଅପ + ବାଦ
ଅପରୂପ = ଅପ + ରୂପ

A suffix is an affix that comes after a base morpheme. Example of suffix Bound Morphemes are:

ସାଧୁତା = ସାଧୁ + ତା
ବୀରତ୍ୱ = ବୀର + ତ୍ୱ
କାମିକା = କାମ + ଇକା
ନିସୃୃତ = ନିଃ + କୃତ
ତା, ତ୍ୱ, ଇକା are bound morphemes used suffixes.
/ସାଧୁ/, /ବୀର/, /କାମ/ etc. are ‘complete bound morphemes’ /ତା/, /ତ୍ୱ/, /ଇକା/ etc. are ‘dissected or partial bound morphemes’.

The free morphemes carry a fixed meaning while the bound morphemes exhibit large scale variations in meanings. The variable and changing meanings of the bound morphemes impart diversity to word meanings and enrich the language.

Complex or combined morpheme[edit | edit source]

In a complex morpheme, multiple free morphemes are combined to form a word and impart meaning. More than one Stem Morphemes create a complex morpheme.

Noun + Noun:
ଘରଭଡ଼ା = ଘର + ଭଡ଼ା
ରଙ୍ଗମଞ୍ଚ = ରଙ୍ଗ + ମଞ୍ଚ

Adjective + Noun: କଳା + ପଟା = କଳାପଟା

Noun + Adjective: ସର୍ବ + ସାଧାରଣ = ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣ

Adjective + Adjective: ଭୀମ + କାନ୍ତ = ଭୀମକାନ୍ତ

Mixed morpheme[edit | edit source]

Where both free and bound morphemes combine to form another morpheme, the result is called a mixed morpheme. The mixed morpheme may result from the following combinations:

ମଣିଷ + ପଣ + ଇଆ = ମଣିଷପଣ + ଇଆ = ମଣିଷପଣିଆ

ମଣିଷପଣ is a complex morpheme while ଇଆ is a bound morpheme.

Inflectional morphemes can only be suffixes. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. Example, ଇଲା with ସୁଗନ୍ଧ, giving rise to ସୁଗନ୍ଧିଲା, indicates past tense. Odia has innumerable inflectional morphemes, unlike only seven in English Language. Among others, these include the following:

  • ମାନେ, ଗୁଡ଼ା, ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ (plural, -s in English language)
  • ର, ଙ୍କର, ମାନଙ୍କ, ମାନଙ୍କର; -'s (possessive) are noun inflections;
  • ଇଲା, ନିର୍ମିତିଲା past tense (-ed),
  • ଉଛି; -ing (present participle) are verb inflections;

In Odia morphology, there are no adjective and adverb inflections like the comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) of English language. Instead, bound morphemes like ଠାରୁ and ରୁ, and free morphemes like ତୁଳନାରେ etc. are used.

Marker morpheme[edit | edit source]

In linguistics, a marker is a morpheme, mostly bound, that indicates the grammatical function of the target (marked) word or sentence. In a language like Odia with isolating language tendencies, it is possible to express syntactic information via separate grammatical words instead of morphology (with bound morphemes). Therefore, the marker morphemes are easily distinguished.

Verb morpheme[edit | edit source]

Verb roots can take transformation and function as morphemes.

ଖା + ଇଆ = ଖିଆ = ମଣିଷଖିଆ ବାଘ
ପ୍ରଭାବ + ଇଆ = ପ୍ରଭାବିଆ = ପ୍ରଭାବିଆ ମଣିଷ

Verb Morpheme can be either continuous morphemes or perfect morphemes on the basis of tense.

