Flags of the Mughal Empire: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:27, 12 March 2026

The Mughal Empire had a number of imperial flags and standards. The principal imperial standard of the Mughals was known as the alam (Alam علم). It was primarily moss green.^[1] It displayed a lion and sun (Shēr-ō-khurshīd شیر و خورشید‎) facing the hoist of the flag. The Mughals traced their use of the alam back to Timur.^[2]

Flag as seen in a ca.1840 illustration^[3]

The imperial standard was displayed to the right of the throne and also at the entrance of the Emperor's encampment and in front of the emperor during military marches.^[2]

According to the Ain-i-Akbari, during Akbar's reign, whenever the emperor rode out, not less than five alams were carried along with the qur (a collection of flags and other insignia) wrapped up in scarlet cloth bags. They were unfurled on the days of festivity, and in battle.^[5] Edward Terry, chaplain to Sir Thomas Roe, who came during the reign of Jahangir, described in his Voyage to East-India (1655) that the royal standard, made of silk, with a crouching lion shadowing part of the body of the sun inscribed on it, was carried on an elephant whenever the emperor travelled.^[6]^[4]

A painting by Payag in a manuscript of the Padshahnama, a chronicle on Shah Jahan's reign, preserved in the Royal Library, Windsor Castle depicted the Mughal standards as the scarlet pennons with green borders with a passant lion and rising sun behind it.^[7] Another painting in the same manuscript depicted the Mughal standards having green fields with a couchant lion and rising sun behind it.^[8]^[9]

Seals[edit | edit source]

Seal of Babur
Seal of Babur
Seal of Humayun
Seal of Akbar
Seal of Akbar
Seal of Akbar
Seal of Jahangir
Seal of Jahangir
Seal of Jahangir
Seal of Jahangir
Seal of Jahangir
Seal of Shah Jahan
Seal of Shah Jahan
Seal of Shah Jahan
Seal of Shah Jahan
Seal of Aurangzeb
Seal of Aurangzeb
Seal of Aurangzeb
Seal of Bahadur Shah Zafar in the first year of his reign

Flags of the subjects and vassals of the Mughal Empire[edit | edit source]

Nizam of Hyderabad
Bengal Subah (under Mughals 1576–1717)
Nawab of Bengal (independently 1717–1757)

Historical depictions[edit | edit source]

Illustrations from the 1636 Padshahnama of Shah Jahan showing Moghul Soldier & Civilian Costume. Notice the flag in the bottom of the pictures with the standing lion and the sun in a red interior color, this is a scene from the Siege of Kandahar of 1631 during Shah-Jahan's time. Notice the flag in the upper part of the picture with green interior and yellow linings.
A Mughal miniature from the Padshahnama depicting the surrender of the Safavid Persian garrison of Kandahar in 1638 to the Mughal army of Shah Jahan commanded by Kilij Khan. Notice the white flag with the rising Sun. Perhaps a flag signalling peace. As Safavid forces give the city without bloodshed.
An engraving from Edward Terry's A Voyage to East-India (1655) titled Imperial Standard of the Great Mogul (featuring the Nad-e-Ali represented by the lion, and the sun known as Aftab).
A mid-17th century painting of the Battle of Samugarh between the three sons of Shah Jahan
Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops (note flags in the background).
Aurangzeb commanding his army (note triangular green flags)
An elephant with a mahout and a standard-bearer carrying a green standard with a gold sun. One of a set.
Funeral of Asaf-ud-Daulah in the year 1797 under a canopy inside the Bara Imambara; (note:Flag (green) of the Mughal Empire raised higher than the Awadh flag)

Notes[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ "Zoomify image: A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast". Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Singh, K.V. (1991). Our National Flag. New Delhi: Publication Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 14.
↑ "One of six figures from the Mughal emperor's ceremonial procession on the occasion of the Id".
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Terry, Edward (1777) [1655]. A Voyage to East-India. London: J. Wilkie. p. 347.
↑ Blochmann, H. (tr.) (1927, reprint 1993). The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami, Vol. I, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, p.52
↑ Foster, William (ed.) (1921) Early Travels in India, 1583–1619, London: Oxford University Press, p. 306
↑ Payag (1646). "The siege of Qandahar (May 1631)" (jpg). King of the World – The Padshahnama. Philadelphia: Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. Plate No.: 18. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
↑ 'Kashmiri Painter' (attribution) (1646–1656). "A royal procession" (jpg). King of the World – The Padshahnama. Philadelphia: Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. Plate No.: 34. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
↑ Divyabhanusinh (2007). The Great Mughal Go Hunting Lions. in Mahesh Rangarajan (ed.) Environmental Issues in India: A Reader. Pearson Education. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-317-0810-1.

