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{{Short description|Indian Army General and MP | {{Short description|Azad Indian National Army General and MP}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} | ||
{{Infobox military person | {{Infobox military person | ||
| name = Shah Nawaz Khan | | name = Shah Nawaz Khan | ||
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| birth_place = [[Matore]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], Pakistan) | | birth_place = [[Matore]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], Pakistan) | ||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1983|12|09|1914|01|24}} | | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1983|12|09|1914|01|24}} | ||
| death_place = India | | death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]] | ||
| allegiance = [[British India]] (until 1942) <br /> [[Azad Hind]] (1943 – 1945) | | allegiance = [[British India]] (until 1942) <br /> [[Azad Hind]] (1943 – 1945) | ||
| battles = [[ | | battles = | ||
{{tree list}} | |||
* [[World War II]] | |||
** [[Burma campaign]] | |||
*** [[Operation U-Go]] | |||
**** [[Battle of Imphal]] | |||
{{tree list/end}} | |||
| spouse = Karim Jaan | | spouse = Karim Jaan | ||
| children = Mahmood Nawaz Khan<br />Akbar Nawaz Khan<br />Ajmal Nawaz Khan<br />Mumtaz Begum<br />Fehmida Khanum<br />Lateef Fatima Khan (adopted) | | children = Mahmood Nawaz Khan<br />Akbar Nawaz Khan<br />Ajmal Nawaz Khan<br />Mumtaz Begum<br />Fehmida Khanum<br />Lateef Fatima Khan (adopted) | ||
| | | relations = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] (nephew)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/how-shah-rukhs-pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-south-indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms? | title=How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan|title=Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan|date=11 March 2012}}</ref><br />[[Zaheer-ul-Islam]] (nephew) | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Shah Nawaz Khan''' (January 1914 – 9 December 1983) was an Indian politician who served as an officer in the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) during [[World War II]]. | '''Shah Nawaz Khan''' (January 1914 – 9 December 1983) was an Indian politician who served as an officer in the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) during [[World War II]]. | ||
He was profoundly influenced by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s speeches asking POWs to join the Indian National Army and to fight for a free India, Khan led the army into [[Northeast India|North-Eastern India]], seizing [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]] which were held briefly by the INA under the authority of the Japanese.<ref name="Tarique" /> In December 1944, Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed Commander of the 1st Division at [[Mandalay]]. | |||
He was the cousin of Bollywood actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s father [[Mir | After the war, he was [[Indian National Army trials|tried]], convicted for treason, and sentenced to death in a public court-martial carried out by the [[British Indian Army]]. The sentence was commuted by the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-chief]] of the Indian Army following unrest and protests in India. | ||
After the trial, Khan declared that he would henceforth follow the path of non-violence espoused by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatama Gandhi]] and joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]]. Having successfully contested the [[1st Lok Sabha|first Lok Sabha]] in 1952 from [[Meerut]], Khan had an illustrious parliamentary career. He was elected four times to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut constituency]] in [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951]], [[1957 Indian general election|1957]], [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] and [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]. | |||
==Early life and education== | |||
As he states in his autobiography, Khan was born into a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] [[Janjua]] [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sugata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPpZJDc6LIMC |title=A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02857-9 |pages=136 |language=en|quote=Shah Nawaz was born to a family of Janjua Rajputs in Rawalpindi. His father had been the leader of the Janjua clan and served in the Indian Army for thirty years.}}</ref> family on 24 January 1914 in [[Matore]], a village now in the [[Rawalpindi District]] of Pakistan.<ref name=":0">Shah Nawaz Khan, ''The I. N. A. Heroes: Autobiographies of Maj. Gen. Shahnawaz, Col. Prem K. Sahgal [and] Col. Gurbax Singh of the Azad Hind Fauj'', Hero Publications (1946), p. 3: "I was born in a Janjua-Rajput family in Rawalpindi district in January 1914. My father Late Lt. Tikka Khan served with distinction in 58th F. F. Rifles tor 30 years and was the head of perhaps "the most militarized" family in India."</ref><ref>''Indian Annual Register'', July–December 1945, vol. 2, p. 200: "Sir Nusserwanji gave a brief life sketch of the three accused officers. Capt Shah Nawaz Khan was born in Rawalpindi on January 24, 1914'''."'''</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography. 5: S - Z |date=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publ |isbn=978-81-7648-235-6 |location=New Delhi |quote=Shah Nawaz Khan, son of Shri Tikka Khan, retired Captain, Indian Army, was born at village Matore in Rawalpindi, Punjab (now Pakistan) on 24th January 1914.}}</ref> His father Lt. Tikka Khan served in the [[British Indian Army]] for some 30 years, being associated with the [[58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force)]] military unit, other relatives having also served in the armed forces, Shah Nawaz Khan writing that his family might have been "the most militarized" in India.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
