Indian numbering system: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Indian methods of naming large numbers}}
{{short description|Indian convention of naming large numbers}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
The '''Indian numbering system''' is used in the [[Indian subcontinent]] ([[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], and [[Pakistan]]) to express large numbers. The terms ''[[lakh]]'' (100,000) and ''[[crore]]'' (10,000,000)<ref name="nroer">{{cite web|title=Knowing our Numbers|url=http://nroer.gov.in/nroer_team/file/readDoc/55b23f2881fccb054b6be25f/|website=Department Of School Education And Literacy|publisher=National Repository of Open Educational Resources|access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> are the most commonly used terms (even in English, such as in a local variety called [[Indian English]]) to express large numbers in the system.
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
The '''Indian numbering system''' is used in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Bangladesh]] to express large numbers, which differs from the [[International System of Units]]. Commonly used quantities include ''[[lakh]]'' (one hundred thousand, 10<sup>5</sup>) and ''[[crore]]'' (ten million, 10<sup>7</sup>) {{endash}} written as 1,00,000 and 1,00,00,000 respectively in some [[Locale (geographic)|locales]].<ref name="nroer">{{cite web|title=Knowing our Numbers|url=http://nroer.gov.in/nroer_team/file/readDoc/55b23f2881fccb054b6be25f/|website=Department Of School Education And Literacy|publisher=National Repository of Open Educational Resources|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216163129/http://nroer.gov.in/nroer_team/file/readDoc/55b23f2881fccb054b6be25f/|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example: 150,000 [[rupee]]s is "1.5 ''lakh'' rupees" which can be written as "1,50,000 rupees", and 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees is referred to as "3 ''crore'' rupees" which can be written as "3,00,00,000 rupees".  


==System==
There are names for numbers larger than ''crore'', but they are less commonly used. These include ''arab'' (100 ''crore'', 10<sup>9</sup>), ''kharab'' (100 ''arab'', 10<sup>11</sup>), ''nil'' or sometimes [[Devanagari transliteration|transliterated]] as ''neel'' (100 kharab, 10<sup>13</sup>), ''padma'' (100 nil, 10<sup>15</sup>), ''shankh'' (100 padma, 10<sup>17</sup>), and ''mahashankh'' (100 shankh, 10<sup>19</sup>). In common parlance (though inconsistent), the ''lakh'' and ''crore'' terminology repeats for larger numbers. Thus ''lakh crore'' is 10<sup>12</sup>.


The Indian numbering system corresponds to the Western system for the zeroth through fourth powers of ten:  one (10<sup>0</sup>), ten (10<sup>1</sup>), one hundred (10<sup>2</sup>), one thousand (10<sup>3</sup>), ten thousand (10<sup>4</sup>). For higher powers of ten, the names no longer correspond. In the Indian system, the next powers of ten are called one lakh, ten lakh, one crore, ten crore, one arab (or one hundred crore), and so on; there are new words for every second power of ten (10<sup>5 + 2n</sup>): ''lakh'' (10<sup>5</sup>), ''crore'' (10<sup>7</sup>), ''arab'' (10<sup>9</sup>), etc. In the Western system, the next powers of ten are called one hundred thousand, one million, ten million, one hundred million, one billion ([[Short scale|short scale]])/one thousand million ([[Long scale|long scale]]), and so on; in the [[Short scale|short scale]], there are new words for every third power of ten (10<sup>3n</sup>): ''million'' (10<sup>6</sup>), ''billion'' (10<sup>9</sup>), ''trillion'' (10<sup>12</sup>), etc.
In the ancient Indian system, still in use in regional languages of India, there are words for{{Clarify|date=July 2025}} (10<sup>62</sup>). These names respectively starting at 1000 are ''sahasra'', ''ayuta'', ''laksha'', ''niyuta'', ''koti'', ''arbhudha'', ''abhja'', ''karva'', ''nikarva'', ''mahapadma'', ''shanmkhu'', ''jaladhi'', ''amtya'', ''madhya'', ''paraardha''. In the Indian system, now prevalent in the northern parts,{{Clarify|date=December 2023|reason=northern parts of what?}} the next powers of ten are one ''lakh'', ten ''lakh'', one ''crore'', ten ''crore'', one ''arab'' (or one hundred ''crore''), and so on.


Written numbers differ in the placement of commas, grouping digits into powers of one hundred (10<sup>2</sup>) in the Indian system (except for the first thousand), and into powers of one thousand (10<sup>3</sup>) in the Western system. The Indian and most English systems both use the [[Decimal separator|decimal point]] and the comma digit-separator, while some other languages and countries using the Western numbering system use the decimal comma and the [[thin space]] or point to group digits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Decimal and Thousands Separators (International Language Environments Guide) |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-0169/overview-9/index.html |website=docs.oracle.com |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref>
==Multiples==


There are terms for numbers larger than 1 crore as well, but these are not commonly used and are unfamiliar to most.{{cn|date=January 2021}} These include 1 ''arab'' (equal to 100 crore or 1 billion ([[Short scale|short scale]])), 1 ''kharab'' (equal to 100 arab or 100 billion ([[Short scale|short scale]])), 1 ''nil'' (sometimes incorrectly [[Devanagari transliteration|transliterated]] as ''neel''; equal to 100 kharab or 10 trillion), 1 ''padma'' (equal to 100 nil or 1 quadrillion), 1 ''shankh'' (equal to 100 padma or 100 quadrillion), and 1 ''mahashankh'' (equal to 100 shankh or 10 quintillion). In common parlance, the thousand, lakh, and crore terminology (though inconsistent) repeats for larger numbers: thus 1,000,000,000,000 (one [[Trillion (short scale)|trillion]]) becomes 1 ''lakh crore'', written as 10,00,00,00,00,000.
The Indian system is [[decimal]] (base-10), same as in the [[International System of Units]], and the first five [[orders of magnitude]] are named in a similar way: one (10<sup>0</sup>), ten (10<sup>1</sup>), one hundred (10<sup>2</sup>), one thousand (10<sup>3</sup>), and ten thousand (10<sup>4</sup>). For higher powers of ten, naming diverges. The Indian system uses names for every ''second'' power of ten: ''lakh'' (10<sup>5</sup>), ''crore'' (10<sup>7</sup>), ''arab'' (10<sup>9</sup>), ''kharab'' (10<sup>11</sup>), etc. In the [[long and short scales]], there are names for every ''third'' power of ten. The short scale uses million (10<sup>6</sup>), billion (10<sup>9</sup>), trillion (10<sup>12</sup>), etc.


===Examples===
==Decimal formatting==
150,000 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] in India is referred to as "1.5 lakh rupees", which is written as 1,50,000 rupees; 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees is referred to as "3 crore rupees", which is written as 3,00,00,000 rupees with commas at the [[1000 (number)|thousand]], ''lakh'', and ''crore'' places.
 
The Indian system groups digits of a large decimal is represented differently than the [[International System of Units]]. The Indian system does group the first three digits to the left of the decimal point, but thereafter, groups by two digits to align with the naming of quantities at multiples of 100.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-numbers.html#Special_Pattern_Characters|title=UNICODE LOCALE DATA MARKUP LANGUAGE (LDML) PART 3: NUMBERS|last=Emmons|first=John|date=2018-03-25|website=Unicode.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183458/https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-numbers.html#Special_Pattern_Characters|archive-date=2018-07-25|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>


==Use of separators==
The Indian numbering system uses [[decimal mark|separators]] differently from the international norm. Instead of grouping digits by threes as in the international system, the Indian numbering system groups the rightmost three digits together (until the hundreds place), and thereafter groups by sets of two digits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-numbers.html#Special_Pattern_Characters|title=UNICODE LOCALE DATA MARKUP LANGUAGE (LDML) PART 3: NUMBERS|last=Emmons|first=John|date=2018-03-25|website=Unicode.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183458/https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-numbers.html#Special_Pattern_Characters|archive-date=2018-07-25|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> One trillion would thus be written as 10,00,00,00,00,000 or 10 kharab (or one lakh crore). This makes the number convenient to read using the system's terminology. For example:
{|class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
{|class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
|-
|-
!align="right"|Indian system
!Indian
!Indian system (words)
!International  
!align="right"|International system
!International system (words)
|-
|-
|align="right"| 5,00,000
|5,00,000
|Five lakh<br />
|500,000
|align="right"| 500,000
|Five hundred thousand
|-
|-
|align="right"| 12,34,56,789
|12,34,56,789
|Twelve crore thirty-four lakh fifty-six thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine
|123,456,789
|align="right"| 123,456,789
|One hundred and twenty-three million four hundred and fifty-six thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine
|-
|-
|align="right"| 17,00,00,00,000
|17,00,00,00,000
|Seventeen arab
|17,000,000,000
|align="right"| 17,000,000,000
|Seventeen billion ([[Short scale|short scale]])
|-
|-
|6,78,90,00,00,00,00,000
|6,78,90,00,00,00,00,000
|Six padma seventy-eight nil ninety kharab
|6,789,000,000,000,000
|6,789,000,000,000,000
|Six quadrillion seven hundred and eighty nine trillion
|}
|}


This accords with the Indian numbering system, which has units for thousands, hundreds of thousands, tens of millions, etc.
Like English and other locales, the Indian system uses a [[Period (punctuation)|period]] as the [[decimal separator]] and the [[comma (punctuation)|comma]] for grouping, while others use a comma for decimal separator and a [[thin space]] or point to group digits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Decimal and Thousands Separators (International Language Environments Guide) |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-0169/overview-9/index.html |website=docs.oracle.com |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref>
 
==Pronunciation in English==
When speakers of indigenous Indian languages are speaking English, the pronunciations may be closer to their mother tongue (e.g. "lakh" and "crore" might be pronounced /lɑkʰ/, /kɑrɔːr/, respectively).
 