External links[edit | edit source]

An engraving of the Mughal imperial standard from Foster, William (ed.) The embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the court of the Great Mogul, 1615–1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence London: Haklyut Society, 1899 in Internet Archive website

[1] "Zoomify image: A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast". Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2013-12-18.

[singh-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Singh, K.V. (1991). Our National Flag. New Delhi: Publication Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 14.

[3] "One of six figures from the Mughal emperor's ceremonial procession on the occasion of the Id".

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Terry, Edward (1777) [1655]. A Voyage to East-India. London: J. Wilkie. p. 347.

[5] Blochmann, H. (tr.) (1927, reprint 1993). The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami, Vol. I, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, p.52

[6] Foster, William (ed.) (1921) Early Travels in India, 1583–1619, London: Oxford University Press, p. 306

[Qandahar-7] Payag (1646). "The siege of Qandahar (May 1631)" (jpg). King of the World – The Padshahnama. Philadelphia: Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. Plate No.: 18. Retrieved 29 October 2010.

[royal_procession-8] 'Kashmiri Painter' (attribution) (1646–1656). "A royal procession" (jpg). King of the World – The Padshahnama. Philadelphia: Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. Plate No.: 34. Retrieved 29 October 2010.

[9] Divyabhanusinh (2007). The Great Mughal Go Hunting Lions. in Mahesh Rangarajan (ed.) Environmental Issues in India: A Reader. Pearson Education. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-317-0810-1.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The [[Mughal Empire]] had a number of imperial flags and standards. The principal imperial standard of the Mughals was known as the ''alam''  ({{lang|fa-Latn|Alam}} {{lang|fa|علم}}). It was primarily [[moss green]].<ref>http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/zoomify55414.html</ref> It displayed a [[lion and sun]] ({{lang|fa-Latn|Shir-u-khurshid}} {{lang|fa|شیر و خورشید|rtl=yes}}) facing the hoist of the flag. The Mughals traced their use of the ''alam'' back to [[Timur]].<ref name="singh">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=K.V.|title=Our National Flag|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|format=jpg|year=1991|page=14}}</ref>
+{{Short description|Banners and standards of the South Asian early modern empire}}
-[[File:Mughal_Empire_Flags.png|thumb|alt=left|300px|Royal Standards of the Mughal Empire]]
+{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
+The [[Mughal Empire]] had a number of imperial flags and standards. The principal imperial standard of the Mughals was known as the ''alam''  ({{lang|fa-Latn|Alam}} {{lang|fa|{{nq|علم}}}}). It was primarily [[moss green]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/zoomify55414.html |title=Zoomify image: A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast |access-date=2013-12-18 |archive-date=2019-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323023533/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/zoomify55414.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It displayed a [[lion and sun]] ({{lang|prs-Latn|Shēr-ō-khurshīd}} {{lang|prs|شیر و خورشید|rtl=yes}}) facing the hoist of the flag. The Mughals traced their use of the ''alam'' back to [[Timur]].<ref name="singh">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=K.V.|title=Our National Flag|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|year=1991|page=14}}</ref>[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|thumb|Flag as seen in a ca.1840 illustration<ref>{{Cite web |title=One of six figures from the Mughal emperor's ceremonial procession on the occasion of the Id. |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O16832/gouache-one-of-six-figures-from/one-of-six-figures-from-gouache-mazhar-ali-khan/}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|thumb|Flag featuring "crouching lion"<ref name=":0" />]]
 The imperial standard was displayed to the right of the throne and also at the entrance of the Emperor's encampment and in front of the emperor during military marches.<ref name="singh" />
