List of Kashmiri tribes: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Hinduism in India}}
'''Kashmiri kinship and descent''' is one of the major concepts of [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] [[cultural anthropology]]. [[Kashmiri Hindus|Hindu Kashmiris]] and [[Kashmiri Muslims|Muslim Kashmiris]] living in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India and other parts of the country and the world are from the same ethnic stock.


[[Kashmiri Hindus]] are [[Saraswat Brahmins]] and are known by the exonym ''[[Kashmiri Pandit|Pandit]]''.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+Hindus+are+all+Saraswat+Brahmins&pg=PT130|title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia|last1=Brower|first1=Barbara|last2=Johnston|first2=Barbara Rose|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781315430393|quote=Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat brahmins, known by the exonym Pandit (the endonym being Batta), a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri brahmins in Mughal service. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng).}}</ref> The Muslims living in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] are of the same stock as the [[Kashmiri Pandit]] community and are designated as [[Kashmiri Muslims]].<ref name=":023">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37337|title=Census of India, 1941|volume=22|pages=9|quote=The Muslims living in the southern part of the Kashmir Province are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are usually designated Kashmiri Muslims; those of the Muzaffarabad District are partly Kashmiri Muslims, partly Gujjar and the rest are of the same stock as the tribes of the neighbouring Punjab and North West Frontier Province districts.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Kashmiri Muslims are descended from [[Kashmiri Hindus]] who [[Conversion to Islam|converted]] to [[Islam]] and are also known as 'Sheikhs'. Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&dq=kashmiris+are+native+to+kashmir+valley&pg=PA223|title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=9788176482363|quote=The Kashmiri Pandits are the '''precursors''' of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.}}</ref> of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority population in the valley of Kashmir.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|pages=15|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=Thus the two population groups, Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population, came to differ from each other in faith and customs.}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|pages=16|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=The Sheikhs are considered to be the descendants of Hindus and the pure Kashmiri Muslims, professing Sunni faith, the major part of the population of Srinagar district and the Kashmir state.}}</ref> Both the Kashmiri Hindus and Muslim society reckons descent patrilineally. Certain property and titles may be inherited through the male line, but certain inheritances may accrue through the female line.
'''Kashmiri livelihood, kinship and descent''' is one of the major concepts of [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] [[cultural anthropology]]. [[Kashmiri Hindus|Hindu Kashmiris]] and [[Kashmiri Muslims|Muslim Kashmiris]] living in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] region of India, Pakistan and China are from the same ethnic stock. Kashmir is home to a variety of tribes, each with its distinct traditions, customs, and way of life. These tribes, often tied to specific regions within Kashmir, have historically played key roles in the social and cultural fabric of the area. While some of them have migrated to different regions of the Indian subcontinent, the tribes of Kashmir still have unique languages, social structures, and professions that contribute to the rich cultural diversity of the region.


==Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu Lineage==
==Kashmiri tribes/castes==
* [[Bhat#Kashmir|Bhat]], Bhatt or Butt<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52 |publisher=The Survey |year=2003 |quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine. |accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=9780963479860 |accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{harvnb|Brower|Johnston|2016|p=130}}: "Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community-such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and Pandit (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)-but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these"</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxJDAAAAYAAJ&q=kashmiri+names+bat+dar+lone |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=2003 |isbn= |location= |pages=867 |quote=...the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste-names known as Krams e.g. Tantre, Nayak, Magre, Rather, Lone, Bat, Dar, Parray, Mantu, Yatoo..... |access-date=30 December 2016 |via=}}</ref><ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" />
* [[Bhat#Kashmir|Bhat]]/Butt<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52 |publisher=The Survey |year=2003 |quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine. |accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=9780963479860 |accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{harvnb|Brower|Johnston|2016|p=130}}: "Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community-such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and Pandit (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)-but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these"</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxJDAAAAYAAJ&q=kashmiri+names+bat+dar+lone |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=2003 |isbn= |location= |pages=867 |quote=...the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste-names known as Krams e.g. Tantre, Nayak, Magre, Rather, Lone, Bat, Dar, Parray, Mantu, Mintoo Yatoo/Aitu |access-date=30 December 2016 |via=}}</ref><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" />
* [[Mir Mughal|Mir]]<ref name=":0" />
* Zargar<ref name=":0" />
* Kumar/Kral/Kumhar<ref name=":0" />
* [[Dhar (surname)|Dhar]]/Dar<ref name="Bansi Pandit2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* [[Dhar (surname)|Dhar]]/Dar<ref name="Bansi Pandit2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
*Drabu<ref name=":0" />
* [[Lone (surname)|Lone]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Lone (surname)|Lone]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kaul]]<ref name ="SVictoria">{{cite book|first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA118|accessdate=25 June 2012|year=2003 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co |isbn= 1860648983 |page=4 |quote=...looms rose to 24,000 by 1813. Despite the religious oppression that many hindus were subjected , they were however, useful to the Afghans because of their administrative experience. Kashmiri Pandits were not prevented into entering into government service & there were some families whose names consistently appear in public service - the Dhars, Kauls, Tikkus & Saprus. }}</ref>
* [[Sufi (surname)| Suìf or Sofi]]
* [[Raina (surname)|Raina]]<ref name=":74" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="MQRaina">{{cite book |date=November 13, 2014 |last=Raina |first=Mohini Qasba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&dq=Madan+Kashmiri+surname&pg=PA55 |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective |page=55 |quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sipru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dhar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. Of these the members of the Dhar family have probably been the most influential. |isbn=9781482899450 |publisher=Partridge Singapore |language=en-IN }}</ref>
 