* lakh /lɑːkʰ/
* crore  /kɹɔːɹ/ (or /kɹoʊɹ/ in American English)
* arab /ʌˈɾʌb/
* kharab /kʰʌˈɾʌb/


== Names of numbers ==
== Names of numbers ==
The table below follows the [[short scale]] usage of one billion being one thousand million. In [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]], following former British usage, the [[long scale]] was used, with one billion equivalent to one million million.
The table below includes the spelling and pronunciation of numbers in various Indian languages along with corresponding short scale names.


<div style="overflow:auto">
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
|+ Names of numbers
|-
|-
! [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
! Value
!Numerals
! Short scale
! Indian English
! [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<br>{{nowrap|[[Hindi]] / [[Urdu]]}}
! [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
! [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
! [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
!colspan="2"| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
! [[Odia language|Odia]]
! [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
! [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
! [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
! [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
! [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
! [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
! [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
! [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
! rowspan="2" | Indian notation
! rowspan="2" | Power<br>notation
! rowspan="2" | International notation<ref>Use of separator in digit grouping here follows customs in most English-speaking countries. For international standards and details, see [[decimal mark]].</ref>
! rowspan="2" | [[Long and short scales|Short scale]] Western<br>''([[Long and short scales|long scale]] Western)''
|-
! colspan="9" | South Asian English
|-
| {{lang|hi|एक}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|ēk}})
| {{lang|mr|एक}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ēk}})
| {{lang|bn|এক}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|êk}})
| {{lang|or|ଏକ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|eka}})
| {{lang|ta|ஒன்று}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|oṉṟu}})
| {{lang|te|ఒకటి}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|okaṭi}})
| {{lang|kn|ಒಂದು}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|ondu}})
| {{lang|ml|ഒന്ന്}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|onn}})
| {{lang|ne|एक}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|ēk}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>0</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1</small>
| rowspan="2" | [[One]]
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | '''One'''
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|1
| one
| one
| {{lang|hi|एक}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|ēk}})
| {{lang|mr|एक}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|এক}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|êk}})
| {{lang|ne|एक}}<br>({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk}})
| {{lang|ta|ஒன்று}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|oṉṟu}})
| {{lang|te|ఒకటి}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|okaṭi}})
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das}})
| style="text-align:center" | 10
| {{lang|mr|दहा}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|dahā}})
|10
| {{lang|bn|দশ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|dôś}})
| ten
| {{lang|or|ଦଶ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|dasa}})
| ten
| {{lang|ta|பத்து}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|pattu}})
| {{lang|hi|दस}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|das}})
| {{lang|te|పది}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|padi}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|dahā}})
| {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|hattu}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|দশ}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś}})
| {{lang|ml|പത്ത്}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|patt}})
| {{lang|ne|दश}}<br>({{translit|ne|ISO|daś}})
| {{lang|ne|दश}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś}})
| {{lang|ta|பத்து}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|pattu}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10</small>
| {{lang|te|పది}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|padi}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>1</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10</small>
| rowspan="2" | [[10 (number)|Ten]]<br><small>[[SI prefix]]: ''[[deca-]]''</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Ten'''
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>2</sup>
|100
| hundred
| hundred
| {{lang|hi|सौ}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|سو}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|sau}})
| {{lang|mr|शंभर}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|śambhar}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|শত}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|śato}})
| {{lang|ne|सय}}<br>({{translit|ne|ISO|saya}})
| {{lang|ta|நூறு}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|nūṟu}})
| {{lang|te|వంద/నూరు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|vanda/nūru}})
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|सौ}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|سو}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|sau}})
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>3</sup>
| {{lang|mr|शंभर}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|śambhar}})
|1,000
| {{lang|bn|একশ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|êkśō}})
| thousand
| {{lang|or|ଶହେ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|sahe}})
| thousand
| {{lang|ta|நூறு}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|nūṟu}})
| हज़ार / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہزار}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|hazār}})
| {{lang|te|వంద/నూరు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|vanda/nūru}})
| {{lang|mr|एक हजार}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk hajār}})
| {{lang|kn|ನೂರು}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|nūru}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|হাজার}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|hāzār}})
| {{lang|ml|നൂറ്}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|nuṟ}})
| {{lang|ne|एक हजार}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk hajār}})}}
| {{lang|ne|सय}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|saya}})
| {{lang|ta|ஆயிரம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|āyiram}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100</small>
| {{lang|te|వెయ్యి}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|veyyi}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>2</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100</small>
| rowspan="2" | One [[100 (number)|hundred]]<br><small>SI prefix: ''[[hecto-]]''</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | '''One hundred'''
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>4</sup>
|10,000
| ten thousand
| ten thousand
| {{lang|hi|दस हज़ार}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|دس ہزار}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|das hazār}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा हजार}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|dahā hajār}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|অযুত}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|ōjut}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|দশ হাজার}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś hāzār}})
| {{lang|ne|दश हजार}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś hajār}})}}
| {{lang|ta|பத்தாயிரம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|pattāyiram}})<br>{{lang|ta|ஆயுதம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|āyutam}})
| {{lang|te|పది వేలు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|padi vēlu}})
|-
|-
| हज़ार / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہزار}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|hazār}})
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>5</sup>
| {{lang|mr|एक हजार}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ēk hajār}})
|1,00,000
| {{lang|bn|হাজার}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|hāzār}})
| hundred thousand
| {{lang|or|ହଜାର}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|hajāra}})<br>{{lang|or|ସହସ୍ର}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|sahasra}})
| ''lakh''
| {{lang|ta|ஆயிரம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|āyiram}})
| {{lang|hi|लाख}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|لاکھ}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|lākh}})
| {{lang|te|వెయ్యి}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|veyyi}})
| {{lang|mr|एक लाख}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk lākh}})
| {{lang|kn|ಸಾವಿರ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|sāvira}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|লক্ষ}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|lôkkhō}})
| {{lang|ml|ആയിരം}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|āyiraṁ}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|লাখ}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|lākh}})
| {{lang|ne|एक हजार}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|ēk hajār}})
| {{lang|ne|एक लाख}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk lākh}})}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,000</small>
| {{lang|ta|இலட்சம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|ilaṭcam}})<br>{{lang|ta|நியுதம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|niyutam}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>3</sup>
| {{lang|te|లక్ష}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|lakṣa}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One [[thousand]]<br /><small>SI prefix: ''[[kilo-]]''</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | '''One thousand'''
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>6</sup>
|10,00,000
| million
| ten{{nbsp}}''lakh''
| {{lang|hi|दस लाख}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|دس لاکھ}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|das lākh}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा लाख}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|dahā lākh}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|নিযুত}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|nijut}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|দশ লাখ}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś lākh}})<br>
| {{lang|ne|दश लाख}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś lākh}})}}
| {{nowrap|{{lang|ta|பத்து இலட்சம்}}}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ta|ISO|pattu ilaṭcam}})}}
| {{nowrap|{{lang|te|పది లక్షలు}}}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|te|ISO|padi lakṣalu}})}}
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस हज़ार}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس ہزار}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das hazār}})
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>7</sup>
| {{lang|mr|दहा हजार}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|dahā hajār}})
|1,00,00,000
| {{lang|bn|দশ হাজার}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|dôś hāzār}})<br>{{lang|bn|অযুত}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|ōjut}})
| ten million
| {{lang|or|ଦଶ ହଜାର}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|dasa hajāra}}) <br>{{lang|or|ଅୟୁତ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|ayuta}})
| ''crore''
| {{lang|ta|பத்தாயிரம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|pattāyiram}})<br>{{lang|ta|ஆயுதம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|āyutam}})
| {{lang|hi|करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|کروڑ}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|karōṛ}})
| {{lang|te|పది వేలు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|padi vēlu}})
| {{lang|mr|एक कोटी}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk kōṭī}})
| {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ಸಾವಿರ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|hattu sāvira}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|কোটি}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|പതിനായിരം}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|patināyiraṁ}})
| {{lang|ne|एक करोड}}<br>({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk karoḍ}})
| {{lang|ne|दश हजार}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś hajār}})
| {{lang|ta|கோடி}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|kōṭi}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,000</small>
| {{lang|te|కోటి}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|kōṭi}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>4</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | [[10000 (number)|Ten thousand]]
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Ten thousand'''
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>8</sup>
|10,00,00,000
| hundred million
| ten{{nbsp}}''crore''
| {{lang|hi|दस करोड़}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|دس کروڑ}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|das karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा कोटी}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|dahā kōṭī}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|অর্বুদ}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|ōrbud}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|দশ কোটি}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश करोड}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś karoḍ}})}}
| {{lang|ta|அற்புதம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|aṟputam}})
| {{lang|te|పది కోట్లు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|padi kōṭlu}})
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|लाख}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|لاکھ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|lākh}})
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>9</sup>
| {{lang|mr|एक लाख}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ēk lākh}})
|1,00,00,00,000
| {{lang|bn|লক্ষ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|lôkkhō}})<br>{{lang|bn|লাখ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|lākh}})
| billion
| {{lang|or|ଲକ୍ଷ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|lakhya}})
| ''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ hundred{{nbsp}}''crore''
| {{lang|ta|இலட்சம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|ilaṭcam}})<br>{{lang|ta|நியுதம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|niyutam}})
| {{lang|hi|अरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ارب}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|arab}})<br>{{nowrap|{{lang|hi|सौ करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|سو کروڑ}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|sau karōṛ}})
| {{lang|te|లక్ష}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|lakṣa}})
| {{lang|mr|एक अब्ज}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk abja}})
| {{lang|kn|ಲಕ್ಷ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|lakṣa}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|মহার্বুদ}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|môhārbud}})
| {{lang|ml|ലക്ഷം}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|lakṣaṁ}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|একশ কোটি}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|êkśō kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|एक लाख}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|ēk lākh}})
| {{lang|ne|एक अर्ब}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk arba}})}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,00,000</small>
| {{lang|ta|நிகற்புதம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|nikaṟputam}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>5</sup>
| {{lang|te|వంద కోట్లు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|vanda kōṭlu}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | [[100000 (number)|One hundred thousand]]
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | '''One [[lakh]]''' (sometimes [[Devanagari transliteration|transliterated]] as '''lac''')
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>10</sup>
|10,00,00,00,000
| ten billion
| ten{{nbsp}}''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ thousand{{nbsp}}''crore''
| {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|दस अरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس ارب}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|das arab}})<br>{{nowrap|{{lang|hi|एक हज़ार करोड़}}}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک ہزار کروڑ}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|ēk hazār karōṛ}})
| एक खर्व<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ek kharva}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|খর্ব}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|khôrbō}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{nowrap|{{lang|bn|হাজার কোটি}}}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|bn|ISO|hāzār kōṭi}})}}
| {{lang|ne|दश अर्ब}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś arba}})}}
| {{lang|ta|கும்பம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|kumpam}})
| {{lang|te|వెయ్యి కోట్లు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|veyyi kōṭlu}})
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस लाख}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس لاکھ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das lākh}})
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>11</sup>