-According to the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', during [[Akbar]]'s reign, whenever the emperor rode out, not less than five ''alams'' were carried along with the ''qur'' (a collection of flags and other insignia) wrapped up in scarlet cloth bags. They were unfurled on the days of festivity, and in battle.<ref>[[Heinrich Blochmann|Blochmann, H.]] (tr.) (1927, reprint 1993). ''The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami'', Vol. I, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, p.52</ref> [[Edward Terry (author)|Edward Terry]], chaplain to Sir [[Thomas Roe]], who came during the reign of [[Jahangir]], described in his ''Voyage to East-India'' (1655) that the royal standard, made of silk, with a crouching lion shadowing part of the body of the sun inscribed on it, was carried on an elephant whenever the emperor travelled.<ref>Foster, William (ed.) (1921) ''Early Travels in India, 1583–1619'', London: Oxford University Press, p. 306</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Terry|first=Edward |title=A Voyage to East-India|publisher=J. Wilkie|location=London|orig-year=1655|year=1777|page=[https://archive.org/details/avoyagetoeastin00terrgoog/page/n382 347]|url=https://archive.org/details/avoyagetoeastin00terrgoog}}</ref>
+According to the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', during [[Akbar]]'s reign, whenever the emperor rode out, not less than five ''alams'' were carried along with the ''qur'' (a collection of flags and other insignia) wrapped up in scarlet cloth bags. They were unfurled on the days of festivity, and in battle.<ref>[[Heinrich Blochmann|Blochmann, H.]] (tr.) (1927, reprint 1993). ''The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami'', Vol. I, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, p.52</ref> [[Edward Terry (author)|Edward Terry]], chaplain to Sir [[Thomas Roe]], who came during the reign of [[Jahangir]], described in his ''Voyage to East-India'' (1655) that the royal standard, made of silk, with a crouching lion shadowing part of the body of the sun inscribed on it, was carried on an elephant whenever the emperor travelled.<ref>Foster, William (ed.) (1921) ''Early Travels in India, 1583–1619'', London: Oxford University Press, p. 306</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Terry|first=Edward |title=A Voyage to East-India|publisher=J. Wilkie|location=London|orig-year=1655|year=1777|page=[https://archive.org/details/avoyagetoeastin00terrgoog/page/n382 347]|url=https://archive.org/details/avoyagetoeastin00terrgoog}}</ref>
-A painting by Payag in a manuscript of the ''[[Padshah Nama|Padshahnama]]'', a chronicle on [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign, preserved in the [[Royal Library, Windsor|Royal Library, Windsor Castle]] depicted the Mughal standards as the scarlet [[pennon]]s with green borders with a passant lion and rising sun behind it.<ref name="Qandahar">{{cite web|title=The siege of Qandahar (May 1631)|url=http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist188/18.html|work=King of the World – The Padshahnama|publisher=Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=29 October 2010|author=Payag|location=Philadelphia|format=jpg|year=1646|at=Plate No.: 18}}</ref> Another painting in the same manuscript depicted the Mughal standards having green fields with a couchant lion and rising sun behind it.<ref name="royal procession">{{cite web|title=A royal procession|url=http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist188/34.html|work=King of the World – The Padshahnama|publisher=Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=29 October 2010|author='Kashmiri Painter' (attribution)|location=Philadelphia|at=Plate No.: 34|format=jpg|year=1646–1656}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Divyabhanusinh|title=The Great Mughal Go Hunting Lions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRhP3PGLA8kC&q=Padshahnama+Mughal+standard&pg=PA53|series=in Mahesh Rangarajan (ed.) ''Environmental Issues in India: A Reader''|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-317-0810-1|page=53}}</ref>