He was the cousin of Bollywood actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s father Mir Taj Mohammed Khan, although according to Shah Rukh Khan his paternal grandfather, [[Mir clan|Mir]] Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] from [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Shah Rukh Khan: Why SRK is 'Half Hyderabadi'? |url=https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617114610/https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-GB |quote=Khan’s paternal grandfather, Meer Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) from Afghanistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |title=Mardomi interviews Shahrukh Khan in U.S.A |date=26 January 2009 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |time=2:00 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809175417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Shah Rukh Khan's cousins, who still live in Peshawar, have refuted the notion that the family is Pashtun or that his grandfather moved from Afghanistan, as they speak [[Hindko]], a dialect of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="ancestral5">{{Cite news |last=Khan, Omer Farooq |date=19 March 2010 |title=SRK's ancestral home traced to Pakistan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701111712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |archive-date=1 July 2015 |quote=There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, revealed Maqsood. This may disappoint many of Shah Rukh’s Pashto speaking fans who consider him a Pathan by origin. Shah Rukh’s family also contradicted the claim that his grandfather Jan Muhammad was from Afghanistan.}}</ref>{{efn|Although the mother of Shahrukh Khan was reported to be the adopted daughter of Shah Nawaz, the [[Indian Army]] denied those reports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |title=Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=11 March 2012 |access-date=12 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528165955/http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref> According to Khan, his father was the cousin of Shah Nawaz.<ref name=pathan>{{cite news|title=How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |first=Priya |last=Gupta |date=4 August 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805212904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |archive-date= 5 August 2013 }}</ref>}} | |||
Other relatives served in the [[Pakistan Army]], including his nephew Lieutenant-General (r) [[Zaheer-ul-Islam]], who was the Director-General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] between 2012 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=General (retd) Zaheerul Islam: The shadow warrior |url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153259 |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref> | Other relatives served in the [[Pakistan Army]], including his nephew Lieutenant-General (r) [[Zaheer-ul-Islam]], who was the Director-General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] between 2012 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=General (retd) Zaheerul Islam: The shadow warrior |url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153259 |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref> | ||
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He got his military education at the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]].<ref>''Who's who'', Issue 5,</ref> He was commissioned into the [[14th Punjab Regiment]]. | He got his military education at the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]].<ref>''Who's who'', Issue 5,</ref> He was commissioned into the [[14th Punjab Regiment]]. | ||
==The Second World War and the Indian National Army== | == Military career == | ||
Khan, who rose to the rank of captain in the Indian Army,<ref name="Tarique">{{citation|last=Tarique|first=Mohammad|title=Modern Indian History|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-066030-4|pages=9–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR2oAQAAQBAJ&pg=SA9-PA11}}</ref> was captured by the Japanese after the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] in 1942. A prisoner of war in Singapore, he was profoundly influenced by [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose's]] speeches asking POWs to join the [[Indian National Army]] and to fight for a free India.<ref name="Bose">''The INA Trial and The Raj'' (2003), Harkirat Singh, Atlantic Publishers & Dist, {{ISBN|9788126903160}}, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P53UqWnGrOgC&pg=PA26 | |||
=== The Second World War and the Indian National Army === | |||
Khan, who rose to the rank of captain in the Indian Army,<ref name="Tarique">{{citation|last=Tarique|first=Mohammad|title=Modern Indian History|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-066030-4|pages=9–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR2oAQAAQBAJ&pg=SA9-PA11}}</ref> was captured by the Japanese after the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] in 1942. A prisoner of war in Singapore, he was profoundly influenced by [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose's]] speeches asking POWs to join the [[Indian National Army]] and to fight for a free India.<ref name="Bose">''The INA Trial and The Raj'' (2003), Harkirat Singh, Atlantic Publishers & Dist, {{ISBN|9788126903160}}, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P53UqWnGrOgC&pg=PA26 26]</ref> He later stated:<ref name="Bose"/> {{blockquote|It will not be wrong to say that I was hypnotized by his personality and his speeches. He placed the true picture of India before us and for the first time in my life I saw India, through the eyes of an Indian.}} | |||