Verb continuous morphemes:

ଖା + ଇ = ଖାଇ
ଅନୁବାଦ + ଇ = ଅନୁବାଦି

Verb perfect morphemes:

ଖା + ଇଲା = ଖାଇଲା
ଅନୁଭାବ + ଇଲା = ଅନୁଭାବିଲା
Sub-morpheme[edit | edit source]

Sub-morphemes are metamorphosis of actual morphemes. Sub-morphemes are also called complementary morphemes or meta-morphemes. Sub-morphemes may arise on account of changes in number of noun morphemes or tense of verb morphemes or gender of noun morphemes, as under:

  • Number:
/ଗୋଟିଏ/ + /ଘର/ = /ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର/ One + House = A House
/ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ/ + /ଘର/ = / ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଘର/ Many + House = Many Houses
/ଗୋଟିଏ/ + /ଲୋକ/ = /ଲୋକଟିଏ /
/ଅନେକ/ + /ଲୋକ/ = /ଲୋକ/ Sub Morpheme: /ଏ /
  • Tense:

The sub-morphemes are different appearances of a morpheme at different tense. For instance, the present perfect morpheme in Odia is: /ଇଲା/ However, the present perfect sub-morpheme of /ଇଲା/ is /ଲା/. For instance:

/ଖା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ଖାଇଲା/
/ପା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ପାଇଲା/

are normal usage of /ଇଲା/. However, the sub-morpheme is:

/ଗ/ + /ଲା/ = /ଗଲା/
/ଦେ/ + /ଲା/ = /ଦେଲା/
/ନେ/ + /ଲା/ = /ନେଲା/

Difference between morphemes, words and syllables in Odia[edit | edit source]

Even though morphemes combine to create a word in Odia, the morphemes are not always independent words. Some single morphemes are words while other words are composed of two or more morphemes.

In Odia, morphemes are also different from syllables. Many words have two or more syllables but only one morpheme. For example: ମୋ'ର.
On the other hand, many words have two morphemes and only one syllable; examples include ଧନୀ, ମୋଟା.

Nouns[edit | edit source]

Nouns are those which are inflected by number, gender or case markers.

Number[edit | edit source]

There are two types of numbers in Odia:

  • singular- ଏକବଚନ ekabacana
  • plural- ବହୁବଚନ bahubacana

Singular denotes one and only one person or thing and the noun may be followed or preceded by singular specifiers or singular number markers. Plural which denotes number more than one person or thing, is formed by the addition of plural suffixes to the nouns which usually occur as singular.

The singular number markers occur as suffix:

Singular suffix
Suffix Eg. Meaning
ଟି ṭi କଲମଟି kalamaṭi pen
ଟା ṭā ଝିଅଟା jhiaṭā daughter
ଟିଏ ṭie ପିଲାଟିଏ pilāṭie child

The plural number occur with nominal forms as:

No suffix- uncountable nouns
Eg Meaning
ଚିନି cini sugar
ବାଲି bāli sand
Plural suffix
Suffix Eg. Meaning
ମାନେ māne ଲୋକମାନେ lokamāne people
ମାନ māna ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥମାନ granthamāna holy books
ଗୁଡ଼ା guṛā (guḍā) ଭାତଗୁଡ଼ା bhātaguḍā boiled rice
ଗୁଡ଼ାଏ guṛāe (guḍāe) ଫଳଗୁଡ଼ାଏ phaḷaguḍāe fruits
ଗୁଡ଼ାକ guṛāka (guḍāka) ଚାଉଳଗୁଡ଼ାକ cāuḷaguḍāka rice
ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ guṛie (guḍie) ଫୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିଏ phulaguḍie flowers
ଗୁଡ଼ିକ guṛika (guḍika) ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକ nadīguḍika rivers
ଏ e ପିଲେ pile children
ସବୁ sabu ଗାଁସବୁ gā̃sabu villages
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ śreṇī ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ parbataśreṇī mountains
ଯାକ ẏāka (jāka) ଘରଯାକ gharajāka houses

Gender[edit | edit source]

There is no grammatical gender in Odia, instead gender is lexical. Though gender plays no major role in grammatical agreement between subject and predicate but it is accounted for in nominal inflections. There are three types of gender:

  • masculine- ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ puliṅga
  • feminine- ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ striliṅga
  • common- ଉଭୟଲିଙ୍ଗ ubhayaliṅga
  • neuter- କ୍ଲୀବଲିଙ୍ଗ klibaliṅga
Different words for gender
Male Meaning Female Meaning
ବାପା bāpā father ମା mā mother
ପୁଅ pua son ଝିଅ jhia daughter
ଭାଇ bhāi brother ଭଉଣୀ bhauṇī sister
ସ୍ୱାମୀ swāmī husband ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ strī wife
ରାଜା rājā king ରାଣୀ rāṇī queen
ଷଣ୍ଢ ṣaṇḍha bull ଗାଈ gāī cow
Prefix
Male Meaning Female Meaning
ପୁରୁଷ ଲୋକ purusha loka male person ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ stri loka female person
ପୁଅ ପିଲା pua pilā male child ଝିଅ ପିଲା jhia pilā female child
ପୁରୁଷ ଯାତ୍ରୀ purusha jātri male passenger ମହିଳା ଯାତ୍ରୀ mahiḷā jātri female passenger
ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୁକୁର aṇḍirā kukura male dog ମାଈ କୁକୁର māi kukura female dog
ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଛେଳି aṇḍirā cheḷi male goat ମାଈ ଛେଳି māi cheḷi female goat
Suffix
Suffix Male Meaning Female Meaning
ଆ ā ସଭ୍ୟ sabhya male member ସଭ୍ୟା sabhyā female member
ଶିଷ୍ୟ śishya male student ଶିଷ୍ୟା śishyā female student
ଦୁଷ୍ଟ dushṭa naughty(m) ଦୁଷ୍ଟା dushṭā naughty(f)
ଆ ā
(morpho-phonemic
change- ଅ a to ଇ i)		 ବାଳକ bāḷaka boy ବାଳିକା bāḷikā girl
ଗାୟକ gāyaka male singer ଗାୟିକା gāyikā female singer
ନାୟକ nāyaka actor ନାୟିକା nāyikā actress
ଶିକ୍ଷକ śikshaka male teacher ଶିକ୍ଷିକା śikshikā female teacher
ଈ i ପୁତ୍ର putra son ପୁତ୍ରୀ putri daughter
ବୁଢ଼ା buṛhā old man ବୁଢ଼ୀ buṛhi old woman
କୁମାର kumāra young boy କୁମାରୀ kumāri young girl
ସୁନ୍ଦର sundara handsome(m) ସୁନ୍ଦରୀ sundari beautiful(f)
ଦେବ deba god ଦେବୀ debi goddess
ଈ i
(morpho-phonemic
change- ଆ ā to ଈ i)		 ଟୋକା ṭokā boy ଟୋକୀ ṭoki girl
ଛୋଟା choṭā lame(m) ଛୋଟୀ choṭi lame(f)
ଈ i
(morpho-phonemic
change- ଅ a to ଆ ā)		 କଣା kaṇā blind(m) କାଣୀ kāṇi blind(f)
ସଳା saḷā brother-in-law ସାଳୀ sāḷi sister-in-law
ଈ i
(morpho-phonemic
change- ଆ ā to ରୀ ri)		 ନେତା netā male leader ନେତ୍ରୀ netri female leader
ରଚୈତା racaitā author ରଚୈତ୍ରୀ racaitri female author
ଣୀ ṇi ଚୋର cora male thief ଚୋରଣୀ coraṇi female thief
ମୂଲିଆ muliā male labourer ମୂଲିଆଣୀ muliāṇi female labourer
ଣୀ ṇi
(morpho-phonemic
change- ଅ a to ଆ ā)		 ଠାକୁର ṭhākura god ଠାକୁରାଣୀ ṭhākurāṇi goddess
ମାଷ୍ଟର māshṭara male teacher ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରାଣୀ māshṭrāṇi female teacher
ତନ୍ତୀ tanti male weaver ତନ୍ତୀଆଣୀ tantiāṇi female weaver
ଡାକ୍ତର ḍāktara male doctor ଡାକ୍ତରାଣୀ ḍāktarāṇi female doctor
ଣୀ ṇi
(morpho-phonemic
change- ଅ a to ଉ u)		 ବାଘ bāgha tiger ବାଘୁଣୀ bāghuṇi tigress
ଗଧ gadha male donkey ଗଧୁଣୀ gadhuṇi female donkey
ଣୀ ṇi
(morpho-phonemic
change- ଆ ā to ଉ u)		 ଚଷା cashā male farmer ଚାଷୁଣୀ cāshuṇi female farmer
ଣୀ ṇi
(morpho-phonemic
change- ଇ i to ଉ u)		 ମାଳି māḷi male gardener ମାଲୁଣୀ māluṇi female gardener
ଭିକାରି bhikāri male beggar ଭିକାରୁଣୀ bhikāruṇi female beggar
ନୀ ni ବନ୍ଦୀ bandi male prisoner ବନ୍ଦିନୀ bandini female prisoner
ଧନା dhanā rich(m) ଧନିନୀ dhanini rich(f)