+A painting by [[Payag]] in a manuscript of the ''[[Padshah Nama|Padshahnama]]'', a chronicle on [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign, preserved in the [[Royal Library, Windsor|Royal Library, Windsor Castle]] depicted the Mughal standards as the scarlet [[pennon]]s with green borders with a passant lion and rising sun behind it.<ref name="Qandahar">{{cite web|title=The siege of Qandahar (May 1631)|url=http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist188/18.html|work=King of the World – The Padshahnama|publisher=Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=29 October 2010|author=Payag|location=Philadelphia|format=jpg|year=1646|at=Plate No.: 18}}</ref> Another painting in the same manuscript depicted the Mughal standards having green fields with a couchant lion and rising sun behind it.<ref name="royal procession">{{cite web|title=A royal procession|url=http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist188/34.html|work=King of the World – The Padshahnama|publisher=Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=29 October 2010|author='Kashmiri Painter' (attribution)|location=Philadelphia|at=Plate No.: 34|format=jpg|year=1646–1656}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Divyabhanusinh|title=The Great Mughal Go Hunting Lions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRhP3PGLA8kC&q=Padshahnama+Mughal+standard&pg=PA53|series=in Mahesh Rangarajan (ed.) ''Environmental Issues in India: A Reader''|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-317-0810-1|page=53}}</ref>
-==Types of flags==
+==Seals==
-The Mogul had two known flags, both of the [[Moss green#Mughal green|Mughal green]] color.
-# The first known flag was rectangular and contained 3 [[Crescent]] and possibly a sun. It represented the absolute monarchy of the Great Mogul. This flag was known as "Flag number 214".{{cn|date=December 2019}}
-# The second flag featured an unarmed lion on the flag, which represented Imam [[Ali]] in a prayer known as the Nad-e-Ali along with the tree of [[Karbala]] which may have been mistaken for the sun, known as Khurshid, which represented the motherland. This flag was known as "Flag number 215".{{cn|date=December 2019}}
-===Possible flag variants===
 <gallery>
-File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|[[Islamic flags|Alam]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
+File:Detail of Babur's dynastic seal, from a Mughal land grant dating from August 1527.jpg|Seal of [[Babur]]
-File:Flag Mughal Empire by bot.png|Another flag of Mughals
+File:Detail of Babur's seal, from a folio (3a L1) of a Shahnameh manuscript likely acquired by Babur in Herat in 1506, containing the seal stamp impressions of various Mughal emperors who possessed it (cropped).jpg|Seal of Babur
-File:Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(1857).png|Flag of Mughal Empire (1857)
+File:Seal of Prince Humayun of the Mughal Empire, ca.1508–1530.jpg|Seal of [[Humayun]]
-File:Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire.svg|Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire
+File:Official seal of Mughal emperor Akbar, from Or 14982-9, dating to 965 A.H. (1557–58 C.E.).jpg|Seal of [[Akbar]]
-File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|[[War flag]] of the Mughals
+File:Official seal of Mughal emperor Akbar, from Or 14982-2, dating to 967 A.H. (1559–60 C.E.).jpg|Seal of Akbar
-</gallery>
+File:Official seal of Mughal emperor Akbar, from Or 14982-1, dating to 978 A.H. (1570–71 C.E.).jpg|Seal of Akbar
+File:Painting composed around an impression of Jahangir's seal, displayed during the Durbar of 1911.jpg|Seal of [[Jahangir]]
-===Symbols===
+File:Emperor Jahangir's seal impression and shamsa, 1611–12.jpg|Seal of Jahangir
-<gallery>
+File:Persian 47 Wellcome L0050349.jpg|Seal of Jahangir
-File:Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg|Imperial seal of Mughals
+File:Representation of Jahangir's seal, from a painting of Jahangir shooting at the head of Malik 'Ambar, ca.1616.jpg|Seal of Jahangir
-File:Seal detail, from- Painted seal of Mughal Emperor Awrangzib Wellcome L0034099 (cropped).jpg|Seal of [[Aurangzeb]]
+File:Seal of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, from Or 14982(10).jpg|Seal of Jahangir
-File:Ghulam Ali Khan 018b.jpg|Emblem of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] in the first year of his reign
+File:"Rosette Bearing the Names and Titles of Shah Jahan", Folio from the Shah Jahan Album MET DT458.jpg|Seal of [[Shah Jahan]]
+File:Seal of Shah Jahan.png|Seal of Shah Jahan
+File:Genealogical seal of Shah Jahan, 1046 A.H. (ca.1636 C.E.).png|Seal of Shah Jahan
+File:Genealogical seal of Shah Jahan, ca.1628 C.E.png|Seal of Shah Jahan
+File:Firman of Aurangzeb, India, 1689, The David Collection, Copenhagen (1) (36012492090).jpg|Seal of [[Aurangzeb]]
+File:Painted seal of Mughal Emperor Awrangzib Wellcome L0034099.jpg|Seal of Aurangzeb
+File:Rosette Bearing the Name and Title of Emperor Aurangzeb (Recto), from the Shah Jahan Album.jpeg|Seal of Aurangzeb
+File:Ghulam Ali Khan 018.jpg|Seal of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] in the first year of his reign