| {{lang|mr|दहा लाख}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|dahā lākh}})
|1,00,00,00,00,000
| {{lang|bn|দশ লাখ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|dôś lākh}})<br>{{lang|bn|নিযুত}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|nijut}})
| hundred billion
| {{lang|or|ଦଶ ଲକ୍ଷ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|daśa lakhya}})<br>{{lang|or|ନିୟୁତ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|niyuta}})
| ''kharab''{{nbsp}}/ hundred{{nbsp}}''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ ten{{nbsp}}thousand{{nbsp}}''crore''
| {{lang|ta|பத்து இலட்சம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|pattu ilaṭcam}})
| {{lang|hi|खरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھرب}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|kharab}})
| {{lang|te|పది లక్షలు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|padi lakṣalu}})
| एक {{lang|mr|निखर्व}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ek nikharva}})
| {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ಲಕ್ಷ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|hattu lakṣa}})
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|মহাখর্ব}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|môhākhôrbō}})<br>{{lang|bn|দশ হাজার কোটি}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś hājār kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|പത്തുലക്ഷം}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|pattulakṣaṁ}})
| {{lang|ne|एक खर्ब}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk kharba}})}}
| {{lang|ne|दश लाख}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś lākh}})
| {{lang|ta|கணம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|kaṇam}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,00,000</small>
| {{lang|te|పది వేల కోట్లు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|padi vēla kōṭlu}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>6</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One [[1000000 (number)|million]]<br><small>SI prefix: ''[[mega-]]''</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Ten lakh'''
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>12</sup>
|10,00,00,00,00,000
| trillion
| ten{{nbsp}}''kharab''{{nbsp}}/ one{{nbsp}}thousand{{nbsp}}''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ {{Anchor|lakh crore}}one{{nbsp}}''lakh{{nbsp}}crore''
| {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|दस खरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس کھرب}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|das kharab}})<br>{{nowrap|{{lang|hi|एक लाख करोड़}}}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک لاکھ کروڑ}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|ēk lākh karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|एक पद्म}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk padma}})
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|শঙ্খ}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|śôṅkhō}})<br>{{lang|bn|লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश खर्ब}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś kharba}})}}
| {{lang|ta|கற்பம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|kaṟpam}})
| {{lang|te|లక్ష కోట్లు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|lakṣa kōṭlu}})
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|کروڑ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|karōṛ}})
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>13</sup>
| {{lang|mr|एक कोटी}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ēk kōṭī}})
|1,00,00,00,00,00,000
| {{lang|bn|কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|kōṭi}})
| ten trillion
| {{lang|or|କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|koṭi}})
| ''nil''{{nbsp}}/ hundred{{nbsp}}''kharab''{{nbsp}}/ ten{{nbsp}}thousand{{nbsp}}''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ ten{{nbsp}}''lakh{{nbsp}}crore''
| {{lang|ta|கோடி}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|kōṭi}})
| {{lang|hi|नील}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|نیل}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|nīl}})
| {{lang|te|కోటి}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|kōṭi}})
| {{lang|kn|ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|एक करोड}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|ēk karoḍ}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>7</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | Ten million
|-
| colspan="9" | '''One [[crore]]'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس کروڑ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा कोटी}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|dahā kōṭī}})
| {{lang|bn|দশ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|dôś kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|অর্বুদ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|ōrbud}})
| {{lang|or|ଦଶ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|dasa koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ଅର୍ବୁଦ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|arbuda}})
| {{lang|ta|அற்புதம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|aṟputam}})
| {{lang|te|పది కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|padi kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|hattu kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|പത്തുകോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|pattukōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश करोड}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś karoḍ}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>8</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One hundred million
|-
| colspan="9" | '''Ten crore'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|अरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ارب}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|arab}})<br>{{lang|hi|सौ करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|سو کروڑ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|sau karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|एक अब्ज}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ēk abja}})
| {{lang|bn|একশ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|êkśō kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|মহার্বুদ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|môhārbud}})
| {{lang|or|ଏକ ଶହେ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|eka sahe koṭi}}) <br>{{lang|or|ବୃନ୍ଦ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|brunda}})
| {{lang|ta|நிகற்புதம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|nikaṟputam}})
| {{lang|te|వంద కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|vanda kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ನೂರು ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|nūru kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|നൂറുകോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|nūṟukōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|एक अर्ब}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|ēk arba}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>9</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]<br>''(one [[milliard]])''<br><small>SI prefix: ''[[giga-]]''</small>
|-
| colspan="9" | '''One {{not a typo|arab}}''' / '''one hundred crore'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस अरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس ارب}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das arab}})<br>{{lang|hi|एक हज़ार करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک ہزار کروڑ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|ēk hazār karōṛ}})
| एक खर्व<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ek kharva}})
| {{lang|bn|হাজার কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|hāzār kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|খর্ব}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|khôrbō}})
| {{lang|or|ହଜାର କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|hajāra koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ଖର୍ବ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|kharba}})
| {{lang|ta|கும்பம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|kumpam}})
| {{lang|te|వెయ్యి కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|veyyi kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ಒಂದು ಸಾವಿರ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|ondu sāvira kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|ആയിരം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|āyiraṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश अर्ब}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś arba}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>10</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | Ten billion<br>''(ten milliard)''
|-
| colspan="9" | Ten {{not a typo|arab}} / '''one thousand crore'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|खरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھرب}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|kharab}})
| एक {{lang|mr|निखर्व}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ek nikharva}})
| {{lang|bn|দশ হাজার কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|dôś hājār kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|মহাখর্ব}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|môhākhôrbō}})
| {{lang|or|ଦଶ ହଜାର କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|dasa hajāra koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ନିଖର୍ବ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|nikharba}})
| {{lang|ta|கணம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|kaṇam}})
| {{lang|te|పది వేల కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|padi vēla kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ಸಾವಿರ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|hattu sāvira kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|പതിനായിരം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|patināyiraṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|एक खर्ब}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|ēk kharba}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,00,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>11</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One hundred billion<br>''(one hundred milliard)''
|-
| colspan="9" | One kharab / one hundred {{not a typo|arab}} / '''ten thousand crore'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस खरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس کھرب}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das kharab}})<br>{{lang|hi|एक लाख करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک لاکھ کروڑ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|ēk lākh karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|एक पद्म}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ēk padma}})
| {{lang|bn|লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|lākh kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|শঙ্খ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|śôṅkhō}})
| {{lang|or|ଲକ୍ଷ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|lakhya koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ଶଙ୍ଖ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|saṅkha}})
| {{lang|ta|கற்பம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|kaṟpam}})
| {{lang|te|లక్ష కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|lakṣa kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ಒಂದು ಲಕ್ಷ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|ondu lakṣa kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|ഒരു ലക്ഷം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|oru lakṣaṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश खर्ब}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś kharba}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,00,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>12</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,000,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]]<br>''(one billion)''<br><small>SI prefix: ''[[tera-]]''</small>
|-
| colspan="9" | Ten kharab / one thousand {{not a typo|arab}} / {{Anchor|lakh crore}}'''one lakh crore'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|नील}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|نیل}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|nīl}})
| {{lang|mr|एक महापद्म}}<br>(ek mahāpadma)
| {{lang|mr|एक महापद्म}}<br>(ek mahāpadma)
| {{lang|bn|দশ লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|dôś lākh kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|পদ্ম}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|pôddō}})<br>{{lang|bn|মহাশঙ্খ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|môhāśôṅkhō}})
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|মহাশঙ্খ}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|môhāśôṅkhō}})<br>{{lang|bn|দশ লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|or|ଦଶ ଲକ୍ଷ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|dasa lakhya koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ପଦ୍ମ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|padma}})
| {{lang|ne|नील}}<br>({{translit|ne|ISO|nīl}})
| {{lang|ta|நிகற்பம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|nikaṟpam}})
| {{lang|ta|நிகற்பம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|nikaṟpam}})
| {{lang|te|పది లక్షల కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|padi lakṣala kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|te|పది లక్షల కోట్లు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|padi lakṣala kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ಲಕ್ಷ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|hattu lakṣa kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|പത്തുലക്ഷം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|pattulakṣaṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|नील}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|nīl}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,00,00,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>13</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,000,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | Ten trillion<br>''(ten billion)''
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | One nil / one hundred kharab / ten thousand {{not a typo|arab}} / '''ten lakh crore'''
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>14</sup>
|10,00,00,00,00,00,000
| hundred trillion
| ten{{nbsp}}''nil''{{nbsp}}/ ''crore{{nbsp}}crore''
| {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|दस नील}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس نیل}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|das nīl}})<br>{{nowrap|{{lang|hi|एक करोड़ करोड़}}}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک کروڑ کروڑ}}}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|ēk karōṛ karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|एक शंखू}}<br>({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk śaṅkhū}})
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|পদ্ম}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|pôddō}})<br>{{lang|bn|একশ লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|êkśō lākh kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|শতলক্ষ কোটি }}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|śôtôkōṭi lôkkō}})
| {{lang|ne|दश नील}}<br>{{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś nīl}})}}
| {{lang|ta|பதுமம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|patumam}})
| {{lang|te|కోటి కోట్లు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|kōṭi kōṭlu}})
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस नील}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس نیل}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das nīl}})<br>{{lang|hi|एक करोड़ करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک کروڑ کروڑ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|ēk karōṛ karōṛ}})
| style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>15</sup>
| {{lang|mr|एक शंखू}}<br>({{transl|mr|ISO|ēk śaṅkhū}})
|1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000
| {{lang|bn|একশ লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|êkśō lākh kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|শতকোটি লক্ষ}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|śôtôkōṭi lôkkō}})<br>{{lang|bn|মহাপদ্ম}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|môhāpôddō}})
| quadrillion
| {{lang|or|ଶହେ ଲକ୍ଷ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|sahe lakhya koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ସାଗର}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|sāgara}})
| ''padma''{{nbsp}}/ hundred{{nbsp}}''nil''{{nbsp}}/ ten{{nbsp}}''crore{{nbsp}}crore''
| {{lang|ta|பதுமம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|patumam}})
| {{lang|hi|पद्म}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|پدم}}}}<br>({{translit|hi|ISO|padma}})
| {{lang|te|కోటి కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|kōṭi kōṭlu}})
|एक जलधि शंखू<br>(eka jaladhi śaṅkhū)
| {{lang|kn|ಒಂದು ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|ondu kōṭi kōṭi}})
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|মহাপদ্ম}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|môhāpôddō}})<br>{{lang|bn|হাজার লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{translit|bn|ISO|hāzār lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|നൂറ് ലക്ഷം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|nuṟ lakṣaṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|पद्म}}<br>({{translit|ne|ISO|padma}})
| {{lang|ne|दश नील}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś nīl}})
| {{lang|ta|சங்கம்}}<br>({{translit|ta|ISO|caṅkam}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,00,00,00,00,00,000</small>
| {{lang|te|పది కోట్ల కోట్లు}}<br>({{translit|te|ISO|padi kōṭla kōṭlu}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>14</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100,000,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One hundred trillion<br>''(one hundred billion)''
|-
|-
| colspan="9" | Ten nil / '''one crore crore'''
|}</div>
|-
 