Case[edit | edit source]

Case inflection is a common characteristic of inflectional languages and are also known as case markers or "ବିଭକ୍ତି" (bibhakti) in Odia. It is both syntactical and morphological in nature. The function of the case is to indicate the grammatical or semantic relationships between nouns and also between nouns and verbs in a larger syntactic structure. There are 8 types of cases in Odia:

Cases (ବିଭକ୍ତି)
Case Names of cases in Odia Singular Plural
Nominative କର୍ତ୍ତାକାରକ
karttākāraka		 ∅ -ମାନେ, -ଏ
-māne, -e
Accusative କର୍ମକାରକ
karmakāraka		 -କୁ
-ku		 -ମାନଙ୍କୁ
-mānanku
Dative ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାନ କାରକ
sampradāna kāraka
Genitive ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ କାରକ
sambandha kāraka		 -ର
-ra		 -ମାନଙ୍କର
-mānankara
Locative ଅଧିକରଣ କାରକ
adhikaraṇa kāraka		 -ରେ, -ଠାରେ
-re, -ṭhāre		 -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ
-mānankare, -mānankaṭhāre
Instrumental କରଣକାରକ
karaṇakāraka		 -ରେ, -ଦ୍ୱାରା, -ଦେଇ
-re, -dwārā, -dera		 -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା
-mānankare, -mānankadwārā
Ablative ଅପାଦାନ କାରକ
apādāna kāraka		 -ରୁ, -ଠାରୁ
-ru, -ṭhāru		 -ମାନଙ୍କରୁ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ
-mānankaru, -mānankaṭhāru
Vocative ସମ୍ବୋଧକ କାରକ
sambodhaka kāraka		 ହେ, ରେ, ହୋ
he, re, ho

For Vocative case: Due to lack of synthetic inflectional morphemes, a vocative particle is used.

Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Pronouns are classified both notionally and morphologically.

Personal pronouns are of two types:

  • Direct case- used for Nominative case
  • Oblique case- used with case inflections (Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative)
Personal Pronouns
Person Case Pronoun Singular Pronoun Plural
1st Direct I ମୁଁ We ଆମେ
ଆମେମାନେ
Oblique Me, My, Mine ମୋ- Us, Our, Ours ଆମ-
ଆମମାନଙ୍କ-
2nd Direct You ତୁ (informal)
ତୁମେ (formal)
ଆପଣ (honorific)		 You ତୁମେମାନେ
ଆପଣମାନେ (honorific)
Oblique You, Your, Yours ତୋ- (informal)
ତୁମ- (formal)
ଆପଣଙ୍କ- (honorific)		 You, Your, Yours ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ-
ଆପଣମାନଙ୍କ- (honorific)
3rd
(distal)		 Direct He/She ସେ They ସେମାନେ
Oblique Him/Her, His/Hers ତା- (informal)
ତାଙ୍କ- (formal)		 Them/Their/Theirs ସେମାନଙ୍କ-

Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Adjectives
Adjective type Eg. Meaning
adjective ଭଲ ପୁଅ good boy
ନାଲି ଫୁଲ red flower
adjective(numeral)-specifier ଦଶଟି ଫୁଲ ten flowers
ପାଞ୍ଚଟା ଗାଁ five villages
ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର a student
ଦଶ ଜଣ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ten teachers
adjective(numeral)-quantity/measure ପାଞ୍ଚ କିଲୋ ପରିବା 5 kg vegetables
ଦଶ ଲିଟର ତେଲ 10 ltr oil
adjective adjective ଅତି ବଡ଼ ଘର very big house
ଭାରି ସୁନ୍ଦର ପିଲା very beautiful child
adverb adjective ଧୀର ମିଠା କଥା soft sweet talk
compound adverb କାନ୍ଦ କାନ୍ଦ ମୁଁହ crying face
ହସ ହସ ଭାବ smiling appearance
adverb verbal noun ଧୀର ଚାଲି slow walking
ଚଞ୍ଚଳ ଖିଆ quick eating
Derived Adjectives
Type Adjective type Noun/Verb Eg. Meaning
Suffix noun-ā ରୋଗ ରୋଗା ଲୋକ ill person
ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଦକ୍ଷିଣା ପବନ southern wind
verb-ā ଶୁଣ ଶୁଣା କଥା heard matter
ଜାଣ ଜଣା ଖବର known news
noun verb-ā ଚାଉଳ, ଧୋ ଚାଉଳ ଧୁଆ ପାଣି rice-washed water
ଲୁଗା, କାଚ୍ ଲୁଗା କଚା ସାବୁନ୍ cloth washing soap
verb-i ଗୁଣ ଗୁଣି ଲେକ good person
ଦାମ୍ ଦାମି ଜିନିଷ costly thing

Postpositions[edit | edit source]

Postpositions used with Inflections: The postpositions which occur with nominal forms and function as both morphological and syntactic markers. They are added to the nominal stems formed by noun-genitive case markers.

Postpositions used with Inflections
Postpositions Meaning Postpositions Meaning
ଉପରେ up ପରି like
ମଧ୍ୟରେ between ଭଳି like
ଭିତରେ in ପ୍ରତି per head
ତଳେ under ଜଗୁଁ because of
ପାଖରେ near ହେତୁ because of
ବଦଳରେ instead of ନେଇ by
ନିକଟରେ near ଦ୍ଵାରା by
ଠାରୁ from ଦ୍ୱାରା by
ସକାସେ for ପାଇଁ by
ନିମନ୍ତେ for ଠାରେ at
ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ instead of ରୁପେ like

Indeclinable Postpositions: Those which do not have inflected suffixes, function as indeclinables.

Postpositions as Indeclinables
Postpositions Meaning Postpositions Meaning
ଭଳି like ପରି like
ହେଲେ then ସବୁ all
ସହିତ with ସଙ୍ଗେ with
ନିମନ୍ତେ for ସାଥେ with
ମଧ୍ୟ also ଅନ୍ତେ then
ସହ with ଜାକ all

Classifiers[edit | edit source]

When a noun is enumerated, it takes a group of morphemes called classifiers.

When the number denotes 'one', then the structure of the phrase:

  • classifier-numeral noun

Eg- ଜଣେ ପିଲା – one child

When the numeral is more than 'one', then the structure is:

  • numeral classifier noun

Eg- ଦୁଇ ଜଣ ପିଲା – two children

Classifiers have two types-

  • qualifiers- used for count nouns.

Nouns which occur with ଗୋଟା,ଗୋଟି or its variant -ଟା,-ଟି

Eg- ଗୋଟିଏ ପିଲା – one child, ଦୁଇଟି ପିଲା -two children
ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର – one house, ଦୁଇଟି ଘର – two houses

Other types of count nouns of human and non human forms include-

ଜଣେ ପିଲା – one child
ଖଣ୍ଡେ ଲୁଗା – one piece of cloth
ଗୋଛାଏ କାଠ – one bundle of wood
ଫାଳେ କାଠ – a half piece of wood
ଗଦାଏ କାଠ – one heap of wood
କିଲେ କାଠ – one kilo of wood
ଫୁଟେ କାଠ – one foot of wood
ବସ୍ତାଏ କାଠ – one sack of wood
  • quantifiers- used for mass nouns

Nouns which occur with ମେଞ୍ଚା

Eg- ମେଞ୍ଚାଏ କାଦୁଅ – a lump of mud

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Mahapatra, B.P. (2002). Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa (PDF). Kolkata, India: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. p. 36. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  2. ↑ Grierson, G.A. (1903–28). Linguistic Survey of India. India: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 367. Retrieved 31 October 2020.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language, 5th ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Joanovich College Publishers, 1993
  • Bauer, Mary Beth, et al., Grammar and Composition, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982
  • Dhal, Golok Behari, Introduction to Oriya Phonetics, 1961
  • Ghosh, A, An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa, Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan, 2003
  • Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
  • Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). The History of Oriya Literature (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).

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