Duruwa language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Dhurwa
| name             = Dhurwa and Durua
| nativename = ପରଜି<br>धुरवा
| nativename       = ଦୁରୁଆ, धुरुवा <br> Durua
| states = [[India]]
| states           = [[India]]
| speakers = 52,349
| ethnicity        = [[Duruwa]] (Durua)
| date = 2011 census
| speakers         = 52,349
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>
| date             = 2011 census
| script = [[Odia script]], [[Devanagari script]]
| ref             = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>
| familycolor = Dravidian
| script           = [[Odia script]], [[Devanagari script]]
| fam2 = [[Central Dravidian]]
| familycolor     = Dravidian
| fam3 = Parji–Gadaba
| fam2             = [[Central Dravidian]]
| iso3 = pci
| fam3             = Parji–Gadaba
| glotto = duru1236
| iso3             = pci
| glottorefname = Duruwa
| glotto           = durua1236
| glottorefname   = Duruwa
}}
}}


'''Duruwa''' ([[Odia alphabet|Odia]]: ପରଜି, [[Devanagari]]: दुरुवा) or '''Dhurwa''' or '''Parji''' is a [[Central Dravidian language]] spoken by the [[Duruwa|Duruwa people]] of [[India]], in the districts of [[Koraput district|Koraput]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Bastar district|Bastar]] in [[Chhattisgarh]]. The language is related to [[Ollari language|Ollari]] and [[Kolami language|Kolami]], which is also spoken by other neighbouring tribes.
'''Duruwa''' ({{ipa|pci|d̪ʱuruʋaː|ipa}}, [[Odia alphabet|Odia]]: ଦୁରୁଆ, [[Devanagari]]: धुरुवा) or '''[[Dhuruwa]]''' or '''Durua''' is a [[Central Dravidian language]] spoken by the [[Duruwa|Duruwa people]] of [[India]], in the districts of [[Koraput district|Koraput]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Bastar district|Bastar]] in [[Chhattisgarh]]. The language is related to [[Ollari language|Ollari]] and [[Kolami language|Kolami]], which is also spoken by other neighbouring tribes.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Line 39: Line 41:


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+[[Consonant]]s<ref>{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian languages|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780511060373|page=57|edition=null}}</ref>
|+[[Vowels]]<ref name=BhK/>
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |  
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|aː}}
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[Consonant]]s<ref name=BhK>{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian languages|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780511060373|page=57|edition=null}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
Line 49: Line 89:
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n̪}} || || {{IPA link|ɲ}} || {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}} ||  
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|ʈ}} || {{IPA link|c}} || {{IPA link|k}} ||
|-
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} ||  
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|ɖ}} || {{IPA link|ɟ}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || ({{IPA|s}}) || || || || ({{IPA|h}})
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} ||
| || ({{IPA link|s}}) || || || || ({{IPA link|h}})
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small>
! <small>[[median consonant|median]]</small>
| {{IPA|ʋ}} || || || {{IPA|j}} || ||  
| {{IPA link|ʋ}} || || || {{IPA link|j}} || ||
|-
|-
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
| || {{IPA|l}} || || || ||  
| || {{IPA link|l}} || || || ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Flap consonant|Tap]]
! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Tap]]
| || {{IPA|ɾ}} || {{IPA|ɽ}} || || ||  
| || {{IPA link|ɾ}} || {{IPA link|ɽ}} || || ||
|}
|}


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
There are four dialects: Tiriya, Nethanar, Dharba, and Kukanar. They are mutually intelligible.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}
There are four dialects: Tiriya, Nethanar, Dharba, and Kukanar. They are mutually intelligible.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}


==References==
==References==
<br />{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
Line 87: Line 128:
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Latest revision as of 17:27, 1 February 2026


Dhurwa and Durua
ଦୁରୁଆ, धुरुवा
Durua
Native toIndia
EthnicityDuruwa (Durua)
Native speakers
52,349 (2011 census)[1]
Dravidian
Odia script, Devanagari script
Language codes
ISO 639-3pci
Glottologdurua1236

Duruwa (Template:Ipa, Odia: ଦୁରୁଆ, Devanagari: धुरुवा) or Dhuruwa or Durua is a Central Dravidian language spoken by the Duruwa people of India, in the districts of Koraput in Odisha and Bastar in Chhattisgarh. The language is related to Ollari and Kolami, which is also spoken by other neighbouring tribes.

Classification[edit | edit source]

Duruwa is a member of the Central Dravidian languages.[2][3] Duruwa is a spoken language and is generally not written. Whenever it is written, it makes use of the Devanagari script in Bastar district and Odia script in Koraput district.

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Vowels[4]
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Low a aː
Consonants[4]
Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n̪ ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t ʈ c k
voiced b d ɖ ɟ ɡ
Fricative (s) (h)
Approximant median ʋ j
lateral l
Tap ɾ ɽ

Dialects[edit | edit source]

There are four dialects: Tiriya, Nethanar, Dharba, and Kukanar. They are mutually intelligible.[citation needed]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
  2. ↑ Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1997). The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. Asian Studies. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 78. ISBN 978-90-04-09066-8.
  3. ↑ Stassen, Leon (1997). Intransitive Predication. Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory. Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-19-925893-2.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian languages (null ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780511060373.
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