| {{lang|hi|पद्म}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|پدم}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|padma}})
==Historic numbering systems==
|एक जलधि शंखू<br>(eka jaladhi śaṅkhū)
| {{lang|bn|হাজার লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|hāzār lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|or|ହଜାର ଲକ୍ଷ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|hajāra lakhya koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ଅନ୍ତ୍ୟ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|antya}})
| {{lang|ta|சங்கம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|caṅkam}})
| {{lang|te|పది కోట్ల కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|padi kōṭla kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|hattu kōṭi kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|ആയിരം ലക്ഷം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|āyiraṁ lakṣaṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|पद्म}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|padma}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100,00,00,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>15</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One [[1000000000000000 (number)|quadrillion]]<br>''(one [[wikt:billiard|billiard]])''<br><small>SI prefix: ''[[peta-]]''</small>
|-
| colspan="9" | One padma / one hundred nil / '''ten crore crore'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस पद्म}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس پدم}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das padma}})
| एक अंत्य<br>(eka antya)
| {{lang|bn|দশ হাজার লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|dôś hāzār lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|or|ଦଶ ହଜାର ଲକ୍ଷ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|dasa hajāra lakhya koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ମଧ୍ୟ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|madhya}})
| {{lang|ta|வெள்ளம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|veḷḷam}})<br>{{lang|ta|சமுத்திரம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|camuttiram}})
| {{lang|te|వంద కోట్ల కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|vanda kōṭla kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ನೂರು ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|nūru kōṭi kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|പതിനായിരം ലക്ഷം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|patināyiraṁ lakṣaṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश पद्म}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś padma}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>16</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | Ten quadrillion<br>''(ten billiard)''
|-
| colspan="9" | Ten padma / '''one hundred crore crore'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|शंख}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|شنکھ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|śaṅkh}})
| एक परार्ध<br>(eka parārdha)
| {{lang|bn|শত হাজার লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|śoto hāzār lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|or|ଶହେ ହଜାର ଲକ୍ଷ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|sahe hajāra lakhya koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ପରାର୍ଦ୍ଧ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|parārddha}})
| {{lang|ta|அந்நியம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|anniyam}})
| {{lang|te|వెయ్యి కోట్ల కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|veyyi kōṭla kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ಒಂದು ಸಾವಿರ ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|ondu sāvira kōṭi kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|ലക്ഷം ലക്ഷം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|lakṣaṁ lakṣaṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|शंख}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|śaṅkha}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100,00,00,00,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>17</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>100,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One hundred quadrillion<br>''(one hundred billiard)''
|-
| colspan="9" | One shankh / one hundred padma / '''one thousand crore crore''' / '''one lakh lakh crore'''
|-
| {{lang|hi|दस शंख}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس شنکھ}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|das śaṅkh}})<br>{{lang|hi|गुलशन}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|گلشن}}}}<br>({{transl|hi|ISO|gulśan}})
| एक महापरार्ध<br>(eka mahāparārdha)
| {{lang|bn|দশ শত হাজার লাখ কোটি}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|doś śoto hāzār lākh kōṭi}})<br>{{lang|bn|গুলশান}}<br>({{transl|bn|ISO|gulśān}})
| {{lang|or|ଦଶ ଶହେ ହଜାର ଲକ୍ଷ କୋଟି}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|dasa sahe hajāra lakhya koṭi}})<br>{{lang|or|ଦଶ ପରାର୍ଦ୍ଧ}}<br>({{transl|or|ISO|daśa parārddha}})
| {{lang|ta|அர்த்தம்}}<br>({{transl|ta|ISO|arttam}})
| {{lang|te|పది వేల కోట్ల కోట్లు}}<br>({{transl|te|ISO|padi vēla kōṭla kōṭlu}})
| {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ಸಾವಿರ ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ}}<br>({{transl|kn|ISO|hattu sāvira kōṭi kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ml|പത്തുലക്ഷം ലക്ഷം കോടി}}<br>({{transl|ml|ISO|pattulakṣaṁ lakṣaṁ kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश शंख}}<br>({{transl|ne|ISO|daś śaṅkha}})
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000</small>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 10<sup>18</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" | <small>1,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| rowspan="2" | One [[1000000000000000 (number)|quintillion]]<br>''(one trillion)''<br><small>SI prefix: ''[[exa-]]''</small>
|-
| colspan="9" | Ten shankh / '''ten thousand crore crore'''
|-
|}
</div>