* [[Malik (surname)|Malik]]<ref name=":0" />
* Sheikh<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kaul]]<ref name ="SVictoria">{{cite book|first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA118|accessdate=25 June 2012|year=2003 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co |isbn= 1860648983 |page=4 |quote=...looms rose to 24,000 by 1813. Despite the religious oppression that many hindus were subjected, they were however, useful to the Afghans because of their administrative experience. Kashmiri Pandits were not prevented into entering into government service & there were some families whose names consistently appear in public service - the Dhars, Kauls, Tikkus & Saprus. }}</ref>
* [[Raina (surname)|Raina]]<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+Hindus+are+all+Saraswat+Brahmins&pg=PT130 |title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia |last2=Johnston |first2=Barbara Rose |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781315430393 |quote=Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat brahmins, known by the exonym Pandit (the endonym being Batta), a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri brahmins in Mughal service. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng).}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="MQRaina">{{cite book |date=November 13, 2014 |last=Raina |first=Mohini Qasba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&dq=Madan+Kashmiri+surname&pg=PA55 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective |page=55 |quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sipru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dhar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. Of these the members of the Dhar family have probably been the most influential. |isbn=9781482899450 |publisher=Partridge Singapore |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* [[Kak clan|Kak]]<ref name="Lawrence">{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&q=Dar&pg=PA304|title=The Valley of Kashmir|quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names:— Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu.|date=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1630-1|pages=304|language=en}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Kak clan|Kak]]<ref name="Lawrence">{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&q=Dar&pg=PA304|title=The Valley of Kashmir|quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names:— Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu.|date=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1630-1|pages=304|language=en}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Kachru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul />
* [[Kaw (surname)|Kaw]]<ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" />
* [[Pattu]]/[[Pattoo]]
* [[Kachru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" />
* [[Kichlu]]<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Kichlu]]<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Mantu/Mantoo/Mintoo<ref name=":0" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* Mantu/Mantoo/Mintoo<ref name=":0" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* [[Fotedar]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name="Bansi Pandit2" />
* [[Nahar]]/[[Nehru]]
* [[Haksar]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name=“KBAhmad” />
* [[Khan (surname)|Khan]]<ref name=":0" />
* Fotedar<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name="Bansi Pandit2" />
* [[Haksar]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" />
* [[Handoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* [[Handoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* Ganai<ref name=":0" />
* Wali<ref name=":0" />
* Tantray<ref name=":0" />
* Tantray<ref name=":0" />
* Parray<ref name=":0" />
* Parray<ref name=":0" />
* [[Parimoo]]<ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name = "RBhat">{{cite web |date=February 23, 2008 |last1=Anwar |last2=Bhat |first1=Tarique |first2=Rajesh |url=https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226225421/https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |archive-date=February 26, 2008 |title=Kashmiryat in Kashmiri surnames |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Kaul, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir! |publisher=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name = "UKaul">{{cite web |date=September 4, 2020 |last=Kaul |first=Upendra |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.is/2Qp7X |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |title=My name is Khan, and I'm Kaul |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* Parimoo<ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name = "RBhat">{{cite web |date=February 23, 2008 |last1=Anwar |last2=Bhat |first1=Tarique |first2=Rajesh |url=https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226225421/https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |archive-date=February 26, 2008 |title=Kashmiryat in Kashmiri surnames |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Kaul, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir! |publisher=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name = "UKaul">{{cite web |date=September 4, 2020 |last=Kaul |first=Upendra |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230405053256/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/amp/story/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |title=My name is Khan, and I'm Kaul |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* [[Mattoo]]<ref name = "WMClements">{{Cite book |last1=Clements |first1=William M.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East |last2=Green |first2=Thomas A. |date=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-32849-7 |page=60 |language=English |quote=A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, Kichlu, Matoo and Pandit persist in Muslim families.}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name="Lawrence" />
* [[Mattoo]]<ref name = "WMClements">{{Cite book |last1=Clements |first1=William M.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East |last2=Green |first2=Thomas A. |date=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-32849-7 |page=60 |language=English |quote=A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, Kichlu, Matoo and Pandit persist in Muslim families.}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name="Lawrence" />
* [[Pandit (surname)|Pandit]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* Naqashbandi<ref name=":0" />
* [[Pandit (surname)|Pandit]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* Khawaja<ref name=":0" />
* [[Rajguru]]
* [[Rajguru]]
* Badakhshi<ref name=":0" />
* [[Bhan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Bhan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Bazaz]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name=“KBAhmad”>{{cite book |date=June 23, 2017 |last=Ahmad |first=Khalid Bashir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txtBDwAAQBAJ&dq=jalali+kashmiri+surname&pg=PT262 |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |quote=One would come across among Muslims of Kashmir any number of surnames that are equally common among the Pandits. Among these are Bhat, Raina, Nath, Langoo, Malla, Bazaz, Saraf, Munshi, Watal, Wali, Khar, Shangloo, Nehru, Gagar, Kharoo, Aga, Jalali, Peer, Pandit, Parimoo and Mattoo. |isbn=9789386062819 |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* Bazaz<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad">{{cite book |date=June 23, 2017 |last=Ahmad |first=Khalid Bashir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txtBDwAAQBAJ&dq=jalali+kashmiri+surname&pg=PT262 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |quote=One would come across among Muslims of Kashmir any number of surnames that are equally common among the Pandits. Among these are Bhat, Raina, Nath, Langoo, Malla, Bazaz, Saraf, Munshi, Watal, Wali, Khar, Shangloo, Nehru, Gagar, Kharoo, Aga, Jalali, Peer, Pandit, Parimoo and Mattoo. |isbn=9789386062819 |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* [[Bakshi]]<ref name ="Agrawal">{{cite book |date=August 20, 2014 |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E36BgAAQBAJ&dq=mattu+surname&pg=PT47 |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour |publisher=Commercial Services |page=86 |isbn=9788193051207 |quote=Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo. |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* Andrabi<ref name=":0" />
* [[Bakshi]]/Bakhshi<ref name ="Agrawal">{{cite book |date=August 20, 2014 |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E36BgAAQBAJ&dq=mattu+surname&pg=PT47 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour |publisher=Commercial Services |page=86 |isbn=9788193051207 |quote=Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo. |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* Rather<ref name=":0" />
* Rather<ref name=":0" />
* [[Razdan (surname)|Razdan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Razdan (surname)|Razdan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Munshi#Kashmiri surname|Munshi]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name=“KBAhmad” />
* [[Munshi#Kashmiri surname|Munshi]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" />
* [[Sapru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="SVictoria" />
* [[Sapru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="SVictoria" />
* [[Thussu]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" />
* [[Shah (surname)|Shah]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Tikoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" />
* Thussu<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" />
* Tikoo<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" />
* [[Zutshi]]<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Zutshi]]<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Magre/Magray<ref name=":0" />
* Magre/Magray<ref name=":0" />
* Yatoo<ref name=":0" />
* Yatoo<ref name=":0" />
* [[Wali (surname)|Wali]]<ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Ganaie<ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Wanchoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Wanchoo<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Wazir<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Wazir<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Madan (surname)|Madan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" />
* [[Madan (surname)|Madan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" />
* [[Wani (surname)|Wani]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |editor-last=Hasan |editor-first=Amir |location=Manohar |pages=769 |language=en |quote=The Kesarwani Bania, or simply the Kesarwani, as they are popularly referred to, are an important group of the Vaishya or business community. They were also referred to as Baniya, Bani and Bakkal in the British time. From Kashmir, they came to Kara- Manikpur at the end of the twelfth century. |editor-last2=Anthropological Survey of India}}</ref>
* [[Wani (surname)|Wani]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |editor-last=Hasan |editor-first=Amir |location=Manohar |pages=769 |language=en |quote=The Kesarwani Bania, or simply the Kesarwani, as they are popularly referred to, are an important group of the Vaishya or business community. They were also referred to as Baniya, Bani and Bakkal in the British time. From Kashmir, they came to Kara- Manikpur at the end of the twelfth century. |editor-last2=Anthropological Survey of India}}</ref>
* Nengud/Nengroo
* Geelani/Gilani
* [[Chak dynasty|Chak]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{Hinduism in India by region}}
{{Hinduism in India by region}}
{{Kashmirifamalies}}
{{Kashmirifamalies}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmiri Muslim Tribes From Hindu Lineage}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmiri Muslim Tribes From Hindu Lineage}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Islam in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Islam in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Lists of tribes]]

Latest revision as of 05:10, 18 December 2025


Kashmiri livelihood, kinship and descent is one of the major concepts of Kashmiri cultural anthropology. Hindu Kashmiris and Muslim Kashmiris living in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir region of India, Pakistan and China are from the same ethnic stock. Kashmir is home to a variety of tribes, each with its distinct traditions, customs, and way of life. These tribes, often tied to specific regions within Kashmir, have historically played key roles in the social and cultural fabric of the area. While some of them have migrated to different regions of the Indian subcontinent, the tribes of Kashmir still have unique languages, social structures, and professions that contribute to the rich cultural diversity of the region.

Kashmiri tribes/castes[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52. The Survey. 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2010. The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Explore Kashmiri Pandits. Dharma Publications. ISBN 9780963479860. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Brower & Johnston 2016, p. 130: "Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community-such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and Pandit (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)-but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these"
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63. Indian History Congress. 2003. p. 867. Retrieved 30 December 2016. ...the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste-names known as Krams e.g. Tantre, Nayak, Magre, Rather, Lone, Bat, Dar, Parray, Mantu, Mintoo Yatoo/Aitu
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Ahmad, Khalid Bashir (23 June 2017). Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative. SAGE Publishing. ISBN 9789386062819. Retrieved 5 April 2023. One would come across among Muslims of Kashmir any number of surnames that are equally common among the Pandits. Among these are Bhat, Raina, Nath, Langoo, Malla, Bazaz, Saraf, Munshi, Watal, Wali, Khar, Shangloo, Nehru, Gagar, Kharoo, Aga, Jalali, Peer, Pandit, Parimoo and Mattoo.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Clements, William M.; Green, Thomas A. (2006). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East. Greenwood Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-313-32849-7. A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, Kichlu, Matoo and Pandit persist in Muslim families.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Anwar, Tarique; Bhat, Rajesh (23 February 2008). "Kashmiryat in Kashmiri surnames". Two Circles. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Kaul, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir!
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Kaul, Upendra (4 September 2020). "My name is Khan, and I'm Kaul". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 Lawrence, Sir Walter Roper (2005). The Valley of Kashmir. Asian Educational Services. p. 304. ISBN 978-81-206-1630-1. Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names:— Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Raina, Mohini Qasba (13 November 2014). Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective. Partridge Singapore. p. 55. ISBN 9781482899450. Retrieved 5 April 2023. Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sipru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dhar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. Of these the members of the Dhar family have probably been the most influential.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in conflict. I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 4. ISBN 1860648983. Retrieved 25 June 2012. ...looms rose to 24,000 by 1813. Despite the religious oppression that many hindus were subjected, they were however, useful to the Afghans because of their administrative experience. Kashmiri Pandits were not prevented into entering into government service & there were some families whose names consistently appear in public service - the Dhars, Kauls, Tikkus & Saprus.
  12. ↑ Brower, Barbara; Johnston, Barbara Rose (2016). Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781315430393. Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat brahmins, known by the exonym Pandit (the endonym being Batta), a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri brahmins in Mughal service. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng).
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 Agrawal, Premendra (20 August 2014). Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour. Commercial Services. p. 86. ISBN 9788193051207. Retrieved 5 April 2023. Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo.
  14. ↑ Hasan, Amir; Anthropological Survey of India, eds. (2005). Uttar Pradesh. Manohar: Anthropological Survey of India. p. 769. ISBN 978-81-7304-114-3. The Kesarwani Bania, or simply the Kesarwani, as they are popularly referred to, are an important group of the Vaishya or business community. They were also referred to as Baniya, Bani and Bakkal in the British time. From Kashmir, they came to Kara- Manikpur at the end of the twelfth century.

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