Impressed by Bose's patriotic speeches, Nawaz joined the INA in 1943. He was included in the Cabinet of the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] formed by Bose. Later, Bose decided to select a regiment consisting of the cream of the INA and send it to action to spearhead the advance into India. Khan led the army into North-Eastern India, seizing [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]] which were held briefly by the INA under the authority of the Japanese.<ref name="Tarique"/> In December 1944, Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed Commander of the 1st Division at [[Mandalay]]. | Impressed by Bose's patriotic speeches, Nawaz joined the INA in 1943. He was included in the Cabinet of the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] formed by Bose. Later, Bose decided to select a regiment consisting of the cream of the INA and send it to action to spearhead the advance into India. Khan led the army into North-Eastern India, seizing [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]] which were held briefly by the INA under the authority of the Japanese.<ref name="Tarique"/> In December 1944, Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed Commander of the 1st Division at [[Mandalay]]. | ||
==Indian National Army trials== | === Indian National Army trials === | ||
{{Main article|Indian National Army trials}} | {{Main article|Indian National Army trials}} | ||
Khan was tried, along with General [[Prem Sahgal]] and Colonel [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]] and Brigadier Habib ur Rehman of Panjeri (Bhimber) for "waging war against the King Emperor" in a public court martial at the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi. They were defended by [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Asaf Ali]], [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Kailash Nath Katju]] and others based on the defence that they should be treated as prisoners of war as they were not paid mercenaries but bona fide soldiers of a legal government, the Provisional Government of Free India, or the [[Azad Hind Government]], "however misinformed or otherwise they had been in their notion of patriotic duty towards their country" and as such they recognized the free Indian state as their sovereign and not the British sovereign.<ref>''A Hundred Horizons'', Sugata Bose, 2006 USA, p136</ref> During the trial, Khan cited the differential treatment meted out to Indian versus British soldiers in the Indian Army. In his testimony, Khan testified that no Indian officers were given the command of a division and only one was allowed to command a Brigade.<ref name=Cohen>{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Stephen|title=Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=36|issue=4|date=Winter 1963|pages=411–429|jstor=2754686|doi=10.2307/2754686}}</ref> Khan was given the death sentence by the court but that sentence was reduced to [[cashiering]] by the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.<ref name=green>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first= L.C.|title=The Indian National Army Trials|journal=The Modern Law Review|volume=11|issue=4|date=January 1948|pages=47–69|jstor=1090088|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1948.tb00071.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> | Khan was tried, along with General [[Prem Sahgal]] and Colonel [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]] and Brigadier Habib ur Rehman of Panjeri (Bhimber) for "waging war against the King Emperor" in a public court martial at the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi. They were defended by [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Asaf Ali]], [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Kailash Nath Katju]] and others based on the defence that they should be treated as prisoners of war as they were not paid mercenaries but bona fide soldiers of a legal government, the Provisional Government of Free India, or the [[Azad Hind Government]], "however misinformed or otherwise they had been in their notion of patriotic duty towards their country" and as such they recognized the free Indian state as their sovereign and not the British sovereign.<ref>''A Hundred Horizons'', Sugata Bose, 2006 USA, p136</ref> During the trial, Khan cited the differential treatment meted out to Indian versus British soldiers in the Indian Army. In his testimony, Khan testified that no Indian officers were given the command of a division and only one was allowed to command a Brigade.<ref name=Cohen>{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Stephen|title=Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=36|issue=4|date=Winter 1963|pages=411–429|jstor=2754686|doi=10.2307/2754686}}</ref> Khan was given the death sentence by the court but that sentence was reduced to [[cashiering]] by the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.<ref name=green>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first= L.C.|title=The Indian National Army Trials|journal=The Modern Law Review|volume=11|issue=4|date=January 1948|pages=47–69|jstor=1090088|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1948.tb00071.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
==Political career== | |||
==Association with Mahatma Gandhi== | === Association with Mahatma Gandhi === | ||
In 1946, Major General Shah Nawaz Khan accompanied Mahatma Gandhi and | After the trial, Khan declared that he would henceforth follow the path of [[Nonviolence|non-violence]] espoused by Gandhi and he joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]].<ref name="Cohen" /> In 1946, Major General Shah Nawaz Khan accompanied [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] to restore peace and provide succour to the [[Noakhali riots|Noakhali riot]] victims.<ref>Chandra Bhal Tripathi (6 February 2018), [https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/12938/khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan--a-man-of-peace-who-turned-fighters-into-believers-of-non-violence "Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: A Man of Peace Who Turned Fighters Into Believers of Non-Violence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225192942/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/12938/Khan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan--A-Man-of-Peace-Who-Turned-Fighters-Into-Believers-of-Non-Violence|date=25 February 2021}}, ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</ref> | ||
== | === Shahnawaz Committee === | ||
{{Main article|Shah Nawaz Committee}} | |||
In 1956, the government constituted a committee to look into the circumstances around [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s death with Khan as the head. The committee included Bose's elder brother Suresh Chandra Bose. The committee began its work in April 1956 and concluded four months later when two out of the three members (excluding Suresh Chandra Bose) concluded that Bose had died in the airplane crash at [[Taihoku]] (Japanese for Taipei) in [[Formosa]] (now Taiwan), on 18 August 1945. They stated that his ashes were kept in Japan's [[Renkoji Temple]] and should be relocated to India. | |||
=== Electoral politics === | |||
Having successfully contested the first Lok Sabha in 1952 from Meerut, Khan had an illustrious parliamentary career becoming: | |||
* The [[Parliamentary Secretary]] and Deputy Minister of Railway and Transport for 11 years (1952–1956) & (1957–1964 (second term)) | * The [[Parliamentary Secretary]] and Deputy Minister of Railway and Transport for 11 years (1952–1956) & (1957–1964 (second term)) | ||
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* Chairman of National Seeds Corporation Ltd. | * Chairman of National Seeds Corporation Ltd. | ||
* Chairman, [[Food Corporation of India]]. | * Chairman, [[Food Corporation of India]]. | ||
He was elected four times to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut constituency]] in 1951, 1957, 1962 and 1971. He lost in the 1967 and 1977 Lok Sabha election from Meerut. Though his entire family remained in Pakistan, he chose to live in India, along with one of his sons. During the 1965 war, his son Mahmud was a Pakistan Army Officer and the opposition demanded he be removed from the government. But [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], as Prime Minister, refused to accede and reminded them of his selfless service to India as an Officer of the [[Indian National Army|INA]]. | |||
Khan's political views were leftist, supporting land reforms and public distribution. But his support for permanent separate personal laws for religious communities led to his defeat in the 1967 elections against [[Jan Sangh]]. In 1969, the [[Indian National Congress]] split, leading him to side with [[Indira Gandhi]]. The 1971 "Gareebi Hatao" campaign brought him again as MP from Meerut. In 1977, the [[Janata Party]] led to his defeat and ended his career in Parliament. | |||
Khan's political views were leftist, supporting land reforms and public distribution. But his support for permanent separate personal laws for religious communities led to his defeat in the 1967 elections against [[Jan Sangh]]. In 1969, the [[Indian National Congress]] split, leading him to side with [[Indira Gandhi]]. The 1971 "Gareebi Hatao" campaign brought him again as MP from Meerut. In 1977, the [[Janata Party]] led to his defeat and ended his career in Parliament. | |||
== | == Last years and death == | ||
{{ | He remained as head of Congress Sewa Dal until his death in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title=The Untold Story of a Forgotten INA Hero & His Connection to Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/212739/ina-hero-shahnawaz-khan-shah-rukh-khan-forgotten-army-amazon-prime-india-gop94/ |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> He was buried in a garden near to the [[Red Fort]] and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] with full state honours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Delhiwale: Hero's Grave |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhiwale-hero-s-grave-101612319593225.html |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
''Shah Nawaz Khan'' is a 1987 Indian [[Documentary film|short documentary film]] directed by J. S. Bandekar and produced by the [[Films Division of India]]. It covers his life and contributions to the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SHAH NAWAZ KHAN {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/shah-nawaz-khan|access-date=2021 | ''Shah Nawaz Khan'' is a 1987 Indian [[Documentary film|short documentary film]] directed by J. S. Bandekar and produced by the [[Films Division of India]]. It covers his life and contributions to the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SHAH NAWAZ KHAN {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/shah-nawaz-khan|access-date=12 June 2021|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref> | ||
In the 2005 movie ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'', Khan was portrayed by actor [[Sonu Sood]]. In the 2017 film ''[[Raagdesh]]'' on the [[Red Fort Trials]], he is portrayed by actor [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]. | In the 2005 movie ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'', Khan was portrayed by actor [[Sonu Sood]]. In the 2017 film ''[[Raagdesh]]'' on the [[Red Fort Trials]], he is portrayed by actor [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]. | ||
He also contributed in the development of | He also contributed in the development of ''Subhas Chandra'', a 1966 Indian [[Biographical film|biographical drama film]] on the life of Subhas Chandra Bose.<ref>{{Citation|title=Subhas Chandra {{!}} Eros Now|url=https://erosnow.com/movie/watch/1057812/subhas-chandra|language=en|access-date=12 June 2021}}.</ref> | ||
== Book == | |||
*''My Memories of I.N.A. and Its Netaji'', Other Press, 2019, 320 p. | |||
== Footnotes == | == Footnotes == | ||
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[[Category:1914 births]] | [[Category:1914 births]] | ||
[[Category:1983 deaths]] | [[Category:1983 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Indian Muslims | [[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]] | ||
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel who were court-martialed]] | [[Category:Indian National Army personnel who were court-martialed]] | ||
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]] | [[Category:Indian revolutionaries]] | ||
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[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]] | [[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]] | ||
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]] | [[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]] | ||
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]] | [[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]] | ||
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war]] | [[Category:Indian prisoners of war]] | ||
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]] | [[Category:British Indian Army officers]] | ||
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi District]] | [[Category:People from Rawalpindi District]] | ||
[[Category:Shah Rukh Khan]] | |||
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
Latest revision as of 13:38, 24 February 2026
Shah Nawaz Khan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 24 January 1914 Matore, Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) |
| Died | 9 December 1983 (aged 69) Delhi, India |
| Allegiance | British India (until 1942) Azad Hind (1943 – 1945) |
| Battles/wars | |
| Spouse(s) | Karim Jaan |
| Children | Mahmood Nawaz Khan Akbar Nawaz Khan Ajmal Nawaz Khan Mumtaz Begum Fehmida Khanum Lateef Fatima Khan (adopted) |
| Relations | Shah Rukh Khan (nephew)[1][2] Zaheer-ul-Islam (nephew) |
Shah Nawaz Khan (January 1914 – 9 December 1983) was an Indian politician who served as an officer in the Indian National Army (INA) during World War II.
He was profoundly influenced by Subhas Chandra Bose's speeches asking POWs to join the Indian National Army and to fight for a free India, Khan led the army into North-Eastern India, seizing Kohima and Imphal which were held briefly by the INA under the authority of the Japanese.[3] In December 1944, Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed Commander of the 1st Division at Mandalay.
After the war, he was tried, convicted for treason, and sentenced to death in a public court-martial carried out by the British Indian Army. The sentence was commuted by the Commander-in-chief of the Indian Army following unrest and protests in India.
After the trial, Khan declared that he would henceforth follow the path of non-violence espoused by Mahatama Gandhi and joined the Congress party. Having successfully contested the first Lok Sabha in 1952 from Meerut, Khan had an illustrious parliamentary career. He was elected four times to the Lok Sabha from Meerut constituency in 1951, 1957, 1962 and 1971.
Early life and education[edit | edit source]
As he states in his autobiography, Khan was born into a Punjabi Janjua Rajput[4] family on 24 January 1914 in Matore, a village now in the Rawalpindi District of Pakistan.[5][6][7] His father Lt. Tikka Khan served in the British Indian Army for some 30 years, being associated with the 58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force) military unit, other relatives having also served in the armed forces, Shah Nawaz Khan writing that his family might have been "the most militarized" in India.[5]
He was the cousin of Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan's father Mir Taj Mohammed Khan, although according to Shah Rukh Khan his paternal grandfather, Mir Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic Pashtun from Afghanistan.[8][9] However, Shah Rukh Khan's cousins, who still live in Peshawar, have refuted the notion that the family is Pashtun or that his grandfather moved from Afghanistan, as they speak Hindko, a dialect of Punjabi.[10][lower-alpha 1]
Other relatives served in the Pakistan Army, including his nephew Lieutenant-General (r) Zaheer-ul-Islam, who was the Director-General of the ISI between 2012 and 2014.[13]
He got his military education at the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College.[14] He was commissioned into the 14th Punjab Regiment.
Military career[edit | edit source]
The Second World War and the Indian National Army[edit | edit source]
Khan, who rose to the rank of captain in the Indian Army,[3] was captured by the Japanese after the fall of Singapore in 1942. A prisoner of war in Singapore, he was profoundly influenced by Subhas Chandra Bose's speeches asking POWs to join the Indian National Army and to fight for a free India.[15] He later stated:[15]
It will not be wrong to say that I was hypnotized by his personality and his speeches. He placed the true picture of India before us and for the first time in my life I saw India, through the eyes of an Indian.
Impressed by Bose's patriotic speeches, Nawaz joined the INA in 1943. He was included in the Cabinet of the Provisional Government of Free India formed by Bose. Later, Bose decided to select a regiment consisting of the cream of the INA and send it to action to spearhead the advance into India. Khan led the army into North-Eastern India, seizing Kohima and Imphal which were held briefly by the INA under the authority of the Japanese.[3] In December 1944, Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed Commander of the 1st Division at Mandalay.
Indian National Army trials[edit | edit source]
Khan was tried, along with General Prem Sahgal and Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon and Brigadier Habib ur Rehman of Panjeri (Bhimber) for "waging war against the King Emperor" in a public court martial at the Red Fort in Delhi. They were defended by Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Asaf Ali, Bhulabhai Desai, Kailash Nath Katju and others based on the defence that they should be treated as prisoners of war as they were not paid mercenaries but bona fide soldiers of a legal government, the Provisional Government of Free India, or the Azad Hind Government, "however misinformed or otherwise they had been in their notion of patriotic duty towards their country" and as such they recognized the free Indian state as their sovereign and not the British sovereign.[16] During the trial, Khan cited the differential treatment meted out to Indian versus British soldiers in the Indian Army. In his testimony, Khan testified that no Indian officers were given the command of a division and only one was allowed to command a Brigade.[17] Khan was given the death sentence by the court but that sentence was reduced to cashiering by the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.[18]
Political career[edit | edit source]
Association with Mahatma Gandhi[edit | edit source]
After the trial, Khan declared that he would henceforth follow the path of non-violence espoused by Gandhi and he joined the Congress party.[17] In 1946, Major General Shah Nawaz Khan accompanied Mahatma Gandhi and Abdul Ghaffar Khan to restore peace and provide succour to the Noakhali riot victims.[19]
Shahnawaz Committee[edit | edit source]
In 1956, the government constituted a committee to look into the circumstances around Subhas Chandra Bose's death with Khan as the head. The committee included Bose's elder brother Suresh Chandra Bose. The committee began its work in April 1956 and concluded four months later when two out of the three members (excluding Suresh Chandra Bose) concluded that Bose had died in the airplane crash at Taihoku (Japanese for Taipei) in Formosa (now Taiwan), on 18 August 1945. They stated that his ashes were kept in Japan's Renkoji Temple and should be relocated to India.
Electoral politics[edit | edit source]
Having successfully contested the first Lok Sabha in 1952 from Meerut, Khan had an illustrious parliamentary career becoming:
- The Parliamentary Secretary and Deputy Minister of Railway and Transport for 11 years (1952–1956) & (1957–1964 (second term))
- Minister of Food & Agriculture (1965)
- Minister of Labour, Employment & Rehabilitation (1966)
- Minister of Steel & Mines and Minister of Petroleum & Chemical Industries (1971–1973)
- Minister of Agriculture & Irrigation (1974–1975)
- Minister of Agriculture & Irrigation (1975–1977)
- Chairman of National Seeds Corporation Ltd.
- Chairman, Food Corporation of India.
He was elected four times to the Lok Sabha from Meerut constituency in 1951, 1957, 1962 and 1971. He lost in the 1967 and 1977 Lok Sabha election from Meerut. Though his entire family remained in Pakistan, he chose to live in India, along with one of his sons. During the 1965 war, his son Mahmud was a Pakistan Army Officer and the opposition demanded he be removed from the government. But Lal Bahadur Shastri, as Prime Minister, refused to accede and reminded them of his selfless service to India as an Officer of the INA.
Khan's political views were leftist, supporting land reforms and public distribution. But his support for permanent separate personal laws for religious communities led to his defeat in the 1967 elections against Jan Sangh. In 1969, the Indian National Congress split, leading him to side with Indira Gandhi. The 1971 "Gareebi Hatao" campaign brought him again as MP from Meerut. In 1977, the Janata Party led to his defeat and ended his career in Parliament.
Last years and death[edit | edit source]
He remained as head of Congress Sewa Dal until his death in 1983.[20] He was buried in a garden near to the Red Fort and Jama Masjid with full state honours.[21]
In popular culture[edit | edit source]
Shah Nawaz Khan is a 1987 Indian short documentary film directed by J. S. Bandekar and produced by the Films Division of India. It covers his life and contributions to the Indian independence movement.[22]
In the 2005 movie Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, Khan was portrayed by actor Sonu Sood. In the 2017 film Raagdesh on the Red Fort Trials, he is portrayed by actor Kunal Kapoor.
He also contributed in the development of Subhas Chandra, a 1966 Indian biographical drama film on the life of Subhas Chandra Bose.[23]
Book[edit | edit source]
- My Memories of I.N.A. and Its Netaji, Other Press, 2019, 320 p.
Footnotes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Although the mother of Shahrukh Khan was reported to be the adopted daughter of Shah Nawaz, the Indian Army denied those reports.[11] According to Khan, his father was the cousin of Shah Nawaz.[12]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother - Times of India". The Times of India. 6 August 2013.
- ↑ "Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan". 11 March 2012.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tarique, Mohammad, Modern Indian History, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, pp. 9–11, ISBN 978-0-07-066030-4
- ↑ Bose, Sugata (30 June 2009). A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Harvard University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-674-02857-9.
Shah Nawaz was born to a family of Janjua Rajputs in Rawalpindi. His father had been the leader of the Janjua clan and served in the Indian Army for thirty years.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Shah Nawaz Khan, The I. N. A. Heroes: Autobiographies of Maj. Gen. Shahnawaz, Col. Prem K. Sahgal [and] Col. Gurbax Singh of the Azad Hind Fauj, Hero Publications (1946), p. 3: "I was born in a Janjua-Rajput family in Rawalpindi district in January 1914. My father Late Lt. Tikka Khan served with distinction in 58th F. F. Rifles tor 30 years and was the head of perhaps "the most militarized" family in India."
- ↑ Indian Annual Register, July–December 1945, vol. 2, p. 200: "Sir Nusserwanji gave a brief life sketch of the three accused officers. Capt Shah Nawaz Khan was born in Rawalpindi on January 24, 1914."
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography. 5: S - Z. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publ. 2001. ISBN 978-81-7648-235-6.
Shah Nawaz Khan, son of Shri Tikka Khan, retired Captain, Indian Army, was born at village Matore in Rawalpindi, Punjab (now Pakistan) on 24th January 1914.
- ↑ "Happy Birthday Shah Rukh Khan: Why SRK is 'Half Hyderabadi'?". The Siasat Daily. 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
Khan's paternal grandfather, Meer Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) from Afghanistan
- ↑ Mardomi interviews Shahrukh Khan in U.S.A. YouTube. 26 January 2009. Event occurs at 2:00. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- ↑ Khan, Omer Farooq (19 March 2010). "SRK's ancestral home traced to Pakistan". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, revealed Maqsood. This may disappoint many of Shah Rukh's Pashto speaking fans who consider him a Pathan by origin. Shah Rukh's family also contradicted the claim that his grandfather Jan Muhammad was from Afghanistan.
- ↑ "Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan". The Express Tribune. 11 March 2012. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ↑ Gupta, Priya (4 August 2013). "How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ "General (retd) Zaheerul Islam: The shadow warrior". Dawn News. 6 October 2015.
- ↑ Who's who, Issue 5,
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 The INA Trial and The Raj (2003), Harkirat Singh, Atlantic Publishers & Dist, ISBN 9788126903160, p. 26
- ↑ A Hundred Horizons, Sugata Bose, 2006 USA, p136
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cohen, Stephen (Winter 1963). "Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army". Pacific Affairs. 36 (4): 411–429. doi:10.2307/2754686. JSTOR 2754686.
- ↑ Green, L.C. (January 1948). "The Indian National Army Trials". The Modern Law Review. 11 (4): 47–69. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1948.tb00071.x. JSTOR 1090088.
- ↑ Chandra Bhal Tripathi (6 February 2018), "Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: A Man of Peace Who Turned Fighters Into Believers of Non-Violence" Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The Citizen. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ "The Untold Story of a Forgotten INA Hero & His Connection to Shah Rukh Khan". The Better India. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ↑ "Delhiwale: Hero's Grave". Hindustan Times. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ↑ "SHAH NAWAZ KHAN | Films Division". filmsdivision.org. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ↑ Subhas Chandra | Eros Now, retrieved 12 June 2021.