==Vedic numbering systems==
===Numbering systems in Hindu epics===
There are various systems of numeration found in various ancient Vedic literary works of India. The following table gives one such system used in the Valmiki [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/yuddha/sarga28/yuddhaitrans28.htm|title=Valmiki Ramayana - Yuddha Kanda|website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref>
There are various systems of numeration found in various ancient epic literature of India (''[[itihasa]]s''). The following table gives one such system used in the Valmiki [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valmiki Ramayana - Yuddha Kanda, Chapter (Sarga) 28,(Verses 33 – 38)|url= http://valmikiramayan.pcriot.com/utf8/yuddha/sarga28/yuddha_28_frame.htm|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
{|class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
|-
|-
!  
! Name
! Indian notation
! Indian decimal
! Power notation
! Value
! Equivalent numeric representation
! Short scale
! Indian system
! [[Long and short scales|Short scale]] Western
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|एक}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|ēka}}'')
| {{lang|sa|एक}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|ēka}}'')
| <small>{{0|0,00,00}}1</small>
| <small>{{0|0,00,00}}1</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>0</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 1
|style="text-align:right"| <small>1</small>
| one
| One
| One
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|दश}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|daśa}}'')
| {{lang|sa|दश}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|daśa}}'')
| <small>{{0|0,00,0}}10</small>
| <small>{{0|0,00,0}}10</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>1</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10
|style="text-align:right"| <small>10</small>
| ten
| Ten
| Ten
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|शत}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|śata}}'')
| {{lang|sa|शत}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|śata}}'')
| <small>{{0|0,00,}}100</small>
| <small>{{0|0,00,}}100</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>2</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>2</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>100</small>
| hundred
| One hundred
| One hundred
|-
|-
|  {{lang|sa|सहस्र}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|sahasra}}'')
|  {{lang|sa|सहस्र}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|sahasra}}'')
| <small>{{0|0,0}}1,000</small>
| <small>{{0|0,0}}1,000</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>3</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>3</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>1,000</small>
| thousand
| One thousand
| One thousand
|-
| {{lang|sa|अयुत}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|ayuta}}'')
| <small>{{0|0,}}10,000</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>4</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>10,000</small>
| Ten thousand
| Ten thousand
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|लक्ष}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|lakṣa}}'')
| {{lang|sa|लक्ष}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|lakṣa}}'')
| <small>1,00,000</small>
| <small>1,00,000</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>5</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>5</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>100,000</small>
| hundred thousand
| One lakh
| One hundred thousand
|-
| {{lang|sa|नियुत}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|niyuta}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|daśa}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>6</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>1,000,000</small>
| Ten lakh
| One [[1000000 (number)|million]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|कोटि}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|kōṭi}}'')<br />
| {{lang|sa|कोटि}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|kōṭi}}'')<br />
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|śata}}</small>
| <small>1,00,00,000</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>7</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>7</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>10,000,000</small>
| ten million
| One crore
| Ten [[1000000 (number)|million]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|शङ्कु}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|śaṅku}}'')
| {{lang|sa|शङ्कु}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|śaṅku}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|koṭi}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|koṭi}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>12</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>12</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>1,000,000,000,000</small>
| trillion
| One Shankh Or Ten kharab Or One lakh crore
| One [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|महाशङ्कु}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|mahāśaṅku}}'')
| {{lang|sa|महाशङ्कु}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahāśaṅku}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|śaṅku}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|śaṅku}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>17</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>17</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>100,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| hundred quadrillion
| One shankh
| One hundred [[1000000000000000 (number)|quadrillion]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|कणिका}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|Kanika}}'')
| {{lang|sa|वृन्द}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|vr̥nda}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|mahāśaṅku}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|mahāśaṅku}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>22</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>22</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| ten sextillion
| Mahashankh
| Ten [[1000000000000000000000 (number)|sextillion]] (ten trilliard)
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|महाकणिका}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|mahākanika}}'')
| {{lang|sa|महावृन्द}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahāvr̥nda}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|kanika}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|vr̥nda}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>27</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>27</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| octillion
| Vrinda
| One [[Names of large numbers|octillion]]
|-
|-
|{{lang|sa|पद्म}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|padma}}'')
|{{lang|sa|पद्म}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|padma}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|mahāvr̥nda}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|mahāvr̥nda}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>32</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>32</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| hundred nonillion
| Padma
| One hundred [[Names of large numbers|nonillion]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|महापद्म}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|mahāpadma}}'')
| {{lang|sa|महापद्म}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahāpadma}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|padma}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|padma}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>37</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>37</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| ten undecillion
| Mahapadma
| Ten [[Names of large numbers|undecillion]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|खंडवा}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|khandwa}}'')
| {{lang|sa|खर्व}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|kharva}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|mahāpadma}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|mahāpadma}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>42</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>42</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| tredecillion
| Khandwa
| One [[Names of large numbers|tredecillion]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|महाखंडवा}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|mahākhandwa}}'')
| {{lang|sa|महाखर्व}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahākharva}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|khandwa}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|kharva}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>47</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>47</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| hundred quattuordecillion
| Mahakhandwa
| One hundred [[Names of large numbers|quattuordecillion]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|समुद्र}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|samudra}}'')
| {{lang|sa|समुद्र}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|samudra}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|mahākhandwa}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|mahākharva}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>52</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>52</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| ten sexdecillion
| Samudra
| Ten [[Names of large numbers|sexdecillion]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|नेहा}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|ōgha}}'')
| {{lang|sa|ओघ}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|ogha}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|samudra}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|samudra}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>57</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>57</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| octodecillion
| Aasman
| One [[Names of large numbers|octodecillion]]
|-
|-
| {{lang|sa|महासमान}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|mahaasmaan}}'')
| {{lang|sa|महौघ}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahaugha}}'')
| <small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|aasman}}</small>
| <small>1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|ogha}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>62</sup>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>62</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| hundred novemdecillion
| Mahaasman
| One hundred [[Names of large numbers|novemdecillion]]
|-
| {{lang|sa|विक्रांत}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|vikrant}}'')
|<small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|mahaneha}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>67</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| Vikranta
|Ten [[Names of large numbers|unvigintillion]]
|-
| {{lang|sa|महाविक्रांत}} (''{{transl|sa|ISO|mahāvikrant}}'')
|<small>1,00,000 {{transl|sa|ISO|vikranta}}</small>
|style="text-align:center"| 10<sup>72</sup>
|style="text-align:right"| <small>10
,00,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
| Mahavikranta
|One [[Names of large numbers|trevigintillion]]
|}
|}
=== Other numbering systems ===
The denominations by which land was measured in the [[Kumaon Kingdom]] were based on arable lands and thus followed an approximate system with local variations. The most common of these was a [[vigesimal]] (base-20) numbering system with the main denomination called a ''bisi'' (see [[Hindustani numerals|Hindustani number ''bīs'']]), which corresponded to the land required to sow 20 ''nalis'' of seed. Consequently, its actual land measure varied based on the quality of the soil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Traill |first=G.W. |editor-last=Batten |editor-first=J.H. |title=Statistical Sketch of Kamaon |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |date=1828 |page=34 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53201/page/n48/mode/1up?q=bisi}}</ref> This system became the established norm in Kumaon by 1891.<ref>{{cite journal |title=North Indian Notes and Queries |publisher=Pioneer Press |date=1891 |page=216 |volume=1-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5gsAAAAMAAJ&dq=bisi+twenty+base+counting+system+india&pg=PA216 |website=Google Books }}</ref>


==Usage in different languages==
==Usage in different languages==
{{main|lakh|crore}}
{{main|lakh|crore}}
* In [[Assamese language|Assamese]], a lakh is also called {{lang|as|লক্ষ}} ''lokhyo'', or {{lang|as|লাখ}} ''lakh'' and a crore is called {{lang|as|কৌটি বা কোটি}} ''kouti''
Below is a list of translations for the words lakh and crore in other languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent:
* In [[Bengali language|Bengali]], a lakh is natively (tadbhava) known as {{lang|bn|লাখ}} ''lākh'', though some use the ardha-tatsama {{lang|bn|লক্ষ}} ''lokkho''. A crore is called {{lang|bn|কোটি}} ''kōṭi''
 
* In [[Burmese language|Burmese]], crore is called {{my|ကုဋေ}} {{IPA-my|ɡədè|}}. Lakh is used in [[Burmese English]].
{| class="wikitable"
*In [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]], a lakh is called ލައްކަ la'kha and a crore is called ކްރޯރް kroaru
|+ Usage of lakh and crore in other Indic languages
* In [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], a lakh is called {{lang|gu|લાખ}} ''lākh'' and a crore is called {{lang|gu|કરોડ}} ''karoḍ''. A hundred crore is called {{lang|gu|અબજ}} ''abaj''
|-
* In [[Kannada language|Kannada]], a lakh is called {{lang|kn|ಲಕ್ಷ}} ''lakṣha'' and a crore is called {{lang|kn|ಕೋಟಿ}} ''kōṭi''
! Language
* In [[Khasi language|Khasi]], a lakh is called ''lak'' and a crore is called ''klur'' or ''krur''. A billion is called ''arab'' and hundred billion is called ''kharab''.
! Lakh
* In [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], a lakh is called {{Lang|ml|ലക്ഷം}} ''laksham'' and a crore is called {{Lang|ml|കോടി}} ''kodi''.
! Crore
* In [[Marathi language|Marathi]], a lakh is called {{Lang|mr|लाख/लक्ष }} ''lākh'' and a crore is called {{Lang|mr|कोटी}} ''koṭi'' or {{Lang|mr|करोड}} ''karoḍ'', and an {{not a typo|arab}} (10<sup>9</sup>) is called {{Lang|mr|अब्ज}} ''abja''.
! 100 crores (a billion)
* In [[Nepali language|Nepali]], a lakh is called {{Lang|ne|लाख}} ''lākh'' and a crore is called {{lang|ne|करोड}} ''karoḍ''.
! 1000 crores (10 billion)
* In [[Odia language|Odia]], a lakh is called {{lang|or|ଲକ୍ଷ}} ''lakhya'' and a crore is called {{lang|or|କୋଟି}} ''koṭi''.
! 10,000 crores (100 billion)
* In [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], a lakh is called  ''lakkh'' ([[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{nastaliq|لکھ}}}}, [[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਲੱਖ}}) and a crore is called ''karoṛ'' ([[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|کروڑ}}}}, [[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਕਰੋੜ}}).
|-
* In [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]], a lakh is called ''lák'' and a crore is called ''kurul''. A thousand crore is called ''kuthí''.
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* In [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], a lakh is called {{lang|si|ලක්ෂ}} {{transl|si|lakṣa}} and a crore is called {{lang|si|කෝටි}} {{transl|si|kōṭi}}.
| {{lang|as|লক্ষ}} ''lokhyo'', or {{lang|as|লাখ}} ''lakh''  
* In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], a lakh is called {{Lang|ta|இலட்சம்}} ''ilaṭcam'' and a crore is called {{Lang|ta|கோடி}} ''kōṭi''.
| {{lang|as|কৌটি}} ''kouti'', or {{lang|as|কোটি}} ''koti''
* In [[Telugu language|Telugu]], a lakh is called {{Lang|te|లక్ష}} ''lakṣha'' and a crore is called {{Lang|te|కోటి}} ''kōṭi''.
| rowspan="4" colspan="3" {{n/a}}
* In [[Urdu language|Urdu]], a lakh is called {{lang|ur|{{nq|لاکھ}}}} ''lākh'' and a crore is called {{lang|ur|{{nq|کروڑ}}}} ''karoṛ''. A billion is called ''arab'' ({{lang|ur|{{nq|ارب}}}}), and one hundred billion/arab is called a ''kharab'' ({{lang|ur|{{nq|کھرب}}}}).
|-
* Lakh has entered the [[Swahili language]] as "{{lang|sw|laki}}" and is in common use.
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| {{lang|bn|লাখ}} ''lākh''{{efn|Tadbhava}}, or {{lang|bn|লক্ষ}} ''lokkho''{{efn|Ardha-tatsama}}
| {{lang|bn|কোটি}} ''kōṭi''
|-
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| lakh{{efn|in [[Burmese English]]}}
| {{lang|my|ကုဋေ}} {{IPA|my|ɡədè|}}
|-
| [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]
| ލައްކަ ''la'kha''
| ކްރޯރް ''kroaru''
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| {{lang|gu|લાખ}} ''lākh''
| {{lang|gu|કરોડ}} ''karoḍ''
| {{lang|gu|અબજ}} ''abaj''
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| {{lang|hi|लाख}} ''lākh''
| {{lang|hi|करोड}} ''karoḍ''
| {{lang|hi|अरब}} ''arab''
|-
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| {{lang|kn|ಲಕ್ಷ}} ''lakṣha''
| {{lang|kn|ಕೋಟಿ}} ''kōṭi''
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| ''lak''
| ''klur'' or ''krur''
| ''arab''
| {{n/a}}
| ''kharab''
|-
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| {{Lang|ml|ലക്ഷം}} ''laksham''
| {{Lang|ml|കോടി}} ''kodi''
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| {{Lang|mr|लाख/लक्ष }} ''lākh''
| {{Lang|mr|कोटी}} ''koṭi'', or {{Lang|mr|करोड}} ''karoḍ''
| {{Lang|mr|अब्ज}} ''abja''
| colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| {{Lang|ne|लाख}} ''lākh''
| {{lang|ne|करोड}} ''karoḍ''
| rowspan="3" colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| {{lang|or|ଲକ୍ଷ}} ''lôkhyô''
| {{lang|or|କୋଟି}} ''koṭi''
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''lakkh'' ([[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਲੱਖ}}, [[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{nastaliq|لکھ}}}})
| ''karoṛ'' ([[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਕਰੋੜ}}, [[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|کروڑ}}}})
|-
| [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
| ''lák''
| ''kurul''
| {{n/a}}
| ''kuthí''
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
| {{lang|si|ලක්ෂ}} {{translit|si|lakṣa}}  
| {{lang|si|කෝටි}} {{translit|si|kōṭi}}
| rowspan="3" colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{Lang|ta|இலட்சம்}} ''ilaṭcam''
| {{Lang|ta|கோடி}} ''kōṭi''
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{Lang|te|లక్ష}} ''lakṣha''  
| {{Lang|te|కోటి}} ''kōṭi''
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لاکھ}}}} ''lākh''
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کروڑ}}}} ''karoṛ''
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ارب}}}} ''arab''
| {{n/a}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھرب}}}} ''kharab''
|-
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| {{lang|sw|laki}}
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
|}


Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh/crore for Indian currency and International numbering for foreign currencies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shapiro, Richard<!--Employee as per https://www.oed.com/public/oedstaff/staff-of-the-oxford-english-dictionary/loginpage-->|url=https://public.oed.com/blog/the-most-distinctive-counting-system-in-english-indian-cardinal-numbers/|title=The most distinctive counting system in English? Indian cardinal numbers|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|date=2012-08-16|access-date=2020-05-24}} - Shapiro is/was an OED employee. The article states: "The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of [[Oxford University Press]]."</ref>
Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh/crore for Indian currency and International numbering for foreign currencies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shapiro, Richard<!--Employee as per https://www.oed.com/public/oedstaff/staff-of-the-oxford-english-dictionary/loginpage-->|url=https://public.oed.com/blog/the-most-distinctive-counting-system-in-english-indian-cardinal-numbers/|title=The most distinctive counting system in English? Indian cardinal numbers|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|date=2012-08-16|access-date=2020-05-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630011705/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-most-distinctive-counting-system-in-english-indian-cardinal-numbers/ |archive-date= Jun 30, 2020 }} Shapiro is/was an OED employee. The article states: "The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of [[Oxford University Press]]."</ref>


== Current usage ==
== Current usage ==
The usage of this system is limited to the nations of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Myanmar]]. It is universally employed within these countries, and is preferred to the English numbering system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hey! Who Can Explain What India Does With Its Commas?|last1=Krulwich|first1=Robert|last2=Block|first2=Ezra|date=21 October 2010|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2010/10/19/130674804/counting-millionaire-india|access-date=2020-08-03|website=[[NPR]]|language=en}}</ref>
The official usage of this system is limited to the nations of [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. It is universally employed within these countries, and is preferred to the International numbering system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hey! Who Can Explain What India Does With Its Commas? (Not Commies. Commas.) |last1=Krulwich|first1=Robert|last2=Block|first2=Ezra|date=21 October 2010|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2010/10/19/130674804/counting-millionaire-india|access-date=2020-08-03|website=[[NPR]]|language=en}}</ref>


[[Sri Lanka]] used this system in the past but has switched to the English numbering system in recent years.  
[[Sri Lanka]] and [[Nepal]] used this system in the past but has switched to the International numbering system in recent years. In the [[Maldives]], the term lakh is widely used in official documents and local speech. However, the [[International System of Units]] is preferred for higher denominations (such as millions).{{cn|date=May 2025}}


In the [[Maldives]], the term lakh is widely used in official documents and local speech. However the English numbering system is preferred for higher denominations (i.e millions etc).
Most institutions and citizens in India use the Indian number system. The [[Reserve Bank of India]] was noted as a rare exception in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gurpur|date=10 August 2015|title=Can we follow Indian numbering system for simplicity and good order?|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/can-we-follow-indian-numbering-system-for-simplicity-and-good-order/43059.html|website=Moneylife News & Views|access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref> whereas by 2024 the Indian system was used for amounts in rupees and the International system for foreign currencies throughout the Reserve Bank's website.<ref>[[Reserve Bank of India]], [https://www.rbi.org.in/ old] and [https://website.rbi.org.in/ new website] (known on archive.org since 5 Apr 2024). Retrieved 16 Apr 2024.</ref>


Most institutions and citizens in India use the Indian number system, although the [[Reserve Bank of India]] has been noted as a rare exception.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gurpur|date=10 August 2015|title=Can we follow Indian numbering system for simplicity and good order?|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/can-we-follow-indian-numbering-system-for-simplicity-and-good-order/43059.html|website=Moneylife News & Views|access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Scientific notation]]
* [[Japanese_numerals|Japanese notation]]


==References==
==References==
;Notes
{{notelist}}
;References
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


Latest revision as of 21:46, 2 March 2026


The Indian numbering system is used in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh to express large numbers, which differs from the International System of Units. Commonly used quantities include lakh (one hundred thousand, 105) and crore (ten million, 107) – written as 1,00,000 and 1,00,00,000 respectively in some locales.[1] For example: 150,000 rupees is "1.5 lakh rupees" which can be written as "1,50,000 rupees", and 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees is referred to as "3 crore rupees" which can be written as "3,00,00,000 rupees".

There are names for numbers larger than crore, but they are less commonly used. These include arab (100 crore, 109), kharab (100 arab, 1011), nil or sometimes transliterated as neel (100 kharab, 1013), padma (100 nil, 1015), shankh (100 padma, 1017), and mahashankh (100 shankh, 1019). In common parlance (though inconsistent), the lakh and crore terminology repeats for larger numbers. Thus lakh crore is 1012.

In the ancient Indian system, still in use in regional languages of India, there are words for[clarification needed] (1062). These names respectively starting at 1000 are sahasra, ayuta, laksha, niyuta, koti, arbhudha, abhja, karva, nikarva, mahapadma, shanmkhu, jaladhi, amtya, madhya, paraardha. In the Indian system, now prevalent in the northern parts,[clarification needed] the next powers of ten are one lakh, ten lakh, one crore, ten crore, one arab (or one hundred crore), and so on.

Multiples[edit | edit source]

The Indian system is decimal (base-10), same as in the International System of Units, and the first five orders of magnitude are named in a similar way: one (100), ten (101), one hundred (102), one thousand (103), and ten thousand (104). For higher powers of ten, naming diverges. The Indian system uses names for every second power of ten: lakh (105), crore (107), arab (109), kharab (1011), etc. In the long and short scales, there are names for every third power of ten. The short scale uses million (106), billion (109), trillion (1012), etc.

Decimal formatting[edit | edit source]

The Indian system groups digits of a large decimal is represented differently than the International System of Units. The Indian system does group the first three digits to the left of the decimal point, but thereafter, groups by two digits to align with the naming of quantities at multiples of 100.[2]

Indian International
5,00,000 500,000
12,34,56,789 123,456,789
17,00,00,00,000 17,000,000,000
6,78,90,00,00,00,00,000 6,789,000,000,000,000

Like English and other locales, the Indian system uses a period as the decimal separator and the comma for grouping, while others use a comma for decimal separator and a thin space or point to group digits.[3]

Pronunciation in English[edit | edit source]

When speakers of indigenous Indian languages are speaking English, the pronunciations may be closer to their mother tongue (e.g. "lakh" and "crore" might be pronounced /lɑkʰ/, /kɑrɔːr/, respectively).

  • lakh /lɑːkʰ/
  • crore /kɹɔːɹ/ (or /kɹoʊɹ/ in American English)
  • arab /ʌˈɾʌb/
  • kharab /kʰʌˈɾʌb/

Names of numbers[edit | edit source]

The table below includes the spelling and pronunciation of numbers in various Indian languages along with corresponding short scale names.

Value Numerals Short scale Indian English Hindustani
Hindi / Urdu 		Marathi Bengali Nepali Tamil Telugu
1 1 one one एक / ایک
(Template:Translit) 		एक
(Template:Translit) 		এক
(Template:Translit) 		एक
(Template:Translit) 		ஒன்று
(Template:Translit) 		ఒకటి
(Template:Translit)
10 10 ten ten दस / دس
(Template:Translit) 		दहा
(Template:Translit) 		দশ
(Template:Translit) 		दश
(Template:Translit) 		பத்து
(Template:Translit) 		పది
(Template:Translit)
102 100 hundred hundred सौ / سو
(Template:Translit) 		शंभर
(Template:Translit) 		শত
(Template:Translit) 		सय
(Template:Translit) 		நூறு
(Template:Translit) 		వంద/నూరు
(Template:Translit)
103 1,000 thousand thousand हज़ार / ہزار
(Template:Translit) 		एक हजार
(Template:Translit) 		হাজার
(Template:Translit) 		एक हजार
(Template:Translit) 		ஆயிரம்
(Template:Translit) 		వెయ్యి
(Template:Translit)
104 10,000 ten thousand ten thousand दस हज़ार / دس ہزار
(Template:Translit) 		दहा हजार
(Template:Translit) 		অযুত
(Template:Translit) 		দশ হাজার
(Template:Translit) 		दश हजार
(Template:Translit) 		பத்தாயிரம்
(Template:Translit)
ஆயுதம்
(Template:Translit) 		పది వేలు
(Template:Translit)
105 1,00,000 hundred thousand lakh लाख / لاکھ
(Template:Translit) 		एक लाख
(Template:Translit) 		লক্ষ
(Template:Translit) 		লাখ
(Template:Translit) 		एक लाख
(Template:Translit) 		இலட்சம்
(Template:Translit)
நியுதம்
(Template:Translit) 		లక్ష
(Template:Translit)
106 10,00,000 million ten lakh दस लाख / دس لاکھ
(Template:Translit) 		दहा लाख
(Template:Translit) 		নিযুত
(Template:Translit) 		দশ লাখ
(Template:Translit)
 दश लाख
(Template:Translit) 		பத்து இலட்சம்
(Template:Translit) 		పది లక్షలు
(Template:Translit)
107 1,00,00,000 ten million crore करोड़ / کروڑ
(Template:Translit) 		एक कोटी
(Template:Translit) 		কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		एक करोड
(Template:Translit) 		கோடி
(Template:Translit) 		కోటి
(Template:Translit)
108 10,00,00,000 hundred million ten crore दस करोड़ / دس کروڑ
(Template:Translit) 		दहा कोटी
(Template:Translit) 		অর্বুদ
(Template:Translit) 		দশ কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		दश करोड
(Template:Translit) 		அற்புதம்
(Template:Translit) 		పది కోట్లు
(Template:Translit)
109 1,00,00,00,000 billion arab / hundred crore अरब / ارب
(Template:Translit)
सौ करोड़ / سو کروڑ
(Template:Translit) 		एक अब्ज
(Template:Translit) 		মহার্বুদ
(Template:Translit) 		একশ কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		एक अर्ब
(Template:Translit) 		நிகற்புதம்
(Template:Translit) 		వంద కోట్లు
(Template:Translit)
1010 10,00,00,00,000 ten billion ten arab / thousand crore दस अरब / دس ارب
(Template:Translit)
एक हज़ार करोड़ / ایک ہزار کروڑ
(Template:Translit) 		एक खर्व
(Template:Translit) 		খর্ব
(Template:Translit) 		হাজার কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		दश अर्ब
(Template:Translit) 		கும்பம்
(Template:Translit) 		వెయ్యి కోట్లు
(Template:Translit)
1011 1,00,00,00,00,000 hundred billion kharab / hundred arab / ten thousand crore खरब / کھرب
(Template:Translit) 		एक निखर्व
(Template:Translit) 		মহাখর্ব
(Template:Translit)
দশ হাজার কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		एक खर्ब
(Template:Translit) 		கணம்
(Template:Translit) 		పది వేల కోట్లు
(Template:Translit)
1012 10,00,00,00,00,000 trillion ten kharab / one thousand arab / one lakh crore दस खरब / دس کھرب
(Template:Translit)
एक लाख करोड़ / ایک لاکھ کروڑ
(Template:Translit) 		एक पद्म
(Template:Translit) 		শঙ্খ
(Template:Translit)
লাখ কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		दश खर्ब
(Template:Translit) 		கற்பம்
(Template:Translit) 		లక్ష కోట్లు
(Template:Translit)
1013 1,00,00,00,00,00,000 ten trillion nil / hundred kharab / ten thousand arab / ten lakh crore नील / نیل
(Template:Translit) 		एक महापद्म
(ek mahāpadma) 		মহাশঙ্খ
(Template:Translit)
দশ লাখ কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		नील
(Template:Translit) 		நிகற்பம்
(Template:Translit) 		పది లక్షల కోట్లు
(Template:Translit)
1014 10,00,00,00,00,00,000 hundred trillion ten nil / crore crore दस नील / دس نیل
(Template:Translit)
एक करोड़ करोड़ / ایک کروڑ کروڑ
(Template:Translit) 		एक शंखू
(Template:Translit) 		পদ্ম
(Template:Translit)
একশ লাখ কোটি
(Template:Translit)
শতলক্ষ কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		दश नील
(Template:Translit) 		பதுமம்
(Template:Translit) 		కోటి కోట్లు
(Template:Translit)
1015 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 quadrillion padma / hundred nil / ten crore crore पद्म / پدم
(Template:Translit) 		एक जलधि शंखू
(eka jaladhi śaṅkhū) 		মহাপদ্ম
(Template:Translit)
হাজার লাখ কোটি
(Template:Translit) 		पद्म
(Template:Translit) 		சங்கம்
(Template:Translit) 		పది కోట్ల కోట్లు
(Template:Translit)

Historic numbering systems[edit | edit source]

Numbering systems in Hindu epics[edit | edit source]

There are various systems of numeration found in various ancient epic literature of India (itihasas). The following table gives one such system used in the Valmiki Ramayana.[4]

Name Indian decimal Value Short scale
एक (Template:Translit) 0,00,001 1 one
दश (Template:Translit) 0,00,010 10 ten
शत (Template:Translit) 0,00,100 102 hundred
सहस्र (Template:Translit) 0,01,000 103 thousand
लक्ष (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 105 hundred thousand
कोटि (Template:Translit)
 1,00,00,000 107 ten million
शङ्कु (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1012 trillion
महाशङ्कु (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1017 hundred quadrillion
वृन्द (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1022 ten sextillion
महावृन्द (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1027 octillion
पद्म (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1032 hundred nonillion
महापद्म (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1037 ten undecillion
खर्व (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1042 tredecillion
महाखर्व (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1047 hundred quattuordecillion
समुद्र (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1052 ten sexdecillion
ओघ (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1057 octodecillion
महौघ (Template:Translit) 1,00,000 Template:Translit 1062 hundred novemdecillion

Other numbering systems[edit | edit source]

The denominations by which land was measured in the Kumaon Kingdom were based on arable lands and thus followed an approximate system with local variations. The most common of these was a vigesimal (base-20) numbering system with the main denomination called a bisi (see Hindustani number bīs), which corresponded to the land required to sow 20 nalis of seed. Consequently, its actual land measure varied based on the quality of the soil.[5] This system became the established norm in Kumaon by 1891.[6]

Usage in different languages[edit | edit source]

Main articles: lakh and crore

Below is a list of translations for the words lakh and crore in other languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent:

Usage of lakh and crore in other Indic languages
Language Lakh Crore 100 crores (a billion) 1000 crores (10 billion) 10,000 crores (100 billion)
Assamese লক্ষ lokhyo, or লাখ lakh কৌটি kouti, or কোটি koti N/A
Bengali লাখ lākh[lower-alpha 1], or লক্ষ lokkho[lower-alpha 2] কোটি kōṭi
Burmese lakh[lower-alpha 3] ကုဋေ my
Dhivehi ލައްކަ la'kha ކްރޯރް kroaru
Gujarati લાખ lākh કરોડ karoḍ અબજ abaj N/A
Hindi लाख lākh करोड karoḍ अरब arab
Kannada ಲಕ್ಷ lakṣha ಕೋಟಿ kōṭi N/A
Khasi lak klur or krur arab N/A kharab
Malayalam ലക്ഷം laksham കോടി kodi N/A
Marathi लाख/लक्ष lākh कोटी koṭi, or करोड karoḍ अब्ज abja N/A
Nepali लाख lākh करोड karoḍ N/A
Odia ଲକ୍ଷ lôkhyô କୋଟି koṭi
Punjabi lakkh (Gurmukhi: ਲੱਖ, Shahmukhi: لکھ) karoṛ (Gurmukhi: ਕਰੋੜ, Shahmukhi: کروڑ)
Rohingya lák kurul N/A kuthí N/A
Sinhala ලක්ෂ Template:Translit කෝටි Template:Translit N/A
Tamil இலட்சம் ilaṭcam கோடி kōṭi
Telugu లక్ష lakṣha కోటి kōṭi
Urdu لاکھ lākh کروڑ karoṛ ارب arab N/A کھرب kharab
Swahili laki N/A

Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh/crore for Indian currency and International numbering for foreign currencies.[7]

Current usage[edit | edit source]

The official usage of this system is limited to the nations of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is universally employed within these countries, and is preferred to the International numbering system.[8]

Sri Lanka and Nepal used this system in the past but has switched to the International numbering system in recent years. In the Maldives, the term lakh is widely used in official documents and local speech. However, the International System of Units is preferred for higher denominations (such as millions).[citation needed]

Most institutions and citizens in India use the Indian number system. The Reserve Bank of India was noted as a rare exception in 2015,[9] whereas by 2024 the Indian system was used for amounts in rupees and the International system for foreign currencies throughout the Reserve Bank's website.[10]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

Notes
  1. ↑ Tadbhava
  2. ↑ Ardha-tatsama
  3. ↑ in Burmese English
References
  1. ↑ "Knowing our Numbers". Department Of School Education And Literacy. National Repository of Open Educational Resources. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  2. ↑ Emmons, John (25 March 2018). "UNICODE LOCALE DATA MARKUP LANGUAGE (LDML) PART 3: NUMBERS". Unicode.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  3. ↑ "Decimal and Thousands Separators (International Language Environments Guide)". docs.oracle.com. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  4. ↑ "Valmiki Ramayana - Yuddha Kanda, Chapter (Sarga) 28,(Verses 33 – 38)". Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  5. ↑ Traill, G.W. (1828). Batten, J.H. (ed.). Statistical Sketch of Kamaon. John Murray. p. 34.
  6. ↑ "North Indian Notes and Queries". Google Books. 1–3. Pioneer Press: 216. 1891.
  7. ↑ Shapiro, Richard (16 August 2012). "The most distinctive counting system in English? Indian cardinal numbers". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020. Shapiro is/was an OED employee. The article states: "The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of Oxford University Press."
  8. ↑ Krulwich, Robert; Block, Ezra (21 October 2010). "Hey! Who Can Explain What India Does With Its Commas? (Not Commies. Commas.)". NPR. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  9. ↑ Gurpur (10 August 2015). "Can we follow Indian numbering system for simplicity and good order?". Moneylife News & Views. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  10. ↑ Reserve Bank of India, old and new website (known on archive.org since 5 Apr 2024). Retrieved 16 Apr 2024.
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