 </gallery>
@@ Line 32: / Line 35: @@
 <gallery>
 File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|[[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
-File:Flag of the principality of Carnatic.gif|[[Nawab of Carnatic]]
+File:Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg|[[Bengal Subah]] (under Mughals 1576–1717)
-File:Flag of the Principality of Bengal (15th-18th century).svg|[[Nawab of Bengal]]
+File:Bengal Subah flag (Nautical).png|[[Nawab of Bengal]] (independently 1717–1757)
-File:Drapeau Banganapalle.png|[[Nawab of Banganapalle]]
-File:Cambayflag.png|[[Nawab of Cambay]]
-File:Drapeau_Bhopal.svg|[[Nawab of Bhopal]]
 </gallery>
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 File:Bhavanidas. The Emperor Aurangzeb Carried on a Palanquin ca. 1705–20 Metripolitan Museum of Art..jpg|[[Aurangzeb]] leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops (note flags in the background).
 File:Battle elephant.jpg|Aurangzeb commanding his army (note triangular green flags)
-File:Capture of two prisoners at an important battle by Allahvardi Khan Jahangiri..jpg|[[Alivardi Khan]]'s forces carry the green flag of the [[Mughal Empire]].
 File:One of six figures from the Mughal emperor's ceremonial procession on the occasion of the Id..jpg|An elephant with a mahout and a standard-bearer carrying a green standard with a gold sun. One of a set.
-File:Encyclopedie volume 6-150.png|A catalog containing "two rectangular flags" of the [[Mughal Empire]], flag no. 214 is that of the Great Mogul (featuring a Crescent and possibly a sun); flag no. 215 is also that of the Great Mogul (posaibly featuring the Nad-e-Ali).
+File:Asif tomb.jpg|Funeral of [[Asaf-ud-Daulah]] in the year 1797 under a canopy inside the Bara Imambara; (note:Flag (green) of the Mughal Empire raised higher than the Awadh flag)
-File:Asif tomb.jpg|Funeral of [[Asaf-ud-Daulah]] in the year 1797 under a canopy inside the Bara Imambara; (note:Flag (green) of the Mughal Empire raised higher than the Awadh flag)
 </gallery>
@@ Line 56: / Line 54: @@
 * [[Mughal Empire]]
 * [[Peacock Throne]]
+* [[List of Pakistani flags]]
 * [[List of Indian flags#Pre-colonial states|List of Indian flags]]
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 65: / Line 67: @@
 ==External links==
-{{commonscat-inline}}
+{{commons category-inline}}
 * [https://archive.org/stream/embassysirthoma01fostgoog#page/n67/mode/1up An engraving of the Mughal imperial standard] from Foster, William (ed.) ''The embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the court of the Great Mogul, 1615–1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence'' London: Haklyut Society, 1899 in Internet Archive website
 {{Mughal Empire}}
-[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
-[[Category:Obsolete national flags]]
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal Empire, Flag of}}
+[[Category:Mughal Empire|Flag]]
+[[Category:Obsolete national flags|Mughal Empire]]
 [[Category:Flags of India]]
+[[Category:Flags displaying animals]]

v t e Mughal Empire
Emperors	Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shahryar Shah Jahan Alamgir I (Aurangzeb) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud-Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Jahan Shah IV Akbar II Bahadur Shah II
Battles and conflicts	Battle of Panipat (1526) Battle of Khanwa Battle of Chanderi Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Chausa Battle of Sirhind (1555) Battle of Panipat (1556) Battle of Thanesar Gujarat conquest Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal–Safavid War (1622–23) Siege of Orchha Mughal–Safavid War (1649–53) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom–Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War Mughal–Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Carnatic Wars Bengal War Battle of Plassey Siege of Delhi
Architecture	Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun's Tomb Red Fort Jama Masjid (Delhi) Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more
Adversaries	Baro-Bhuyan Isa Khan Khwaja Usman Bayazid of Sylhet Musa Khan Pratapaditya Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro
Provinces	Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah Awadh Subah Delhi Subah Agra Subah
See also	Art Cuisine Culture Flag Fashion Gardens Language Military Gunpowder Empires Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree
Successor states	Sur Empire (interrupted) Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand