Mass shooting: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:22, 24 March 2026

A mass shooting is a violent crime in which one or more attackers use a firearm to kill or injure multiple individuals in rapid succession. Mass shootings with multiple deceased victims are a form of mass murder. There is no widely accepted specific definition of the term, and different organizations tracking such incidents use different criteria. Mass shootings are characterized by the targeting, often indiscriminate, of victims outside a combat setting, and the term generally excludes gang violence,^[1]^[2]^[3] shootouts, domestic violence and self-defense. The perpetrator of an ongoing mass shooting may be referred to as an active shooter.^[4]

Mass shootings may be done for personal or psychological reasons, such as by individuals who are deeply disgruntled, seeking notoriety, or are intensely angry at a perceived grievance; though they have also been used as a terrorist tactic, such as when members of an ethnic or religious group are deliberately targeted. It has been theorized that media coverage of mass shootings has contributed to later shooters being motivated by fame-seeking. After mass shootings, mental health issues such as survivor's guilt and post-traumatic stress disorder are commonly suffered by survivors, first responders, and victims' loved ones.

The number of people killed in mass shootings is difficult to determine due to the lack of a commonly agreed upon definition. In the United States—the country with the most mass shootings—there were 103 deaths in mass shootings in 2021 (excluding the perpetrators) using the FBI's definition, and 706 deaths using the Gun Violence Archive's definition. Mass shootings are relatively rare in China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, the United Kingdom, Russia, and across Africa.

Mass shootings perpetrated with legally purchased firearms often prompt scrutiny of and changes to local gun laws. For example, mass shootings in Dunblane, Port Arthur and Christchurch respectively contributed to significant expansions of firearm restrictions in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Definitions[edit | edit source]

There are a variety of definitions of a mass shooting:^[5]^[6]

Mass Shooting Tracker, a crowdsourced data site cited by CNN, MSNBC, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Economist, the BBC, etc., defines a mass shooting as any incident in which four or more people are shot, whether injured or killed.^[7]^[8]
CBS defines a mass shooting as an event involving the shooting (not necessarily resulting in death) of five or more people (sometimes four)^[9] with no cooling-off period.^[7]^[9]^[10]
Mother Jones defines a mass shooting as an indiscriminate rampage in a public place, resulting in three or more victims (excluding the perpetrator) killed by the attacker, excluding gang violence, armed robbery, and attacks by unidentified perpetrators.^[11]^[12]
Crime violence research group Gun Violence Archive, whose research is used by major American media outlets, defines a mass shooting as having a "minimum of four victims shot, either injured or killed, not including any shooter who may also have been killed or injured in the incident," differentiating between a mass shooting and mass murder and not counting shooters as victims.^[13]
Media outlets such as CNN, and some crime violence research groups such as the Gun Violence Archive, define mass shootings as involving "four or more shot (injured or killed) in a single incident, at the same general time and location, not including the shooter".^[14]
A Congressional Research Service report from 2013 specifies that a public mass shooting involves four or more killings on indiscriminate victims, while excluding violence committed as a means to an end, such as robbery or terrorism.^[15]
An Australian study from 2006 specifies five individuals killed.^[16]

There are also different definitions of the term mass killing:

Under U.S. federal law, the Attorney General – on a request from a state – may assist in investigating "mass killings", rather than mass shootings. The term is defined as the murder of four or more people with no cooling-off period,^[17]^[6] but was redefined by Congress in 2013 as being the murder of three or more people.^[18]
In "Behind the Bloodshed", a report by USA Today, a mass killing is defined as any incident in which four or more were killed, including familial killings.^[19] This definition is also used by the Washington Post.^[20]
According to the Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012, signed into law in January 2013, a mass killing is defined as a killing with at least three deaths, excluding the perpetrator.^[21]^[22]^[23]

An act of mass shooting is typically defined as terrorist when it "appears to have been intended" to intimidate or to coerce people;^[24] although a mass shooting is not necessarily an act of terrorism solely by itself.^[15]

The lack of a single definition can lead to alarmism in the news media, with some reports conflating categories of different crimes.^[25]^[26]^[27]

The perpetrator is typically, but not always excluded from the body count.^[28]

Prevalence[edit | edit source]

The number of people killed in mass shootings is difficult to determine due to the lack of a commonly agreed definition.^[29] It is also difficult to determine whether their frequency is increasing or decreasing over time, for the same reason. In addition, there is a large impact from random chance, outliers, and the specific time frame chosen for analysis.^[29]

United States[edit | edit source]

A *New York Times* study reported how outcomes of active shooter attacks varied with actions of the attacker, the police (42% of total incidents), and bystanders (including a "good guy with a gun" outcome in 5.1% of total incidents).^[30]

Total deaths in U.S. mass shootings—defined as four or more people shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator, at a public place, excluding gang-related killings^[31]^[32]

The U.S. has substantially more mass shootings (in which four or more people are killed) than other developed countries.^[33] According to Vox, the U.S. gun homicide rate is as much as 26 times that of other high-income countries.^[34]

The United States has had the most mass shootings of any country in the world.^[35]^[36]^[37] There were 103 deaths in mass shootings in 2021 (excluding the perpetrators) using the FBI's definition, and 706 deaths using the Gun Violence Archive's definition.^[29] The FBI's definition refers to "active shooter incidents" defined as "one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area", while the Gun Violence Archive's definition counts incidents where at least four people (excluding the perpetrator) were shot, but not necessarily killed.^[29]

In a 2016 study published by criminologist Adam Lankford, it was estimated that 31 percent of all public mass shooters from 1966 to 2012 attacked in the United States, although the U.S. had less than five percent of the world's population.^[38] The study concludes that "The United States and other nations with high firearm ownership rates may be particularly susceptible to future public mass shootings, even if they are relatively peaceful or mentally healthy according to other national indicators."^[39]

Criminologist Gary Kleck criticized Lankford's findings, stating the study merely shows a proportional relationship but fails to prove that gun ownership causes mass shootings. The backlash from economist and gun rights advocate John Lott also raised objections to Lankford's methodology and refusal to share his data. He speculated that Lankford had overlooked a significant number of mass shootings outside the U.S., which if accounted for would adjust the nation's share closer to 2.88 percent; slightly below the world average.^[40]^[41] Lankford has since followed up on his research, publishing his data and clarifying that the United States from 1998 to 2012 did have more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone, which is almost always the case with mass shooters.^[42] Using the data from Lott and Moody's 2019 study of mass shootings,^[43] Lankford explains that "41 of all 138 public mass shootings by single perpetrators worldwide were committed in the United States. That represents 29.7 percent. Because America had in those years approximately 4.5 percent of the world's population (according to Lott and Moody's calculations), this indicates that based on their data, the United States had more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone (29.7/4.5 = 6.6).^[44] In a subsequent study, Lankford criticized Lott and Moody for including "attacks by terrorist organizations, genocidal militias, armed rebel groups, and paramilitary fighters" in their data and suggested they "misrepresent approximately 1,000 foreign cases from their own dataset" in other ways.^[45]

Mass shootings have also been observed to be followed by an increase in the purchase of weapons, but this does not seem to create an increased feeling of needing guns in either gun owners or non-owners.^[46]

Even though the global COVID-19 pandemic reduced public gatherings from March 2020 onward, the number of mass shootings increased significantly over that period. It "even doubled in July 2020 compared to a year earlier".^[47]

Other countries[edit | edit source]

Mass shootings (and firearm deaths in general) are exceedingly rare in China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and the United Kingdom.^{[citation needed]} China's strict gun control laws have prohibited private ownership of firearms since 1951.^[48] Japan has as few as two gun-related homicides per year. These numbers include all homicides in the country, not just mass shootings.^[49]
While gun violence is relatively uncommon in India due to strict gun control laws, incidents of mass shootings continue to occur.^{[citation needed]}
Mass shootings are relatively rare in Russia, but they have occurred sporadically over the past decade. Most of the incidents involve lone gunmen, although there have been a few cases involving multiple shooters.^{[citation needed]}
Mass shootings have become a common occurrence in Mexico, particularly in recent years. The country has been plagued by violence from drug cartels, which have been responsible for many of the deadliest mass shootings in Mexico's history.^{[citation needed]}
Brazil has one of the highest rates of gun violence in the world, and mass shootings have become more common in recent years. In 2022, there were at least 10 mass shootings in Brazil, resulting in the deaths of over 50 people. Furthermore, In 2017, there were over 45,000 gun-related homicides countrywide.^[50]
In Africa, whilst incidents of mass violence resulting from terrorism and ethnic conflict have occurred, mass shootings are generally understood as rare.^{[citation needed]}

Victims and survivors[edit | edit source]

It is common for mass shooting survivors to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder^[51]^[52] and survivors guilt.^[53] In 2019, Sydney Aiello and Calvin Desir, both survivors of the Parkland high school shooting, committed suicide as a result of survivors guilt; Aiello knew of a friend killed in the shooting.^[54]

After mass shootings, survivors frequently report persistent mental health effects; population-based and survivor studies have found elevated major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly among those with higher exposure and limited social support.^[55]^[56] In addition, studies have evaluated post-incident service use, noting variable awareness and uptake of mental health and other support services among affected communities.^[57] A survivor of the Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting wrote about his reaction to other mass shooting incidents.^[58] The father of a victim in a mass shooting at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, wrote about witnessing other mass shootings after the loss of his son.^[59] The survivors of the 2011 Norway attacks recounted their experience to GQ magazine.^[60] In addition, one paper studied Swedish police officers' reactions to a mass shooting.^[61]

Perpetrators[edit | edit source]

Sex and ethnicity[edit | edit source]

United States[edit | edit source]

The overwhelming majority of mass shooters in the U.S. are male, with some sources showing males account for 98 percent of mass shooters.^[62]^[63]^[64] According to Sky News, male perpetrators committed 110 out of 114 school shootings (96%) in the period 1982–2019,^[65] compared to homicides in general in the United States, where 85.3 percent of homicides were committed by males.^[66]

A study by Statista showed that 65 out of 116 (56%) U.S. mass shootings in a period from 1982 to 2019 involved white shooters (who are 65% of the population).^[67] According to a database compiled by Mother Jones magazine, the race of the shooters is approximately proportionate to the overall U.S. population, although Asians are overrepresented and Latinos underrepresented.^[64]

Mental health[edit | edit source]

In a study of 55 mass shooters from Mother Jones' mass shooting database, researchers found that 87.5 percent of perpetrators had misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated or undiagnosed and untreated psychiatric illnesses.^[68]

According to a study by The Violence Project, 42 percent of all mass shooters experienced physical or sexual abuse, childhood trauma, parental suicide, or were victims of bullying.^[69] They also found that 72 percent of perpetrators were suicidal.

In a study of 171 mass shooters who attacked in the United States from 1966 to 2019, researchers Adam Lankford and Rebecca Cowan found that although the vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent, "almost all public mass shooters may have mental health problems." They suggest the frequency of mental health problems among mass shooters is sometimes underestimated because "many perpetrators have never been formally evaluated by a psychiatrist or mental health practitioner...and others deliberately avoid doctors, conceal their mental health problems, or lie about their symptoms due to shame, stigma, or fear of other consequences." However, Lankford and Cowan also emphasize that mental illness is not the sole cause of mass shootings and many other factors play an important role in perpetrators' decisions to attack.^[70]

Criminal records[edit | edit source]

Criminologist James Allen Fox said that most mass murderers do not have a criminal record, or involuntary incarceration at a mental health centre,^[71] although an article in The New York Times in December 2015 about 15 recent mass shootings found that six perpetrators had had run-ins with law enforcement, and six had mental health issues.^[72]

Motives[edit | edit source]

Mass shootings (that occur in public locations) are usually committed by deeply disgruntled individuals who are seeking revenge as a motive, for failures in school, career, romance, or life in general.^[73]^[74] Additionally, or alternately, they could be seeking fame or attention,^[75] and at least 16 mass shooters since the Columbine massacre have cited fame or notoriety as a motive.^[76] Fame-seeking mass shooters kill on average more than twice as many people as mass shooters who are not fame-seeking. Many of the former articulate a desire to surpass "past records".^[76]

Mass shootings can be motivated by religious extremism, political ideologies (e.g., neo-Nazism, Communism, terrorism, white supremacism), racism, misogyny, homophobia, perpetrator suicidality, mental illness,^[77]^[78] and revenge against bullying,^[79] among other reasons.^[62] Forensic psychologist Stephen Ross cites extreme anger and the notion of working for a cause – rather than mental illness – as primary explanations.^[80] A study by Vanderbilt University researchers found that "fewer than five percent of the 120,000 gun-related killings in the United States between 2001 and 2010 were perpetrated by people diagnosed with mental illness."^[81] John Roman of the Urban Institute argues that, while better access to mental health care, restricting high powered weapons, and creating a defensive infrastructure to combat terrorism are constructive, they do not address the greater issue, which is "we have a lot of really angry young men in our country and in the world."^[82]

Author Dave Cullen, in his 2009 book Columbine on the 1999 Columbine High School massacre and its perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, described Harris as an "injustice collector."^[83] He expanded on the concept in a 2015 New Republic essay on injustice collectors,^[84] identifying several notorious killers as fitting the category, including Christopher Dorner, Elliot Rodger, Vester Flanagan, and Andrew Kehoe. Likewise, mass shooting expert and former FBI profiler Mary O'Toole also uses the phrase "injustice collector" in characterizing motives of some mass shooting perpetrators.^[85] In relation, criminologist James Alan Fox contends that mass murderers are "enabled by social isolation" and typically experience "years of disappointment and failure that produce a mix of profound hopelessness and deep-seated resentment."^[86]^[87] Jillian Peterson, an assistant professor of criminology at Hamline University who is participating in the construction of a database on mass shooters, noted that two phenomena surface repeatedly in the statistics: hopelessness and a need for notoriety in life or in death.^[88] Notoriety was first suggested as a possible motive and researched by Justin Nutt. Nutt stated in a 2013 article, "those who feel nameless and as though no one will care or remember them when they are gone may feel doing something such as a school shooting will make sure they are remembered and listed in the history books."^[89]

In considering the frequency of mass shootings in the United States, criminologist Peter Squires says that the individualistic culture in the United States puts the country at greater risk for mass shootings than other countries, noting that many other countries where gun ownership is high, such as Norway, Finland, Switzerland and Israel...tend to have more tight-knit societies where a strong social bond supports people through crises, and mass killings are fewer. He is an advocate of gun control, but contends there is more to mass shootings than the prevalence of guns.^[90] The Italian Marxist academic Franco Berardi argues that the hyper-individualism, social alienation and competitiveness fomented by neoliberal ideology and capitalism creates mass shooters by causing people to "malfunction."^[91]

Social science and family structure[edit | edit source]

A noteworthy connection has been reported in the U.S. between mass shootings and domestic or family violence, with a current or former intimate partner or family member killed in 76 of 133 cases (57%), and a perpetrator having previously been charged with domestic violence in 21.^[92]^[93]

Responses[edit | edit source]

Media[edit | edit source]

Some people have considered whether media attention revolving around the perpetrators of mass shootings is a factor in sparking further incidents.^[94] In response to this, some in law enforcement have decided against naming mass shooting suspects in media-related events to avoid giving them notoriety.^[95]

The effects of messages used in the coverage of mass shootings have been studied. Researchers studied the role the coverage plays in shaping attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public support for gun control policies.^[96]

In 2015, a paper written by a physicist and statistician, Sherry Towers, along with four colleagues was published, which proved that there is indeed mass shooting contagion using mathematical modeling.^[97] However, in 2017, Towers said in an interview that she prefers self-regulation to censorship to address this issue, just like years ago major news outlets successfully prevent copycat suicide.^[98]

In 2016, the American Psychological Association published a press release, claiming that mass shooting contagion does exist and that news media and social media enthusiasts should withhold the name(s) and face(s) of the victimizer(s) when reporting a mass shooting to deny the fame the shooter(s) want to curb contagion.^[99]

Some news media have weighed in on the gun control debate. After the 2015 San Bernardino attack, the New York Daily News' front-page headline "God isn't fixing this" was accompanied by "images of tweets from leading Republicans who shared their 'thoughts' and 'prayers' for the shooting victims."^[100]^[101] Since the 2014 Isla Vista killings, satirical news website The Onion has repeatedly republished the story "No Way to Prevent This", Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens with minor edits after major mass shootings, to satirise the popular consensus that there is a lack of political power in the United States to prevent mass shootings.^[102]

Gun law reform[edit | edit source]

Responses to mass shootings take a variety of forms, depending on the country and political climate.

Australia[edit | edit source]

After the 1996 Port Arthur massacre, Australia changed its gun laws.

New Zealand[edit | edit source]

In the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings, New Zealand announced a ban on almost all semiautomatic military-style weapons.^[103]^[104]^[105]

United Kingdom[edit | edit source]

Mass shootings are extremely rare in the United Kingdom, which has some of the strictest gun laws in the world. As a result of the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford, England, and the Dunblane school massacre in Stirling, Scotland, the United Kingdom enacted tough gun laws and a buyback program to remove specific classes of firearms from private ownership. They included the Firearms Amendment Act 1988, which limited rifles and shotguns; and the 1997 Firearms Amendment Acts, which restricted or made illegal many handguns.^[106] Since then, there have been only a handful of mass shootings in the country with relatively few fatalities. The UK has also banned the private ownership of semi-automatic and automatic weapons, and introduced stringent checks before issuing permits to private citizens to own single and low cartridge shotguns. There have been two mass shootings since the laws were restricted: the Cumbria shootings in 2010, which killed 13 people, including the perpetrator;^[107]^[108] and the Plymouth shooting in 2021, which killed six people, including the perpetrator.^[109]

United States[edit | edit source]

In the United States, support for gun law reform varies considerably by political party, with Democrats generally more supportive and Republicans generally more opposed. Some in the U.S. believe that tightening gun laws would prevent future mass shootings.^[110] Some politicians in the U.S. introduced legislation to reform the background check system for purchasing a gun.^[111] A vast majority of Americans support tighter background checks. "According to a poll by Quinnipiac University in Connecticut, 93 percent of registered voters said they would support universal background checks for all gun buyers."^[112]

Others contend that mass shootings should not be the main focus in the gun law reform debate because these shootings account for less than one percent of the U.S. homicide rate and believe that these shootings are hard to stop. They often argue that civilians with concealed guns will be able to stop shootings.^[113]

According to British criminologist Peter Squires, who has studied gun violence in different countries, mass shootings may be more due to the "individualistic culture" in the U.S. than its firearm laws.^[114]

U.S. President Barack Obama repeatedly addressed mass shootings during his eight-year presidency, calling for more gun safety laws in the United States.^[115] After the Charleston church shooting, and the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, he renewed his call for reforming gun-safety laws and said that the frequency of mass shootings in the United States has "no parallel in the world."^[116] After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, the surviving students, teachers, and parents became leaders in the effort to ban assault weapon sales and easy accessibility to weapons.^[117]

Mexico[edit | edit source]

The ongoing violence in Mexico has prompted the government to take action to try to address the issue. In recent years, the government has implemented various measures, including increasing security forces, deploying the military to high-risk areas, and tightening gun control laws. Despite these efforts, mass shootings in Mexico continue to be prominent in the country, and the country remains one of the most violent in the world according to some.

Examples[edit | edit source]

Africa[edit | edit source]

Mass shootings in Africa include a 1927 shooting in South Africa perpetrated by Stephanus Swart, the 2016 Grand-Bassam shootings in Côte d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast, and the 1994 Kampala wedding massacre in Kampala, Uganda.

In Egypt, shootings include both the 1997 Luxor massacre and the 2013 Meet al-Attar shooting.

In Kenya, on 2 April 2015, armed terrorists stormed a public university in the North Eastern part of the country and killed 148 people.

Asia[edit | edit source]

East Asia[edit | edit source]

In China, the Chongqing shooting occurred on 5 April 1993. Chen Xuerong, a worker at a machine factory used a hunting rifle to kill three coworkers before being captured by police. In 2013, Fan Jieming entered a shop and shot six people dead before being apprehended by police. Jieming was executed in 2016. Another shooting was the 1994 Tian Mingjian incident.

Japan has had several mass shootings, including the 1938 Tsuyama massacre, the 2007 Sasebo shooting, and the 2010 Habikino shooting.

In South Korea, the deadliest mass shooting was committed by Woo Bum-kon in 1982, leaving 62 dead. For many years, it was the deadliest mass shooting in modern history, until surpassed by the 2011 Norway attacks.

South and Southeast Asia[edit | edit source]

In India, during the 2008 Mumbai attacks, 10 gunmen affiliated with the terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba attacked multiple targets in Mumbai, killing 175 people and injuring hundreds more. The attack lasted for four days and one of the perpetrators was sentenced to death. Other notable incidents include the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, in which five gunmen attacked the parliament building in New Delhi, killing nine people, and the 2016 Pathankot attack, in which militants attacked an Indian Air Force base in Pathankot, killing seven security personnel. Mass shootings have also occurred in the context of regional conflicts. For example, the 2014 Chhattisgarh attack involved Naxalite militants attacking a convoy of political leaders and security personnel, killing 15 people, while the 2021 Sukma-Bijapur attack involved Naxalite rebels attacking security forces, resulting in the deaths of at least 22 security personnel. Other examples include the 1878 Hyderabad shooting and the 1983 Pashupatinath Temple shooting.

In Nepal, the Nepalese royal massacre occurred in 2001.

In Thailand, a mass shooting occurred near and in Nakhon Ratchasima, colloquially known as Korat, between 8 and 9 February 2020. A soldier of the Royal Thai Army killed 30 people and wounded 58 others before he was eventually shot and killed.^[118] On 6 October 2022, 38 people, 24 of them children, were killed in a shooting and stabbing spree by a former police officer. The main target was a childcare centre in Nong Bua Lamphu province. The perpetrator then killed both his wife and son at his own home before committing suicide. Other mass shootings that occurred in Thailand are the Pak Phanang school shooting, the Lopburi mall shooting, and the Siam Paragon shooting.

Mass shootings in Pakistan include the 1948 Babrra massacre, and the 2014 Peshawar school massacre in which 149 people were killed.

Israel[edit | edit source]

Notable mass shootings in Israel include the 1972 Lod Airport massacre, which killed 26 and injured 80, the 2002 Hadera attack in Hadera, the 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack at Mercaz HaRav, the 2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack in Jerusalem, the June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting at the popular Sarona centre complex in Tel Aviv, and the Nova music festival massacre, part of the larger 7 October attacks, which led to the death of 364 of the participants in 2023. Other notable mass shootings include the 2005 Shilo shooting, and the 2013 Beersheba bank shooting. In April 2022, a mass shooting occurred on Dizengoff Street in Tel Aviv, in which a Palestinian gunman killed three civilians and injured six. In January 2023, a Palestinian gunman killed at least seven civilians in the Israeli settlement of Neve Yaakov in occupied East Jerusalem. The suspect is also reported to have shot at worshippers exiting a synagogue and was shot and killed by police officers.

Europe[edit | edit source]

The deadliest mass shooting by a lone individual in modern history occurred in Europe with the 2011 Norway attacks in Norway, in which 77 people were killed. Of those killed, 67 died of gunshot wounds.^[107]

In the United Kingdom, on 19 August 1987, in Hungerford, England, a man killed his mother before killing 16 people and injuring 15 others. On 13 March 1996, in Dunblane, Scotland, a man entered a primary school and opened fire, killing 16 children and one teacher before committing suicide. On 12 August 2021, in Plymouth, England, a man killed five people and injured two others before taking his own life. Other mass shootings in the UK include the Cumbria shootings on 2 June 2010, in which a man killed 12 people and injured 11 others before committing suicide; the Wallasey pub shooting, where 1 person was killed and 4 others injured; and the Monkseaton shootings, where 1 person was killed and 16 others injured.

In Germany, the Erfurt school massacre on 26 April 2002 was inspired by the Columbine High School massacre. Former student Robert Steinhäuser killed 16 people, including two students, 11 teachers, a trainee teacher, a secretary and a police officer, before killing himself.^[119] On 13 March 2009, a 17-year-old student named Tim Kretschmer went on a shooting spree at his former high school in Winnenden. Kretschmer killed 15 people, including nine students, three teachers, and three bystanders, before turning the gun on himself. On 22 July 2016, a lone gunman named David Sonboly opened fire at a shopping mall in Munich, killing nine people and injuring 36 others. Sonboly, who had a history of mental illness, was armed with a pistol. After a brief exchange of fire with police, he turned the gun on himself. On 9 October 2019, a far-right extremist named Stephan Balliet attempted to carry out a mass shooting at a synagogue in the eastern city of Halle. Balliet, who was armed with several 3D-printed firearms and homemade explosive devices, tried to force his way into the synagogue during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. When he was unable to get inside, he shot and killed two people outside the building and injured several others. The entire shooting was live streamed on Twitch. Balliet was later arrested and charged with murder and attempted murder. Later, on 19 February 2020, a mentally unstable man named Tobias Rathjen opened fire at two shisha bars in the town of Hanau, killing nine people before turning the gun on himself. Rathjen, who had a history of mental illness and far-right extremist views, left behind a manifesto in which he expressed his hatred for immigrants and called for the extermination of several ethnic groups.

In the Czech Republic, the first mass shooting in its independent history occurred on 8 March 2009, when a 42-year-old North Macedonian national named Raif Kačar opened fire at the Sokol Restaurant in Petřvald, killing four. Kačar then shot himself and died four days later as a result of his injuries. The pistol used in the shooting was obtained illegally. A second mass shooting occurred on 24 February 2015, when a 62-year-old man named Zdeněk Kovář, who was legally armed with a CZ 75B and an Alfa 820 revolver, entered the Družba restaurant in Uherský Brod and started shooting. Nine people, including Kovář who committed suicide, died in the shooting, and one other person was injured. The police received criticism for its response to the shooting. This incident was the deadliest mass shooting in Czech history until the 2023 Prague shootings. On 10 December 2019, when 42-year-old Ctirad Vitásek, illegally armed with a CZ 75B, opened fire at the traumatology room of the Ostrava University Hospital [cs], killing seven and injuring two. Vitásek then fled the scene and committed suicide near the town of Děhylov after being discovered by the police. On 21 December 2023, 24-year-old David Kozák, a world history student at Charles University who was also a legal owner of several firearms, murdered his father at his home in Hostouň and later opened fire at the Faculty of Arts building of the Charles University in Prague. 16 people, including Kozák's father and Kozák himself, who committed suicide at the rooftop terrace of the building, died in the shootings. 25 people were wounded. This was the first case of a school shooting in Czech Republic's history. Kozák had brought several firearms with himself into the school, a Glock 47 pistol, a SIG Sauer P322 semi-automatic pistol and an AR-10–style rifle, which he used in the shooting and a pump-action shotgun, which he used to commit suicide. Police later reported that Kozák was one of the many suspects in a case of a double-murder of an infant and her father at Klánovice Forest near Prague, which occurred on 15 December 2023, Police also later announced that evidence linking Kozák to the double-murder has been found. On 27 December 2023, it was reported that police found a letter in Kozák's home, in which he confessed to the double-murder. The Prague shootings are currently the deadliest mass shooting in the Czech Republic's history.

In France, On 13–14 November 2015, a series of religiously motivated mass shootings and suicide bombings occurred in Paris leading to the death of 130 people and 7 out of the 9 perpetrators. A few hours after the attacks, the Brussels Islamic State terror cell claimed to be behind the attacks. Less than a year prior to the Paris attacks, a shooting at Charlie Hebdo headquarters in Paris was perpetrated by two brothers, Chérif and Saïd Kouachi, on 7 January 2015. The shooting targeted the employees of Charlie Hebdo after they posted a satirical magazine article on Prophet Muhammed. The shooting lead to the deaths of 12 people and 11 others were injured. The brothers were shot and killed by a GIGN team two days after the attack during a standoff.

Russia and post-Soviet states[edit | edit source]

The deadliest shooting in Russia occurred on 8 October 1999, when Achmed Ibragimov killed at least 34 Russian inhabitants in the village of Mikenskaya. Other shootings include the Moscow Multifunctional Center shooting on 7 December 2021, where a 45-year-old man shot and killed two people and wounded four others, reportedly after being told to put on a face mask. In another incident on 4 April 2020, Anton Franchikov shot five people to death in Yelatma, Ryazan Oblast. In the Perm State University shooting on 20 September 2021, Timur Bekmansurov fatally shot six people before being apprehended by police. In another incident on 26 September 2022, Artyom Kazantsev opened fire at his former school in Izhevsk, Udmurtia, killing 18 people before committing suicide. One of the largest shootings involving military personnel occurred on 15 October 2022, at the Soloti military training ground in Belgorod Oblast. Two conscripts from Tajikistan committed friendly fire, killing 11 people before being killed by return fire.

In Ukraine, on 27 January 2022, a gunman opened fire at the Yuzhmash factory in the city of Dnipro. The attack left five people dead and five others injured. The shooter, a former employee of the factory, was reportedly disgruntled over his dismissal and had been seeking revenge. Another notable incident of mass shooting in Ukraine took place on 17 October 2018, when Vladislav Roslyakov, an 18-year-old student at the Kerch Polytechnic College in Crimea, which was annexed by Russia in 2014, opened fire on his fellow students and teachers, killing 20 and injuring more than 70 others. The shooter committed suicide in the library at the school. The perpetrator is believed to have been inspired by Columbine.^[120]

North America[edit | edit source]

Notable mass shootings in Canada include the 1989 École Polytechnique massacre (which led to stronger gun control in Canada), the 1992 Concordia University massacre, the 2006 Dawson College shooting in Montreal, the 2012 Danzig Street shooting, the 2014 Edmonton shooting in Edmonton, the 2017 Quebec City mosque shooting in Quebec City, the 2018 Toronto shooting, the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, and the 2026 Tumbler Ridge shooting. Following the attacks in Nova Scotia, collectively considered to be the deadliest mass shooting in Canadian history, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau banned the use, sale, purchase, and import of AR-15s – the semi-automatic rifle used in the shooting and many other shootings in the United States.^[121]

Notable mass shootings in Mexico include the 2010 Chihuahua shootings in the state of Chihuahua. One of the deadliest mass shootings in Mexico occurred in 2010 in the town of San Fernando, Tamaulipas. In that incident, 72 migrants from Central and South America were found dead in a ranch, allegedly killed by members of the Zetas drug cartel. 2 months prior to that, 19 people were killed in Chihuahua in another shooting. Another high-profile mass shooting in Mexico took place in 2009, when a man opened fire on passengers on a Mexico City metro train, killing two people and injuring several others. In 2019, about 70 miles (110 km) south of the Mexico–United States border, the LeBarón and Langford families endured a massacre in the state of Sonora, where nine women and children were killed by suspected members of a drug cartel. The victims were believed to have been mistaken for members of a rival cartel. Other notable mass shootings in Mexico include the Minatitlán massacre in 2019, the Salamanca nightclub shooting in 2019, and the 2019 Villa Unión shootout. In 2020, the country experienced several high-profile mass shootings, including the Colegio Cervantes shooting in Torreón, the Irapuato massacres, and the Camargo massacre. On 23 May 2022, 11 people were killed in a mass shooting at the Gala Hotel and a nearby bar in Celaya, Guanajuato. The attackers were reportedly from the Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel, and left a message referring to the Jalisco New Generation Cartel and three dismembered bodies found earlier that day. On 27 March 2022, 20 people were killed in a mass shooting at an illegal cockfighting pit in Las Tinajas, Zinapécuaro, Michoacán. The attackers were believed to be from the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, and the massacre was part of a conflict between the cartel and the local gang Familia Michoacana. On 24 August 2022, eight people were killed in the city of Tuzantla, Michoacán, in a firefight between rival factions of La Familia Michoacana. The dispute stemmed from infighting between brothers Johnny "El Pez" and Jose Alfredo "El Fresa" Hurtado Olascoaga, leaders of the Tuzantla cell, and their former coworker known as "El Chaparro".

United States[edit | edit source]

On August 1, 1966, at the University of Texas in Austin, 25-year-old Marine veteran Charles Whitman killed 15 people, including an unborn child, and injured 31 others in the University of Texas tower shooting Whitman was killed by 2 Austin Police Department officers approximately 96 minutes after he began firing from the observation deck of the Main Building tower. In the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, two students from the school shot and killed 13 classmates, including a victim who died in 2025,^[122] and a teacher before committing suicide in the school's library. On April 16, 2007, 23-year-old student Seung-Hui Cho killed 32 students and teachers, and wounded 17 others in the Virginia Tech shooting. Other people were injured attempting to escape. When police stormed the building he was in, the shooter killed himself. In the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, 20-year-old Adam Lanza killed his mother before shooting and killing 20 children and 6 adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. He then committed suicide; the motive is still inconclusive. On May 24, 2022, in Uvalde, Texas, 18-year-old Salvador Ramos shot and wounded his grandmother before he drove to his former elementary school, Robb Elementary School, and opened fire. Ramos targeted adjoining classrooms 111 and 112. He killed 19 children and 2 teachers before being shot dead by police around 77 minutes after Ramos entered the classrooms. Eighteen other people were hospitalized as a result of the Uvalde school shooting.^[123]

On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old white-supremacist Dylann Roof killed 9 African Americans, including senior pastor and state senator Clementa C. Pinckney, in the Charleston Church Shooting. Roof left the scene and a manhunt began before he was apprehended the next morning. He later confessed to attacking the historic black church in an attempt to start a race war. Roof is currently imprisoned at USP Terre Haute where he awaits his death sentence. On June 12, 2016, 29-year-old Omar Mateen killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in the Pulse nightclub shooting. Mateen was killed in a shootout with the police.^[124] The perpetrator of the 2022 Buffalo shooting, who killed 10 people, wrote in a lengthy manifesto that he was radicalized after having "extreme boredom" during the COVID-19 pandemic, when he began browsing 4chan and neo-Nazi websites linked from it; the accused gunman's manifesto espoused notions from the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory and included screenshots of memes and conservative news headlines that he cited as sources for his ideology.^[125]

South America[edit | edit source]

Notable mass shootings in Argentina include the 2004 Carmen de Patagones school shooting in Carmen de Patagones, the 2006 San Miguel shooting, a workplace attack in a suburb of Buenos Aires, and the June 2006 mass shooting on Cabildo Avenue in Belgrano, Buenos Aires, committed by serial shooter Martín Ríos.^[126]^[127]^[128]

Notable mass shootings in Brazil include:

Suzano school shooting (2019): Two former students killed 7 people and injured 11 others at Raul Brasil State School in Suzano, São Paulo before killing themself. The perpetrators also killed one of their uncles before the school shooting.
Realengo school shooting (2011): A gunman killed 12 students and injured 22 others at Tasso da Silveira Municipal School in Realengo, Rio de Janeiro before committing suicide.
Fortaleza nightclub shooting (2018): A man killed 14 people at a nightclub in Fortaleza^[129]
Campinas Cathedral shooting (2018): A man killed five people and injured 4 others at the Metropolitan Cathedral of Campinas in Campinas, São Paulo. Police shot the gunman on his side before he killed himself.
Aracruz school shootings (2022): On 25 November 2022, a 16-year-old neo-nazi^[130] former student opened fire at two schools in Brazil, killing four and injuring 12.

Oceania[edit | edit source]

Notable mass shootings in Australia include the 1987 Hoddle Street massacre in Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill, Melbourne; the 1996 Port Arthur massacre in Port Arthur, Tasmania; and the 2025 Bondi Beach shooting in Sydney, New South Wales. There were 13 mass shootings with five or more deaths between 1979 and 1996, and four mass shootings involving four or more deaths have occurred since the introduction of new gun laws following the Port Arthur incident.^[131]^[132] On 4 June 2019, a 45-year-old gunman began shooting at multiple locations in Darwin, Australia, resulting in the death of four people and the injury of one other person.^[133] The gunman was sentenced to three life sentences without the possibility of parole, with an additional 15-year sentence.^[134] The 2022 Wieambilla shootings was a religiously motivated terrorist attack that resulted in the death of two police officers and a neighbour, as well as the fatal shooting of the three perpetrators. The shooting lasted six hours. The motive was found to be Christian fundamentalism.^[135]

New Zealand has a relatively low rate of gun violence compared to other developed countries despite its formerly lax gun laws.^[136]^[104] The country has experienced three major mass shootings since the late 20th century.^[137]^[138]^[105] The first mass shooting occurred in Aramoana, a small town on the east coast of the South Island, in 1990. David Gray, a 33-year-old man with a history of mental illness, killed 13 people and injured three others before being shot and killed by police.^[137]^[138] The second mass shooting occurred in Christchurch, the largest city in southern New Zealand, in 2019. Brenton Tarrant, a 28-year-old Australian-born man, opened fire on two mosques during Friday prayers, killing 51 people and injuring 40 others. This was the worst mass shooting in New Zealand history.^[137]^[138] The third mass shooting occurred in Auckland, the largest city in the North Island. Matu Tangi Magua Reid, who was under house arrest killed two people and injured 10 others during a workplace shooting before killing himself.^[105]^[139]

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External links[edit | edit source]

Timeline: Deadliest U.S. mass shootings
"Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Policy Implications" Archived 9 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine—Congressional Research Service
Algoworld: "Scientific Ways to Predict Mass Shootings"
"Washington Case Revives Debate About 'Contagious' Mass Shootings"—All Things Considered, 27 October 2014
"Yes, Mass Shootings Are Occurring More Often". Mother Jones. 21 October 2014.
Jetter, Michael; Jay K. Walker (October 2018). "The Effect of Media Coverage on Mass Shootings" (PDF). IZA Institute of Labor Economics.

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Mass shooting: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:22, 24 March 2026

Contents

Definitions[edit | edit source]

Prevalence[edit | edit source]

United States[edit | edit source]

Other countries[edit | edit source]

Victims and survivors[edit | edit source]

Perpetrators[edit | edit source]

Sex and ethnicity[edit | edit source]

United States[edit | edit source]

Mental health[edit | edit source]

Criminal records[edit | edit source]

Motives[edit | edit source]

Social science and family structure[edit | edit source]

Responses[edit | edit source]

Media[edit | edit source]

Gun law reform[edit | edit source]

Australia[edit | edit source]

New Zealand[edit | edit source]

United Kingdom[edit | edit source]

United States[edit | edit source]

Mexico[edit | edit source]

Examples[edit | edit source]

Africa[edit | edit source]

Asia[edit | edit source]

East Asia[edit | edit source]

South and Southeast Asia[edit | edit source]

Israel[edit | edit source]

Europe[edit | edit source]

Russia and post-Soviet states[edit | edit source]

North America[edit | edit source]

United States[edit | edit source]

South America[edit | edit source]

Oceania[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Incident involving multiple victims of firearm violence}}
+{{Short description|Firearm violence incident}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
-[[File:Law enforcement at the scene of the Northside Hospital Midtown mass shooting.jpg|thumb|Law enforcement at the scene of the [[2023 Atlanta shooting|Northside Hospital Midtown mass shooting]] in Atlanta, United States.]]
+{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}
-A '''mass shooting''' is a [[violent crime]] in which an attacker kills or injures multiple individuals simultaneously using a [[firearm]]. There is no widely-accepted definition of "mass shooting" and different organizations tracking such incidents use different definitions. Definitions of mass shootings exclude [[war]]fare and sometimes exclude instances of [[gang violence]], [[Robbery|armed robberies]], and [[familicide]]s. The perpetrator of an ongoing mass shooting may be referred to as an [[active shooter]].
+{{homicide}}
+{{terrorism}}
-In the United States, the [[Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act|Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012]] defines [[mass killing]]s as three or more killings in a single incident.<ref>{{cite web |title = Text - H.R.2076 - 112th Congress (2011–2012): Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/2076/text |website = www.congress.gov |date = 14 January 2013 |access-date = 14 June 2021 |archive-date = 14 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210614044221/https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/2076/text |url-status = live }}</ref> A [[Congressional Research Service]] report from 2013 specifies four or more killings on indiscriminate victims while excluding violence committed as a means to an end, such as [[robbery]] or [[terrorism]].<ref name="CRS">{{cite news |last = Bjelopera |first = Jerome P. |date = 18 March 2013 |title = Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Implications for Federal Public Health and Safety Policy |publisher = CRS Report for Congress |agency = Congressional Research Service |url = https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-date = 9 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130909213006/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf |url-status = live }} "There is no broadly agreed-to, specific conceptualization of this issue, so this report uses its own definition for public mass shootings."</ref> Media outlets such as [[CNN]] and some crime violence research groups such as the [[Gun Violence Archive]] define mass shootings as involving "four or more shot (injured or killed) in a single incident, at the same general time and location, not including the shooter".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/methodology|title=General Methodology {{!}} Gun Violence Archive|website=www.gunviolencearchive.org|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' magazine defines mass shootings as indiscriminate rampages killing three or more individuals excluding the perpetrator, gang violence, and armed robbery.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last1 = Follman |first1 = Mark |last2 = Aronsen |first2 = Gavin |last3 = Pan |first3 = Deanna |title = US mass shootings, 1982–2022: Data from Mother Jones' investigation |url = https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/ |access-date = 10 August 2022 |website = Mother Jones |language = en-US |archive-date = 30 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190530173627/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="motherjones.com">{{Cite web |last1 = Follman |first1 = Mark |last2 = Aronsen |first2 = Gavin |last3 = Pan |first3 = Deanna |title = A Guide to Mass Shootings in America |url = https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/ |access-date = 10 August 2022 |website = Mother Jones |language = en-US |archive-date = 28 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190528235745/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/ |url-status = live }}</ref> An Australian study from 2006 specifies five individuals killed.<ref name="PMC">{{Cite journal |last1 = Chapman |first1 = S. |date = December 2006 |title = Australia's 1996 gun law reforms: faster falls in firearm deaths, firearm suicides, and a decade without mass shootings |journal = Injury Prevention |volume = 12 |issue = 6 |pages = 365–72 |doi = 10.1136/ip.2006.013714 |pmc = 2704353 |pmid = 17170183 }}</ref>
+A '''mass shooting''' is a [[violent crime]] in which one or more attackers use a [[firearm]] to [[Gun violence|kill or injure]] multiple individuals in rapid succession. Mass shootings with multiple deceased victims are a form of [[mass murder]]. There is no widely accepted specific definition of the term, and different organizations tracking such incidents use different criteria. Mass shootings are characterized by the targeting, often indiscriminate, of victims outside a combat setting, and the term generally excludes [[gang violence]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rockinst.org/gun-violence/mass-shooting-factsheet/ |title=Mass Shooting Factsheet |website=Rockefeller Institute of Government |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theviolenceproject.org/methodology/ |title=Methodology |website=The Violence Project |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nmvvrc.org/learn/about-mass-violence/ |title=About Mass Violence |website=National Mass Violence Victimization Resource Center |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref> [[shootout]]s, [[domestic violence]] and [[self-defense]]. The perpetrator of an ongoing mass shooting may be referred to as an [[active shooter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-11 |title=perpetrator |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/perpetrator |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |language=en}}</ref>
-The motive for mass shootings (that occur in public locations) is usually that they are committed by deeply disgruntled individuals who are seeking revenge for failures in school, career, romance, or life in general<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270480045_Mass_Shootings_in_America_Moving_Beyond_Newtown Fox & DeLateur. Mass shootings in America: moving beyond Newtown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213903/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270480045_Mass_Shootings_in_America_Moving_Beyond_Newtown |date=2 June 2021 }}. Homicide Studies, Vol 8(1), pp 125–145.</ref> or who are seeking fame or attention<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Lankford |first = Adam |date = 1 March 2016 |title = Fame-seeking rampage shooters: Initial findings and empirical predictions |url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178916300027 |journal = Aggression and Violent Behavior |language = en |volume = 27 |pages = 122–129 |doi = 10.1016/j.avb.2016.02.002 |issn = 1359-1789 |access-date = 12 July 2022 |archive-date = 25 July 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190725120454/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178916300027 |url-status = live }}</ref> with at least 16 mass shooters since the [[Columbine High School massacre|Columbine]] massacre citing fame or notoriety as a motive.<ref name="reason.com">{{cite web |title = Are the Media Making Mass Shootings Worse? |url = https://reason.com/video/2022/09/16/is-the-media-making-mass-shootings-worse/ |date = 16 September 2022 |access-date = 13 October 2022 |archive-date = 13 October 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013124920/https://reason.com/video/2022/09/16/is-the-media-making-mass-shootings-worse/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Fame seekers average more than double the body counts, and many articulated a desire to surpass "past records".<ref name="reason.com" />
+Mass shootings may be done for personal or psychological reasons, such as by individuals who are deeply disgruntled, seeking notoriety, or are [[Going postal|intensely angry]] at a perceived grievance; though they have also been used as a [[terrorist]] tactic, such as when members of an ethnic or religious group are deliberately targeted. It has been theorized that media coverage of mass shootings has contributed to later shooters being [[Mass shooting contagion|motivated by fame-seeking]]. After mass shootings, mental health issues such as [[survivor's guilt]] and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] are commonly suffered by survivors, first responders, and victims' loved ones.
+The number of people killed in mass shootings is difficult to determine due to the lack of a commonly agreed upon definition. In the United States—[[Mass shootings in the United States|the country with the most mass shootings]]—there were 103 deaths in mass shootings in 2021 (excluding the perpetrators) using the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s definition, and 706 deaths using the [[Gun Violence Archive]]'s definition. Mass shootings are relatively rare in China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, the United Kingdom, Russia, and across Africa.
+Mass shootings perpetrated with legally purchased firearms often prompt scrutiny of and changes to local [[gun control|gun laws]]. For example, mass shootings in [[Dunblane massacre|Dunblane]], [[Port Arthur massacre (Australia)|Port Arthur]] and [[Christchurch mosque shootings|Christchurch]] respectively contributed to significant expansions of firearm restrictions in [[Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], [[Gun laws of Australia|Australia]] and [[Gun law in New Zealand|New Zealand]].
 == Definitions ==
 {{See also|Massacre|Mass murder|School shooting|Spree shooting}}
-There are a variety of definitions of a mass shooting:<ref name="Dallas2015">{{cite web |first = Jeffrey |last = Weiss |url = http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20151205-mass-shootings-in-the-u.s.-this-year-353--or-4-depending-on-your-definition.ece |title = Mass shootings in the U.S. this year? 353 — or 4, depending on your definition |work = [[The Dallas Morning News]] |date = 6 December 2015 |access-date = 6 December 2015 |archive-date = 27 August 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160827013934/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20151205-mass-shootings-in-the-u.s.-this-year-353--or-4-depending-on-your-definition.ece |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="NYTDec_2015">{{cite news |first = Mark |last = Follman |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1 |title = How Many Mass Shootings Are There, Really? |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = 3 December 2015 |access-date = 6 December 2015 |archive-date = 29 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230703/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1 |url-status = live }}</ref>
+There are a variety of definitions of a ''mass shooting'':<ref name="Dallas2015">{{cite web|first=Jeffrey|last=Weiss|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20151205-mass-shootings-in-the-u.s.-this-year-353--or-4-depending-on-your-definition.ece|title=Mass shootings in the U.S. this year? 353 – or 4, depending on your definition|work=[[The Dallas Morning News]]|date=6 December 2015|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827013934/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20151205-mass-shootings-in-the-u.s.-this-year-353--or-4-depending-on-your-definition.ece}}</ref><ref name="NYTDec_2015">{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Follman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1|title=How Many Mass Shootings Are There, Really?|work=The New York Times|date=3 December 2015|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230703/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* Mass Shooting Tracker, a crowdsourced data site cited by CNN, [[MSNBC]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', the [[BBC]], etc., defines a mass shooting as any incident in which four or more people are shot, whether injured or killed.<ref name="shooting tracker">{{cite web |url = https://www.massshootingtracker.org/about |title = About the Mass Shooting Tracker |website = Mass Shooting Tracker |access-date = 13 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180104222719/https://www.massshootingtracker.org/about |archive-date = 4 January 2018 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="MyUser_BBC_13_June_2016c">{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36519450 |title = Orlando club shootings: Full fury of gun battle emerges |website = - BBC News |date = 13 June 2016 |access-date = 13 June 2016 |archive-date = 13 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160613132703/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36519450 |url-status = live }} Cites Mass Shooting Tracker</ref>
+* Mass Shooting Tracker, a crowdsourced data site cited by CNN, [[MSNBC]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', the [[BBC]], etc., defines a mass shooting as any incident in which four or more people are shot, whether injured or killed.<ref name="shooting tracker">{{cite web|url=https://www.massshootingtracker.org/about|title=About the Mass Shooting Tracker|website=Mass Shooting Tracker|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104222719/https://www.massshootingtracker.org/about|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="MyUser_BBC_13_June_2016c">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36519450|title=Orlando club shootings: Full fury of gun battle emerges|website=- BBC News|date=13 June 2016|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613132703/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36519450|url-status=live}} Cites Mass Shooting Tracker</ref>
-* [[CBS]] defines a mass shooting as an event involving the shooting (not necessarily resulting in death) of five or more people (sometimes four)<ref name="one mass shooting per day">{{cite web |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-u-s-averages-nearly-one-mass-shooting-per-day-so-far-in-2017/ |title = Report: U.S. averages nearly one mass shooting per day so far in 2017 |website = [[CBS News]] |date = 3 October 2017 |access-date = 15 February 2018 |archive-date = 15 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-u-s-averages-nearly-one-mass-shooting-per-day-so-far-in-2017/ |url-status = live }}</ref> with no cooling-off period.<ref name="shooting tracker" /><ref name="one mass shooting per day" /><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2017/oct/02/america-mass-shootings-gun-violence |title = 1,516 mass shootings in 1,735 days: America's gun crisis – in one chart |last1 = team |first1 = Guardian US interactive |newspaper = The Guardian |access-date = 15 February 2018 |last2 = Morris |first2 = Sam |last3 = team |first3 = Guardian US interactive |last4 = Morris |first4 = Sam |via = www.theguardian.com |archive-date = 15 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180215081916/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2017/oct/02/america-mass-shootings-gun-violence |url-status = live }}</ref>
+* [[CBS]] defines a mass shooting as an event involving the shooting (not necessarily resulting in death) of five or more people (sometimes four)<ref name="one mass shooting per day">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-u-s-averages-nearly-one-mass-shooting-per-day-so-far-in-2017/|title=Report: U.S. averages nearly one mass shooting per day so far in 2017|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=3 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-u-s-averages-nearly-one-mass-shooting-per-day-so-far-in-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref> with no cooling-off period.<ref name="shooting tracker" /><ref name="one mass shooting per day" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2017/oct/02/america-mass-shootings-gun-violence|title=1,516 mass shootings in 1,735 days: America's gun crisis – in one chart|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=15 February 2018|last1=Morris|first1=Sam|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215081916/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2017/oct/02/america-mass-shootings-gun-violence|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' defines a mass shooting as an indiscriminate rampage in a public place, resulting in three or more victims killed by the attacker, excluding gang violence, armed robbery, and attacks by unidentified perpetrators.<ref name="motherjones.com"/><ref name="auto1"/>
+* ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' defines a mass shooting as an indiscriminate rampage in a public place, resulting in three or more victims (excluding the perpetrator) killed by the attacker, excluding gang violence, armed robbery, and attacks by unidentified perpetrators.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last1=Follman |first1=Mark |last2=Aronsen |first2=Gavin |last3=Pan |first3=Deanna |title=US mass shootings, 1982–2022: Data from Mother Jones' investigation |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530173627/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/ |archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="motherjones.com">{{Cite web |last1=Follman |first1=Mark |last2=Aronsen |first2=Gavin |last3=Pan |first3=Deanna |title=A Guide to Mass Shootings in America |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528235745/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref>
-* Crime violence research group [[Gun Violence Archive]], whose research is used by major American media outlets, defines a mass shooting as having a "minimum of four victims shot, either injured or killed, not including any shooter who may also have been killed or injured in the incident," differentiating between a mass shooting and mass murder and not counting shooters as victims.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/methodology |title = General Methodology – Gun Violence Archive |website = www.gunviolencearchive.org }}</ref>
+* Crime violence research group [[Gun Violence Archive]], whose research is used by major American media outlets, defines a mass shooting as having a "minimum of four victims shot, either injured or killed, not including any shooter who may also have been killed or injured in the incident," differentiating between a mass shooting and mass murder and not counting shooters as victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/methodology|title=General Methodology – Gun Violence Archive|website=gunviolencearchive.org}}</ref>
+* Media outlets such as [[CNN]], and some crime violence research groups such as the [[Gun Violence Archive]], define mass shootings as involving "four or more shot (injured or killed) in a single incident, at the same general time and location, not including the shooter".<ref>{{cite web |title=General Methodology – Gun Violence Archive |url=https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/methodology |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=gunviolencearchive.org}}</ref>
+* A [[Congressional Research Service]] report from 2013 specifies that a ''public mass shooting'' involves four or more killings on indiscriminate victims, while excluding violence committed as a means to an end, such as [[robbery]] or [[terrorism]].<ref name="CRS">{{cite news |last=Bjelopera |first=Jerome P. |date=18 March 2013 |title=Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Implications for Federal Public Health and Safety Policy |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909213006/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2013 |access-date=8 December 2015 |publisher=CRS Report for Congress |agency=Congressional Research Service}} "There is no broadly agreed-to, specific conceptualization of this issue, so this report uses its own definition for public mass shootings."</ref>
+* An Australian study from 2006 specifies five individuals killed.<ref name="PMC">{{Cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=S. |date=December 2006 |title=Australia's 1996 gun law reforms: faster falls in firearm deaths, firearm suicides, and a decade without mass shootings |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=365–72 |doi=10.1136/ip.2006.013714 |pmc=2704353 |pmid=17170183}}</ref>
-There are also different definitions of the term mass killing:
+There are also different definitions of the term ''mass killing'':
-* Under U.S. federal law, the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] – on a request from a state – may assist in investigating "mass killings", rather than mass shootings. The term is defined as the murder of four or more people with no cooling-off period<ref name="mother">{{cite magazine |url = https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/08/what-is-a-mass-shooting |title = What Exactly Is A Mass Shooting |last1 = Follman |first1 = Mark |magazine = Mother Jones |access-date = 9 August 2015 |quote = What is a mass shooting? Broadly speaking, the term refers to an incident involving three or more deaths due to gun violence. But there is no official set of criteria or definition for a mass shooting, according to criminology experts and FBI officials contacted by Mother Jones. |archive-date = 2 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150802205429/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/08/what-is-a-mass-shooting |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="NYTDec_2015"/> but redefined by Congress in 2013 as being the murder of three or more people.<ref>{{cite web |work = United States Congress |url = https://www.congress.gov/112/plaws/publ265/PLAW-112publ265.pdf |title = PUBLIC LAW 112–265 |date = 14 January 2013 |access-date = 6 December 2015 |archive-date = 19 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150919125631/https://www.congress.gov/112/plaws/publ265/PLAW-112publ265.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
+* Under U.S. federal law, the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] – on a request from a state – may assist in investigating "mass killings", rather than mass shootings. The term is defined as the murder of four or more people with no cooling-off period,<ref name="mother">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/08/what-is-a-mass-shooting|title=What Exactly Is A Mass Shooting|last1=Follman|first1=Mark|magazine=Mother Jones|access-date=9 August 2015|quote=What is a mass shooting? Broadly speaking, the term refers to an incident involving three or more deaths due to gun violence. But there is no official set of criteria or definition for a mass shooting, according to criminology experts and FBI officials contacted by Mother Jones.|archive-date=2 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802205429/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/08/what-is-a-mass-shooting|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYTDec_2015"/> but was redefined by Congress in 2013 as being the murder of three or more people.<ref>{{cite web|work=United States Congress|url=https://www.congress.gov/112/plaws/publ265/PLAW-112publ265.pdf|title=PUBLIC LAW 112–265|date=14 January 2013|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919125631/https://www.congress.gov/112/plaws/publ265/PLAW-112publ265.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* In "Behind the Bloodshed", a report by ''[[USA Today]]'', a mass killing is defined as any incident in which four or more were killed, including familial killings.<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news |title = Behind the Bloodshed |url = http://www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#frequency |newspaper = USA Today |access-date = 3 December 2015 |archive-date = 15 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190515181513/http://www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#frequency |url-status = live }}</ref> This definition is also used by the Washington Post.<ref>{{Cite news |title = The terrible numbers that grow with each mass shooting |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/mass-shootings-in-america/ |url-access = subscription |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = 24 July 2021 |archive-date = 1 December 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211201062340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/mass-shootings-in-america/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
+* In "Behind the Bloodshed", a report by ''[[USA Today]]'', a mass killing is defined as any incident in which four or more were killed, including familial killings.<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news|title=Behind the Bloodshed|url=http://www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#frequency|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515181513/http://www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#frequency|url-status=live}}</ref> This definition is also used by the Washington Post.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The terrible numbers that grow with each mass shooting|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/mass-shootings-in-america/|url-access=subscription|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201062340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/mass-shootings-in-america/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* According to the [[Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act]] of 2012, signed into law in January 2013, a mass killing is defined as a killing with at least three deaths, excluding the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2076/text |title = H.R. 2076 (112th): Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 |website = [[govtrack.us]] |publisher = [[United States Congress]] |access-date = 20 February 2018 |quote = (I)the term mass killings means 3 or more killings in a single incident; |archive-date = 7 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190203/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2076/text |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="politifact2018">{{cite web |url = https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/feb/14/what-we-know-about-mass-shootings/ |title = What we know about mass shootings |last1 = Greenberg |first1 = Jon |last2 = Valverde |first2 = Miriam |website = PolitiFact |language = en |quote = In January 2013, a mandate for federal investigation of mass shootings authorized by President Barack Obama lowered that baseline to three or more victims killed |last3 = Jacobson |first3 = Louis |access-date = 6 August 2019 |archive-date = 6 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190806041423/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/feb/14/what-we-know-about-mass-shootings/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
+* According to the [[Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act]] of 2012, signed into law in January 2013, a mass killing is defined as a killing with at least three deaths, excluding the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2013 |title=Text – H.R.2076 – 112th Congress (2011–2012): Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/2076/text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614044221/https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/2076/text |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=congress.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2076/text|title=H.R. 2076 (112th): Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012|website=[[govtrack.us]]|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=20 February 2018|quote=(I)the term mass killings means 3 or more killings in a single incident;|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190203/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2076/text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="politifact2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/feb/14/what-we-know-about-mass-shootings/|title=What we know about mass shootings|last1=Greenberg|first1=Jon|last2=Valverde|first2=Miriam|website=PolitiFact|language=en|quote=In January 2013, a mandate for federal investigation of mass shootings authorized by President Barack Obama lowered that baseline to three or more victims killed|last3=Jacobson|first3=Louis|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806041423/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/feb/14/what-we-know-about-mass-shootings/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+An ''act of mass shooting'' is typically defined as [[terrorist]] when it "appears to have been intended" to intimidate or to coerce people;<ref>{{cite web |author=Ana Swanson |date=3 December 2015 |title=When should a shooting really be called 'terrorism'? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/when-should-a-shooting-really-be-called-terrorism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823043220/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/when-should-a-shooting-really-be-called-terrorism/ |archive-date=23 August 2016 |access-date=27 June 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> although a mass shooting is not necessarily an act of terrorism solely by itself.<ref name="CRS" />
-The lack of a single definition can lead to [[alarmism]] in the news media, with some reports conflating categories of different crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year |title = No, There Has Not Been a Mass Shooting Every Day This Year |author = Mark Follman |date = 18 December 2015 |work = Mother Jones |access-date = 9 July 2018 |archive-date = 20 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225122/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last = Follman |first = Mark |title = No, There Has Not Been a Mass Shooting Every Day This Year |url = https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/ |access-date = 10 August 2022 |website = Mother Jones |language = en-US |archive-date = 10 August 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810174700/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Follman |first=Mark |date=3 December 2015 |title=Opinion {{!}} How Many Mass Shootings Are There, Really? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230703/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The lack of a single definition can lead to [[alarmism]] in the news media, with some reports conflating categories of different crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year|title=No, There Has Not Been a Mass Shooting Every Day This Year|author=Mark Follman|date=18 December 2015|work=Mother Jones|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225122/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Follman|first=Mark|title=No, There Has Not Been a Mass Shooting Every Day This Year|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/|access-date=10 August 2022|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810174700/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Follman|first=Mark|date=3 December 2015|title=Opinion {{!}} How Many Mass Shootings Are There, Really?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html|access-date=10 August 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230703/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
-An act of mass shooting is typically defined as terrorist when it "appears to have been intended" to intimidate or to coerce people;<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/when-should-a-shooting-really-be-called-terrorism/ |title = When should a shooting really be called 'terrorism'? |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = 3 December 2015 |author = Ana Swanson |access-date = 27 June 2016 |archive-date = 23 August 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160823043220/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/when-should-a-shooting-really-be-called-terrorism/ |url-status = live }}</ref> although a mass shooting is not necessarily an act of terrorism solely by itself.<ref name="CRS" />
+The perpetrator is typically, but not always excluded from the [[body count]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mass+Shootings+in+the+United+States:+2009%E2%80%932016&publication_year=2017 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>
-==By continent and region==
+==Prevalence==
-{{Update section|date=April 2023}}
-===Africa===
+The number of people killed in mass shootings is difficult to determine due to the lack of a commonly agreed definition.<ref name="Pew2023">{{Cite web |author=Pew Research Center |date=26 April 2023 |title=What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/26/what-the-data-says-about-gun-deaths-in-the-u-s/ |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> It is also difficult to determine whether their frequency is increasing or decreasing over time, for the same reason. In addition, there is a large impact from random chance, [[outlier]]s, and the specific time frame chosen for analysis.<ref name="Pew2023"/>
-Mass shootings have occurred on the African continent, including the 1927 shooting in [[South Africa]] perpetrated by [[Stephanus Swart]], the [[Grand-Bassam shootings|2016 Grand Bassam attack]] in [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast]], and the 1994 [[Kampala wedding massacre]] in [[Kampala, Uganda]]. Whilst incidents of mass violence resulting from terrorism and [[ethnic conflict]] have occurred on the continent, "mass shootings" as generally understood are rare in Africa.
-====Egypt====
+===United States===
-Various shootings include both the 1997 [[Luxor massacre]] and the 2013 [[Meet al-Attar shooting]] in [[Egypt]].
+{{main|Mass shootings in the United States}}
-====Kenya====
+[[File:2000- Outcomes of active shooter attacks.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| A ''New York Times'' study reported how outcomes of active shooter attacks varied with actions of the attacker, the police (42% of total incidents), and bystanders (including a "[[good guy with a gun]]" outcome in 5.1% of total incidents).<ref name=NYTimes_20220622>{{cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|last2=Leatherby|first2=Lauren|title=Who Stops a 'Bad Guy With a Gun'?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html|work=The New York Times|date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622111531/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html|archive-date=22 June 2022|quote=Data source: Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
-On 2 April 2015, armed [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|terrorists]] [[Garissa University College attack|stormed a public university in the North Eastern part of the country and killed 148 people.]]
+{{multiple image |total_width=450
+| image1= 1982- Deaths from mass shootings in the U.S - scatterplot and line chart.svg |caption1=Total deaths in U.S. mass shootings—defined as four or more people shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator, at a public place, excluding gang-related killings<ref name=MotherJones_MassShootingDeaths>{{cite web|last1=Follman|first1=Mark|last2=Aronsen|first2=Gavin|last3=Pan|first3=Deanna|title=US Mass Shootings, 1982–2023: Data From Mother Jones' Investigation|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/|publisher=Mother Jones|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331034144/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/|archive-date=31 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=MotherJones_GuideToMassShootings>{{cite web|last1=Follman|first1=Mark|last2=Aronsen|first2=Gavin|last3=Pan|first3=Deanna|title=A Guide to Mass Shootings in America|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/|publisher=MotherJones.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310230204/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/|archive-date=10 March 2023|date=2012|quote=Updated 27 March 2023|url-status=live}} Describes inclusion criteria.</ref>
+| image2= 1998- Mass shootings in developed countries - bubble chart.svg |caption2= The U.S. has substantially more mass shootings (in which four or more people are killed) than other developed countries.<ref name=NYTimes_20220526>{{cite news|last1=Lopez|first1=German|title=America's Gun Problem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/briefing/guns-america-shooting-deaths.html|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526114221/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/briefing/guns-america-shooting-deaths.html|archive-date=26 May 2022|quote=Source: Jason R. Silva, William Paterson University|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'', the U.S. gun homicide rate is as much as 26 times that of other high-income countries.<ref>[https://www.vox.com/23142734/cleveland-texas-mass-shootings America's unique, enduring gun problem, explained] vox, retrieved 3 June 2023</ref>
+}}
+The United States has had the most mass shootings of any country in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-leads-world-in-mass-shootings-1443905359|title=U.S. Leads World in Mass Shootings|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=2 October 2017|first1=Joe|last1=Palazzolo|first2=Alexis|last2=Flynn|date=3 October 2015|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503021459/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-leads-world-in-mass-shootings-1443905359|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN why">{{cite news|last=Christensen|first=Jen|title=Why the US has the most mass shootings|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 November 2017|date=5 October 2017|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419135832/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/03/americas/us-gun-statistics/index.html|title=How US gun culture compares with the world in five charts|first=Kara|last=Fox|date=9 March 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607163404/https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/03/americas/us-gun-statistics/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 103 deaths in mass shootings in 2021 (excluding the perpetrators) using the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s definition, and 706 deaths using the [[Gun Violence Archive]]'s definition.<ref name="Pew2023"/> The FBI's definition refers to "active shooter incidents" defined as "one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area", while the Gun Violence Archive's definition counts incidents where at least four people (excluding the perpetrator) were shot, but not necessarily killed.<ref name="Pew2023"/>
-=== Asia ===
+In a 2016 study published by criminologist Adam Lankford, it was estimated that 31 percent of all public mass shooters from 1966 to 2012 attacked in the United States, although the U.S. had less than five percent of the world's population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lankford|first=Adam|date=2016|title=Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries|url=http://connect.springerpub.com/lookup/doi/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093|journal=Violence and Victims|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=187–199|doi=10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093|pmid=26822013|s2cid=207266615|issn=0886-6708|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219082757/https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrvv/31/2/187|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The study concludes that "The United States and other nations with high firearm ownership rates may be particularly susceptible to future public mass shootings, even if they are relatively peaceful or mentally healthy according to other national indicators."<ref name="Lankford2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lankford|first1=Adam|title=Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries|journal=Violence and Victims|volume=31|issue=2|year=2016|pages=187–199|issn=0886-6708|doi=10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093|pmid=26822013|s2cid=207266615}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
-Several mass shootings have occurred in [[Asia]], including the 1878 Hyderabad shooting and 1983 [[Pashupatinath Temple shooting]] in [[India]], the 1938 [[Tsuyama massacre]] in [[Japan]], the 1948 [[Babrra massacre]] in [[Pakistan]], the 2014 [[Peshawar school massacre]] killing 149 people, the 1993 [[Chongqing shooting]] and the 1994 [[Tian Mingjian incident]] in [[China]], as well as the 2001 [[Nepalese royal massacre]].
-==== China ====
+Criminologist [[Gary Kleck]] criticized Lankford's findings, stating the study merely shows a proportional relationship but fails to prove that gun ownership ''causes'' mass shootings. The backlash from economist and gun rights advocate [[John Lott (political activist)|John Lott]] also raised objections to Lankford's methodology and refusal to share his data. He speculated that Lankford had overlooked a significant number of mass shootings outside the U.S., which if accounted for would adjust the nation's share closer to 2.88 percent; slightly below the world average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/aug/29/john-lott-jr-adam-lankford-botched-study-claiming-/|title=Shock study: U.S. had far fewer mass shootings than previously reported|first=Stephen|last=Dinan|date=16 December 2018|publisher=washingtontimes|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217062808/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/aug/29/john-lott-jr-adam-lankford-botched-study-claiming-/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite SSRN|title=How a Botched Study Fooled the World About the U.S. Share of Mass Public Shootings: U.S. Rate is Lower than Global Average|first=John|last=Lott|date=16 December 2018|ssrn=3238736}}</ref> Lankford has since followed up on his research, publishing his data and clarifying that the United States from 1998 to 2012 did have more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone, which is almost always the case with mass shooters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://econjwatch.org/articles/confirmation-that-the-united-states-has-six-times-its-global-share-of-public-mass-shooters-courtesy-of-lott-and-moody-s-data|title=Confirmation That the United States Has Six Times Its Global Share of Public Mass Shooters, Courtesy of Lott and Moody's Data|last=Adam|first=Lankford|date=March 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216081739/https://econjwatch.org/articles/confirmation-that-the-united-states-has-six-times-its-global-share-of-public-mass-shooters-courtesy-of-lott-and-moody-s-data|url-status=live}}</ref> Using the data from Lott and Moody's 2019 study of mass shootings,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1106/LottMoodyMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf|title=Is the United States an Outlier in Public Mass Shootings? A Comment on Adam Lankford|last=Moody, Lott|date=March 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118191654/https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1106/LottMoodyMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Lankford explains that "41 of all 138 public mass shootings by single perpetrators worldwide were committed in the United States. That represents 29.7 percent. Because America had in those years approximately 4.5 percent of the world's population (according to Lott and Moody's calculations), this indicates that based on their data, the United States had more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone (29.7/4.5 = 6.6).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1105/LankfordMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf|title=Confirmation That the United States Has Six Times Its Global Share of Public Mass Shooters, Courtesy of Lott and Moody's Data|last=Lankford|first=Adam|date=March 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209222101/https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1105/LankfordMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In a subsequent study, Lankford criticized Lott and Moody for including "attacks by terrorist organizations, genocidal militias, armed rebel groups, and paramilitary fighters" in their data and suggested they "misrepresent approximately 1,000 foreign cases from their own dataset" in other ways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Importance of Analyzing Public Mass Shooters Separately from Other Attackers When Estimating the Prevalence of Their Behavior Worldwide · Econ Journal Watch: public mass shootings, public mass shooter, lone wolf, terrorism, gun policy|url=https://econjwatch.org/articles/the-importance-of-analyzing-public-mass-shooters-separately-from-other-attackers-when-estimating-the-prevalence-of-their-behavior-worldwide|access-date=12 July 2022|website=econjwatch.org|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706124518/https://econjwatch.org/articles/the-importance-of-analyzing-public-mass-shooters-separately-from-other-attackers-when-estimating-the-prevalence-of-their-behavior-worldwide|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Category see also|Mass shootings in China}}
-Mass shootings are rare occurrences in [[China]] due to [[Gun control in China|the country's strict gun control laws]], which prohibit private ownership of firearms.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Nevertheless, there have been some incidents of mass shootings in recent years.
-One of the most notable incidents was the [[Chongqing shooting]] that occurred on 5 April 1993. The incident happened when a man named Chen Xuerong, a worker at the Chongqing machine factory, became angry over a mistake on his timesheet and armed himself with a hunting rifle, intending to kill his boss. When he discovered that his boss was not present, he turned his gun on his co-workers, killing three of them before being apprehended by the police.
+Mass shootings have also been observed to be followed by an increase in the purchase of weapons, but this does not seem to create an increased feeling of needing guns in either gun owners or non-owners.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Wolfgang|last1=Stroebe|first2=N. Pontus|last2=Leander|first3=Arie W.|last3=Kruglanski|title=The impact of the Orlando mass shooting on fear of victimization and gun-purchasing intentions: Not what one might expect|journal=PLOS One|date=11 August 2017|issn=1932-6203|article-number=e0182408|volume=12|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0182408|pmid=28800365|pmc=5553639|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1282408S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-Another incident happened in Shanghai on June 22, 2013, when a man named [[2013 Shanghai shooting|Fan Jieming]] entered a shop and shot six people dead before turning the gun on himself. The motive for the shooting was reportedly a personal dispute.
+Even though the global [[COVID-19 pandemic]] reduced public gatherings from March 2020 onward, the number of mass shootings increased significantly over that period. It "even doubled in July 2020 compared to a year earlier".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/16/us/mass-shootings-increased-in-pandemic/index.html|title=Mass shootings in the US increased during the coronavirus pandemic, study finds|date=16 September 2021|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091140/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/16/us/mass-shootings-increased-in-pandemic/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==== India ====
+===Other countries===
-{{Category see also|Mass shootings in India}}
-Mass shootings and violent attacks in India have occurred throughout history, resulting in significant loss of life and trauma for those affected. While gun violence is relatively uncommon in India due to strict gun control laws, incidents of mass shootings and violent attacks continue to occur.
-In [[British India]], the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] took place on 13 April 1919, when an estimated 379{{ndash}}1500 Indian protesters were killed by the British Army, and an additional 1,200 were injured.
+* Mass shootings (and firearm deaths in general) are exceedingly rare in China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and the United Kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[Gun control in China|China's strict gun control laws]] have prohibited private ownership of firearms since 1951.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yeung|first1=Jessie|last2=George|first2=Steve|title=China and the US were both born from armed conflict. They're now polar opposites on gun control|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/china/gun-control-us-china-mic-intl-hnk/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=20 September 2021|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Japan has as few as two gun-related homicides per year. These numbers include all homicides in the country, not just mass shootings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/a-land-without-guns-how-japan-has-virtually-eliminated-shooting-deaths/260189/|title=A Land Without Guns: How Japan Has Virtually Eliminated Shooting Deaths|work=The Atlantic|date=23 July 2012|access-date=16 December 2015|first=Max|last=Fisher|archive-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216014947/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/a-land-without-guns-how-japan-has-virtually-eliminated-shooting-deaths/260189/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* While gun violence is relatively uncommon in India due to strict gun control laws, incidents of mass shootings continue to occur.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
+* Mass shootings are relatively rare in Russia, but they have occurred sporadically over the past decade. Most of the incidents involve lone gunmen, although there have been a few cases involving multiple shooters.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
+* Mass shootings have become a common occurrence in Mexico, particularly in recent years. The country has been plagued by violence from drug cartels, which have been responsible for many of the deadliest mass shootings in [[Mexican history|Mexico's history]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
+* Brazil has one of the highest rates of gun violence in the world, and mass shootings have become more common in recent years. In 2022, there were at least 10 mass shootings in Brazil, resulting in the deaths of over 50 people. Furthermore, In 2017, there were over 45,000 gun-related homicides countrywide.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Malta|first1=Deborah Carvalho|last2=Soares Filho|first2=Adauto Martins|last3=Pinto|first3=Isabella Vitral|last4=de Souza Minayo|first4=Maria Cecília|last5=Lima|first5=Cheila Marina|last6=Machado|first6=Ísis Eloah|last7=Teixeira|first7=Renato Azeredo|last8=Neto|first8=Otaliba Libânio Morais|last9=Ladeira|first9=Roberto Marini |last10=Merchan-Hamann |first10=Edgar|last11=de Souza|first11=Maria de Fatima Marinho|last12=Vasconcelos|first12=Cíntia Honório|last13=Vidotti|first13=Carlos Cezar Flores|last14=Cousin|first14=Ewerton|last15=Glenn|first15=Scott|date=2020-09-30|title=Association between firearms and mortality in Brazil, 1990 to 2017: a global burden of disease Brazil study|journal=Population Health Metrics|volume=18|issue=1|page=19|doi=10.1186/s12963-020-00222-3|issn=1478-7954|pmc=7525968|pmid=32993706|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+* In Africa, whilst incidents of mass violence resulting from terrorism and [[ethnic conflict]] have occurred, mass shootings are generally understood as rare.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
-One of the most notorious mass shootings in modern India was the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], in which 10 gunmen affiliated with the terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] attacked multiple targets in Mumbai, killing 166 people and injuring hundreds more. The attack lasted for four days and one of the perpetrators was sentenced to death.
+== Victims and survivors ==
-Other notable incidents include the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]], in which five gunmen attacked the parliament building in New Delhi, killing nine people, and the [[2016 Pathankot attack]], in which militants attacked an [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Indian Air Force base in Pathankot]], killing seven security personnel.
+It is common for mass shooting survivors to suffer from [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]<ref name="liberty">{{cite web |last1=Simmons |first1=Laura |date=29 June 2014 |title=Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Mass Shooting Survivors |url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/06/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-mass-shooting-survivors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121024404/http://guardianlv.com/2014/06/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-mass-shooting-survivors/ |archive-date=21 November 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=Liberty Voice}}</ref><ref name="ptsd">{{cite web |title=Impact of Mass Shootings on Individual Adjustment |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/V25N3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083023/http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/V25N3.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=ptsd.va.gov |publisher=National Center for PTSD}}</ref> and [[Survivor guilt|survivors guilt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PTSD: National Center for PTSD |url=https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/types/mass_violence_help.asp |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=ptsd.va.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> In 2019, Sydney Aiello and Calvin Desir, both survivors of the [[Parkland high school shooting]], committed suicide as a result of survivors guilt; Aiello knew of a friend killed in the shooting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazzei |first1=Patricia |title=After 2 Apparent Student Suicides, Parkland Grieves Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/24/us/parkland-suicide-marjory-stoneman-douglas.html |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
-Mass shootings have also occurred in the context of regional conflicts. For example, the [[2014 Chhattisgarh attack]] involved [[Naxalite]] militants attacking a convoy of political leaders and security personnel, killing 15 people, while the [[2021 Sukma-Bijapur attack]] involved [[Naxalite]] rebels attacking security forces, resulting in the deaths of at least 22 security personnel.
+After mass shootings, survivors frequently report persistent mental health effects; population-based and survivor studies have found elevated major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly among those with higher exposure and limited social support.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba-Aji |first=M |title=Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After a Mass Shooting |journal=JAMA Network Open |year=2024 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e242739 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.2739|pmc=10951730 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba-Aji |first=M |title=Prevalence and risk factors of depression in U.S. adults post mass shootings: evidence from population-based surveys of multiple communities |journal=Public Health |year=2024 |volume=232 |pages=93-99 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2024.04.016|doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, studies have evaluated post-incident service use, noting variable awareness and uptake of mental health and other support services among affected communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rancher |first=C |title=Awareness and use of support services following mass violence incidents |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |year=2024 |volume=180 |pages=79-85 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.001}}</ref> A survivor of the [[Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting]] wrote about his reaction to other mass shooting incidents.<ref name="follman">{{cite magazine |last1=Follman |first1=Mark |title='I Was a Survivor': Recalling a Mass Shooting 4 Years Ago Today |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shooting-survivor |magazine=Mother Jones |date=27 July 2012 |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826041704/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shooting-survivor |url-status=live}}</ref> The father of a victim in [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting|a mass shooting at a movie theater]] in [[Aurora, Colorado]], wrote about witnessing other mass shootings after the loss of his son.<ref name="teves">{{cite web|last1=Teves|first1=Tom|title='Something is very wrong in our society': Father of mass-shooting victim calls for an end to the carnage|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/07/31/something_is_very_wrong_in_our_society_father_of_mass_shooting_victim_calls_for_an_end_to_the_carnage/|work=Salon|date=31 July 2015|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=3 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803000933/http://www.salon.com/2015/07/31/something_is_very_wrong_in_our_society_father_of_mass_shooting_victim_calls_for_an_end_to_the_carnage/|url-status=live}}</ref> The survivors of the [[2011 Norway attacks]] recounted their experience to ''[[GQ]]'' magazine.<ref name="GQ">{{cite magazine|last1=Flynn|first1=Sean|title=Is he coming? Is he? Oh God, I think he is.|url=https://www.gq.com/story/anders-behring-breivik-norway-massacre-story|magazine=GQ|date=30 July 2012|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=1 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801031317/http://www.gq.com/story/anders-behring-breivik-norway-massacre-story|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, one paper studied Swedish police officers' reactions to a mass shooting.<ref name="Swedish">{{cite web|last1=Karlsson|first1=Ingemar|title=Memories of traumatic events among swedish police officers|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf;jsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Bjsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm&pid=diva2%3A194618&dswid=dtR86wHT|publisher=Stockholm University|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153127/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf;jsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Bjsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm&pid=diva2%3A194618&dswid=dtR86wHT|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==== Israel ====
+== Perpetrators ==
-{{see also|Category:Mass shootings in Israel}}
+{{For|a detailed list of mass shooters and other rampage killers|List of rampage killers}}
-Mass shootings have occurred in [[Israel]], both carried out by Palestinian extremists and by Jewish extremists. Notable mass shootings in Israel, include the 1972 [[Lod Airport massacre|Lod Airport Massacre]], which killed 26 and injured 80, the 2002 [[Bat Mitzvah massacre]] in [[Hadera]], [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|Mercaz HaRav Massacre]] in 2008, the [[2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack]] in [[Jerusalem]] and the [[June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting]] at the popular Sarona centre complex in [[Tel Aviv]].
+{{Globalize|section|date=March 2023}}
-There have been mass shootings by Jews in Israel and Palestine. [[Ami Popper]] was convicted of murdering seven Palestinian men in a mass shooting carried out in 1990. In 1994, terrorist [[Baruch Goldstein]] murdered 29 Muslims and injured a further 125 in Hebron during the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]].
+=== Sex and ethnicity ===
-Other notable mass shootings include the [[2002 Hadera attack]], the [[2005 Shilo shooting]], and the [[2013 Beersheba shooting]]. In April 2022, a [[2022 Tel Aviv shooting|mass shooting]] occurred on [[Dizengoff Street]] in Tel Aviv, in which a Palestinian gunman killed three civilians and injured six. In January 2023, a Palestinian gunman killed at least seven civilians in the Israeli settlement of [[Neve Yaakov]] in occupied [[East Jerusalem]]. The suspect is also reported to have shot at worshippers exiting a synagogue and was shot and killed by attending police officers. This was Israel's deadliest peacetime Palestinian attack since the Mercaz HaRav Massacre in 2008.
+==== United States ====
+The overwhelming majority of mass shooters in the U.S. are male, with some sources showing males account for 98 percent of mass shooters.<ref name="frum">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/mass-shootings-are-preventable/396644/|title=Mass Shootings Are Preventable|last1=Frum|first1=David|date=23 June 2015|magazine=The Atlantic|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818075309/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/mass-shootings-are-preventable/396644/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/114128/elliott-rodgers-ucsb-santa-barbara-shooter/|title=Why Mass Killers Are Always Male|last1=Kluger|first1=Jeffrey|date=25 May 2014|access-date=11 August 2015|magazine=Time|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916164325/http://time.com/114128/elliott-rodgers-ucsb-santa-barbara-shooter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DFord">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/27/us/mass-shootings/|title=Who commits mass shootings?|last=Ford|first=Dana|date=24 July 2015|publisher=CNN|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141548/http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/27/us/mass-shootings/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Sky News, male perpetrators committed 110 out of 114 school shootings (96%) in the period 1982{{ndash}}2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/why-are-white-men-more-likely-to-carry-out-mass-shootings-11252808|title=Why are white men carrying out more mass shootings?|publisher=Sky News|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211052755/https://news.sky.com/story/why-are-white-men-more-likely-to-carry-out-mass-shootings-11252808|url-status=live}}</ref> compared to homicides in general in the United States, where 85.3 percent of homicides were committed by males.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kellermann|first1=A. L.|last2=Mercy|first2=J. A.|date=July 1992|title=Men, women, and murder: gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization|journal=The Journal of Trauma|volume=33|issue=1|pages=1–5|issn=0022-5282|pmid=1635092}}</ref>
-==== Japan ====
+A study by [[Statista]] showed that 65 out of 116 (56%) U.S. mass shootings in a period from 1982 to 2019 involved white shooters (who are 65% of the population).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/476456/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-race/|title=U.S.: mass shootings by race 1982–2019|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104152500/https://www.statista.com/statistics/476456/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-race/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a database compiled by ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' magazine, the race of the shooters is approximately proportionate to the overall U.S. population, although Asians are overrepresented and Latinos underrepresented.<ref name="DFord" />
-[[Japan]] has as few as two gun-related homicides per year. These numbers include all homicides in the country, not just mass shootings.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/a-land-without-guns-how-japan-has-virtually-eliminated-shooting-deaths/260189/ |title = A Land Without Guns: How Japan Has Virtually Eliminated Shooting Deaths |work = The Atlantic |date = 23 July 2012 |access-date = 16 December 2015 |first = Max |last = Fisher |archive-date = 16 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151216014947/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/a-land-without-guns-how-japan-has-virtually-eliminated-shooting-deaths/260189/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Japan has had several mass shootings, including the [[Tsuyama massacre]], [[2007 Sasebo shooting]], and the [[2010 Habikino shooting]].
-==== South Korea ====
+=== Mental health ===
-Mass shootings are extremely rare in [[South Korea]]. The deadliest mass shooting was committed by [[Woo Bum-kon]] in 1982, leaving 62 dead. For many years, it was the deadliest mass shooting in modern history, until the [[2011 Norway attacks]] surpassed it.
+In a study of 55 mass shooters from Mother Jones' mass shooting database, researchers found that 87.5 percent of perpetrators had misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated or undiagnosed and untreated psychiatric illnesses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cerfolio|first1=Nina E.|last2=Glick|first2=Ira|last3=Kamis|first3=Danielle|last4=Laurence|first4=Michael|date=1 September 2022|title=A Retrospective Observational Study of Psychosocial Determinants and Psychiatric Diagnoses of Mass Shooters in the United States|url=https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001|journal=Psychodynamic Psychiatry|volume=50|issue=3|pages=513–528|doi=10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001|pmid=35175100|s2cid=246903970|issn=2162-2590|access-date=6 September 2022|archive-date=6 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906025607/https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
-==== Thailand ====
+According to a study by The Violence Project, 42 percent of all mass shooters experienced physical or sexual abuse, childhood trauma, parental suicide, or were victims of bullying.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Most mass shooters share these four defining moments, research shows|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/most-mass-shooters-share-these-four-defining-moments-research-show/|access-date=25 November 2022|publisher=CBS News|date=21 November 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=24 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124125522/https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/most-mass-shooters-share-these-four-defining-moments-research-show/|url-status=live}}</ref> They also found that 72 percent of perpetrators were suicidal.
-A&nbsp;[[Nakhon Ratchasima shootings|mass shooting]] occurred near and in&nbsp;[[Nakhon Ratchasima]], Thailand, colloquially known as Korat, between 8 and 9 February 2020. A soldier of the&nbsp;Royal Thai Police&nbsp;killed 30 people and wounded 58 others before he was eventually shot and killed.
+In a study of 171 mass shooters who attacked in the United States from 1966 to 2019, researchers Adam Lankford and Rebecca Cowan found that although the vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent, "almost all public mass shooters may have mental health problems." They suggest the frequency of mental health problems among mass shooters is sometimes underestimated because "many perpetrators have never been formally evaluated by a psychiatrist or mental health practitioner...and others deliberately avoid doctors, conceal their mental health problems, or lie about their symptoms due to shame, stigma, or fear of other consequences." However, Lankford and Cowan also emphasize that mental illness is not the sole cause of mass shootings and many other factors play an important role in perpetrators' decisions to attack.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lankford|first1=Adam|last2=Cowan|first2=Rebecca G.|date=September 2020|title=Has the role of mental health problems in mass shootings been significantly underestimated?|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037%2Ftam0000151|journal=Journal of Threat Assessment and Management|language=en|volume=7|issue=3–4|pages=135–156|doi=10.1037/tam0000151|s2cid=234017401|issn=2169-4850|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219082759/https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/tam0000151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
-On 6 October 2022, thirty-eight people, 24 of which were children, were killed in a [[2022 Nong Bua Lamphu massacre|shooting and stabbing spree]] by former police officer Panya Kamrab. The main target was a Child Care Centre in [[Nong Bua Lamphu province]]. The perpetrator then killed both his wife and son at his own home.
+=== Criminal records ===
+Criminologist James Allen Fox said that most mass murderers do not have a criminal record, or involuntary incarceration at a mental health centre,<ref>{{cite web|last=Peters|first=Justin|date=19 December 2013|title=Mass shootings in America: Northeastern criminologists James Alan Fox, Monica J. DeLateur in Homicide Studies refute common myths about mass murder|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2013/12/19/mass_shootings_in_america_northeastern_criminologists_james_alan_fox_monica.html|access-date=8 July 2016|website=Slate.com|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005023137/http://www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2013/12/19/mass_shootings_in_america_northeastern_criminologists_james_alan_fox_monica.html|url-status=live}}</ref> although an article in ''The New York Times'' in December 2015 about 15 recent mass shootings found that six perpetrators had had run-ins with law enforcement, and six had mental health issues.<ref name="larry">{{cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|date=3 December 2015|title=How They Got Their Guns|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/03/us/how-mass-shooters-got-their-guns.html?_r=0|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110010534/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/03/us/how-mass-shooters-got-their-guns.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Europe ===
+=== Motives ===
-{{category see also|Mass shootings in Europe}}
+Mass shootings (that occur in public locations) are usually committed by deeply disgruntled individuals who are seeking [[revenge]] as a [[Motive (law)|motive]], for failures in school, career, romance, or life in general.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fox |first1=James |last2=DeLateur |first2=Monica |title=Mass Shootings in America: Moving Beyond Newtown |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270480045_Mass_Shootings_in_America_Moving_Beyond_Newtown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213903/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270480045_Mass_Shootings_in_America_Moving_Beyond_Newtown |archive-date=2 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Homicide Studies |edition=Vol 8(1) |pages=125–145}}</ref> Additionally, or alternately, they could be seeking fame or attention,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lankford |first=Adam |date=1 March 2016 |title=Fame-seeking rampage shooters: Initial findings and empirical predictions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178916300027 |url-status=live |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=27 |pages=122–129 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2016.02.002 |issn=1359-1789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725120454/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178916300027 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=12 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and at least 16 mass shooters since the [[Columbine High School massacre|Columbine massacre]] have cited fame or notoriety as a motive.<ref name="reason.com">{{cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Are the Media Making Mass Shootings Worse? |url=https://reason.com/video/2022/09/16/is-the-media-making-mass-shootings-worse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013124920/https://reason.com/video/2022/09/16/is-the-media-making-mass-shootings-worse/ |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> Fame-seeking mass shooters kill on average more than twice as many people as mass shooters who are not fame-seeking. Many of the former articulate a desire to surpass "past records".<ref name="reason.com" />
-The deadliest mass shooting by a lone individual in modern history occurred in Europe with the [[2011 Norway attacks]] in [[Norway]], in which 77 people died. Of them 69 died of gunshot wounds. Eight other victims were killed by a bomb and two indirectly.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1 = Herring |first1 = Keely |last2 = Jacobson |first2 = Louis |title = Is Barack Obama correct that mass killings don't happen in other countries? |url = https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jun/22/barack-obama/barack-obama-correct-mass-killings-dont-happen-oth/ |website = www.politifact.com |language = en |access-date = 1 August 2019 |archive-date = 1 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190801001612/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jun/22/barack-obama/barack-obama-correct-mass-killings-dont-happen-oth/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
-====United Kingdom====
+Mass shootings can be motivated by [[religious extremism]], [[political ideologies]] (e.g., [[neo-Nazism]], [[Communism]], [[terrorism]], [[white supremacism]]), [[racism]], [[misogyny]], [[homophobia]], [[Murder–suicide|perpetrator suicidality]], [[mental illness]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/other-hand/2018/02/high-school-students-demand-action-gun-control-following-parkland|title=High school students demand action on gun control following Parkland shooting – rabble.ca|website=rabble.ca|date=16 February 2018|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625075226/http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/other-hand/2018/02/high-school-students-demand-action-gun-control-following-parkland|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Van Brunt, Brian, and W. Scott Lewis. "Costuming, misogyny, and objectification as risk factors in targeted violence." Violence and gender 1.1 (2014): 25–35.</ref> and revenge against [[bullying]],<ref>Rocque, Michael. "Exploring school rampage shootings: Research, theory, and policy." The Social Science Journal 49.3 (2012): 304–313.</ref> among other reasons.<ref name="frum" /> Forensic psychologist [[Stephen Ross (psychologist)|Stephen Ross]] cites extreme anger and the notion of working for a cause{{snds}}rather than mental illness{{snds}}as primary explanations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Holly|title=Inside the mind of a mass murderer|url=http://wane.com/2015/12/02/inside-the-mind-of-a-mass-murderer/|publisher=WANE.com|date=2 December 2015|access-date=10 December 2015|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225401/http://wane.com/2015/12/02/inside-the-mind-of-a-mass-murderer/}}</ref> A study by [[Vanderbilt University]] researchers found that "fewer than five percent of the 120,000 gun-related killings in the United States between 2001 and 2010 were perpetrated by people diagnosed with mental illness."<ref name=wolf>{{cite web|last1=Wolf|first1=Amy|title=Mental Illness is the wrong scapegoat after mass shootings|url=http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2014/12/mental-illness-wrong-scapegoat-shootings/|publisher=Vanderbilt University|date=11 December 2014|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729073129/http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2014/12/mental-illness-wrong-scapegoat-shootings/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Roman]] of the [[Urban Institute]] argues that, while better access to mental health care, restricting high powered weapons, and creating a defensive infrastructure to combat terrorism are constructive, they do not address the greater issue, which is "we have a lot of really angry young men in our country and in the world."<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-roman-phd/angry-young-men-and-mass_b_10503106.html Angry young Men and Mass Killings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617150707/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-roman-phd/angry-young-men-and-mass_b_10503106.html |date=17 June 2016 }}. ''The Huffington Post''. 16 June 2016.</ref>
-{{Main|List of mass shootings in the United Kingdom}}
-Mass shootings are extremely rare in [[the United Kingdom]]. The country has some of the strictest gun laws in the world, which were introduced in response to the [[Dunblane shooting]] in 1996. Since then, there have been only a handful of mass shootings in the country, and they have resulted in relatively few fatalities.
-One of the deadliest mass shootings in the UK took place on March 13, 1996, in [[Dunblane|Dunblane, Scotland]]. A man entered a primary school and opened fire, [[Dunblane massacre|killing 16 children and one teacher]] before committing suicide. This led to a ban on the private ownership of handguns in the UK.
+Author [[Dave Cullen]], in his 2009 book ''[[Columbine (book)|Columbine]]'' on the 1999 [[Columbine High School massacre]] and its perpetrators [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]], described Harris as an "injustice collector."<ref>{{cite web|title=Finally understand why. Dave Cullen's Edgar-winning Columbine book: the Columbine killers, shooting & myths|url=http://davecullen.com/columbine.htm|website=davecullen.com|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205183019/http://davecullen.com/columbine.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He expanded on the concept in a 2015 ''[[The New Republic|New Republic]]'' essay on injustice collectors,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Inside the Warped Mind of Vester Flanagan and Other Shooters|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/122669/injustice-collectors-how-understand-vester-flanagans-manifesto|magazine=The New Republic|date=31 August 2015|access-date=27 September 2015|first=Dave|last=Cullen|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925090910/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/122669/injustice-collectors-how-understand-vester-flanagans-manifesto|url-status=live}}</ref> identifying several notorious killers as fitting the category, including [[Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt|Christopher Dorner]], [[Elliot Rodger]], [[Murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward|Vester Flanagan]], and [[Andrew Kehoe]]. Likewise, mass shooting expert and former FBI profiler [[Mary O'Toole (mass shooting expert)|Mary O'Toole]] also uses the phrase "injustice collector" in characterizing motives of some mass shooting perpetrators.<ref name="newsweek">{{cite magazine|last1=Bekiempis|first1=Victoria|title=Meet Mass-Shooting Expert Mary Ellen O'Toole|url=http://www.newsweek.com/serial-killer-mass-shooter-school-shootings-federal-bureau-investigation-367374|date=4 September 2015|magazine=Newsweek|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905165833/http://www.newsweek.com/serial-killer-mass-shooter-school-shootings-federal-bureau-investigation-367374|url-status=live}}</ref> In relation, criminologist [[James Alan Fox]] contends that mass murderers are "enabled by social isolation" and typically experience "years of disappointment and failure that produce a mix of profound hopelessness and deep-seated resentment."<ref>{{cite web|first=James Alan|last=Fox|date=16 January 2011|url=http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/crime_punishment/2011/01/the_real_causes_of_mass_murder.html|title=The real causes of mass murder|work=Boston.com|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002152559/http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/crime_punishment/2011/01/the_real_causes_of_mass_murder.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/12/03/james-alan-fox-san-bernardino-focus-murderous-partnership/76725342/|title=James Alan Fox: In San Bernardino, focus on the murderous partnership|work=USA Today|date=3 December 2015|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009220849/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/12/03/james-alan-fox-san-bernardino-focus-murderous-partnership/76725342/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jillian Peterson]], an assistant professor of criminology at [[Hamline University]] who is participating in the construction of a database on mass shooters, noted that two phenomena surface repeatedly in the statistics: hopelessness and a need for notoriety in life or in death.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wanamaker|first=John|date=8 October 2017|title='This shooter is a little different': Hamline professor studies mass shootings|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/10/08/this-shooter-is-a-little-different-hamline-professor-studies-mass-shootings|work=[[Minnesota Public Radio|MPR]] News|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008220903/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/10/08/this-shooter-is-a-little-different-hamline-professor-studies-mass-shootings|url-status=live}}</ref> Notoriety was first suggested as a possible motive and researched by Justin Nutt. Nutt stated in a 2013 article, "those who feel nameless and as though no one will care or remember them when they are gone may feel doing something such as a school shooting will make sure they are remembered and listed in the history books."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialjusticesolutions.org/2013/12/14/school-shootings-possible-causes/|title=School Shootings and Possible Causes|date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216033628/http://www.socialjusticesolutions.org/2013/12/14/school-shootings-possible-causes/|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>
-Another major mass shooting occurred on [[Hungerford massacre|August 19, 1987, in Hungerford, England]]. A man killed his mother before going on a shooting spree in the town, killing 16 people and injuring 15 others before taking his own life. This incident led to increased restrictions on the ownership of semi-automatic rifles and shotguns.
+In considering the frequency of mass shootings in the United States, criminologist [[Peter Squires (criminologist)|Peter Squires]] says that the individualistic culture in the United States puts the country at greater risk for mass shootings than other countries, noting that <q>many other countries where gun ownership is high, such as Norway, Finland, Switzerland and Israel...tend to have more tight-knit societies where a strong social bond supports people through crises, and mass killings are fewer.</q> He is an advocate of gun control, but contends there is more to mass shootings than the prevalence of guns.<ref name="europe">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|title=In Europe, fewer mass killings due to culture not guns|last1=Dorell|first1=Oren|date=18 December 2012|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822003403/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Italian Marxist academic [[Franco Berardi]] argues that the [[hyper-individualism]], [[social alienation]] and competitiveness fomented by [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] ideology and [[capitalism]] creates mass shooters by causing people to "malfunction."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/berardi-interview/|title=This Theorist Believes That Capitalism Creates Mass Murderers by Causing People to 'Malfunction'|last=McIntyre|first=Niamh|date=16 April 2015|work=Vice|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928030150/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wd7eyw/berardi-interview|url-status=live}}</ref>
-One of the most recent incidents occurred on August 12, 2021, in Plymouth, England, when [[Plymouth shooting|Jake Davison]], an [[incel]], killed five people and injured two others before taking his own life. Subsequently, the British government responded by announcing new guidance that would require police to investigate social media posts of firearms licence applicants and holders. The Home Office requested all police services in England and Wales to review their practices and existing licences before the new guidance is published.
+=== Social science and family structure ===
+A noteworthy connection has been reported in the U.S. between mass shootings and domestic or family violence, with a current or former intimate partner or family member killed in 76 of 133 cases (57%), and a perpetrator having previously been charged with domestic violence in 21.<ref name="alter2">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/17/domestic-violence-gun_n_5595898.html|title=Mass Shooting Analysis Finds Strong Domestic Violence Connection|author=Melissa Jeltsen|date=18 July 2014|newspaper =Huffington Post|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508181411/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/17/domestic-violence-gun_n_5595898.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bloombergstudy">{{cite web|url=http://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/|title=Analysis of Mass Shootings|date=20 August 2015|access-date=13 June 2016|newspaper=Everytownresearch.org|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510122503/https://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/|url-status=live}} This analysis has later figures than reported in the article</ref>
-Other mass shootings in the UK include the [[Cumbria shootings]] on June 2, 2010, in which a man killed 12 people and injured 11 others before committing suicide; the [[Wallasey pub shooting]], where 1 person was killed and 4 others injured; and the [[Monkseaton shootings]], where 1 person was killed and 16 others injured.
+== Responses ==
-Subsequently, the UK has taken strong measures intended to prevent mass shootings, including a ban on the private ownership of handguns, semi-automatic and automatic weapons, along with stringent checks before issuing permits to private citizens to own single and low cartridge shotguns.
+=== Media ===
+Some people have considered whether media attention revolving around the perpetrators of mass shootings is a factor in sparking further incidents.<ref name=birch>{{cite news|last1=Birch|first1=Jenna|title=Does Media Coverage After a Mass Shooting Do More Harm Than Good?|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/does-media-coverage-after-a-mass-shooting-do-more-125177743017.html|publisher=Yahoo News|date=27 July 2015|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816001011/https://www.yahoo.com/health/does-media-coverage-after-a-mass-shooting-do-more-125177743017.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to this, some in law enforcement have decided against naming mass shooting suspects in media-related events to avoid giving them notoriety.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Elinson|first1=Zusha|last2=Lazo|first2=Alejandro|title=More Police Decide Against Naming Mass-Shooting Suspects|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/more-police-decide-against-naming-mass-shooting-suspects-1443985970|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=4 October 2015|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-date=4 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004214121/http://www.wsj.com/articles/more-police-decide-against-naming-mass-shooting-suspects-1443985970|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Further|Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom}}
+The effects of messages used in the coverage of mass shootings have been studied. Researchers studied the role the coverage plays in shaping attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public support for [[gun control]] policies.<ref name=emma>{{Cite journal|last1=McGinty|first1=Emma|title=Effects of News Media Messages About Mass Shootings on Attitudes Toward Persons With Serious Mental Illness and Public Support for Gun Control Policies|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=170|issue=5|pages=494–501|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010014|pmid=23511486|date=1 May 2013}}</ref>
-====Germany====
+In 2015, a paper written by a physicist and statistician, [[Sherry Towers]], along with four colleagues was published, which proved that there is indeed mass shooting contagion using [[mathematical model]]ing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Towers|first1=Sherry|last2=Gomez-Lievano|first2=Andres|last3=Khan|first3=Maryam|last4=Mubayi|first4=Anuj|last5=Castillo-Chavez|first5=Carlos|date=2 July 2015|editor-last=Yukich|editor-first=Joshua|title=Contagion in Mass Killings and School Shootings|journal=[[PLOS One]]|volume=10|issue=7|article-number=e0117259|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0117259|pmid=26135941|pmc=4489652|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1017259T|doi-access=free}}
-{{Main|List of mass shootings in Germany}}
+* {{cite news|author=Stephanie Pappas|date=2 July 2015|title=Mass Shootings Are Contagious|work=Live Science|url=https://www.livescience.com/51429-mass-shootings-are-contagious.html|access-date=16 June 2018|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729062457/https://www.livescience.com/51429-mass-shootings-are-contagious.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2017, Towers said in an interview that she prefers [[Industry self-regulation|self-regulation]] to [[censorship]] to address this issue, just like years ago major news outlets successfully prevent [[copycat suicide]].<ref>{{cite interview|last=Towers|first=Sherry|interviewer=John Hook|title=Newsmaker Sunday: Sherry Towers|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sQKZcpolAY|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/-sQKZcpolAY|archive-date=4 November 2021|url-status=live|publisher=[[Fox 10 Phoenix]]|location=Phoenix, Arizona, United States|date=6 December 2017|work=Newsmaker Sunday|access-date=14 June 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
-[[Germany]] has been the site of several mass shootings over the past few decades.
-One of the most infamous mass shootings in Germany occurred on March 13, 2009, when a 17-year-old student named [[Tim Kretschmer]] went on a shooting spree at his former high school in [[Winnenden]]. Kretschmer killed 15 people, including nine students, three teachers, and three bystanders, before turning the gun on himself.
+In 2016, the [[American Psychological Association]] published a [[press release]], claiming that [[mass shooting contagion]] does exist and that news media and social media enthusiasts should withhold the name(s) and face(s) of the victimizer(s) when reporting a mass shooting to deny the fame the shooter(s) want to curb contagion.<ref>{{cite press release|last=Johnston|first=Jennifer|date=4 August 2016|title="Media Contagion" Is Factor in Mass Shootings, Study Says|url=http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/media-contagion.aspx|publisher=American Psychological Association|access-date=16 June 2018|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630000356/http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/media-contagion.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Another notable mass shooting took place on July 22, 2016, when a lone gunman named [[David Sonboly]] opened fire at a shopping mall in Munich, killing nine people and injuring 36 others. Sonboly, who had a history of mental illness, was armed with a pistol and a semi-automatic rifle. After a brief exchange of fire with police, he turned the gun on himself.
+Some news media have weighed in on the gun control debate. After the [[2015 San Bernardino attack]], the ''[[New York Daily News]]''{{'}} front-page headline "God isn't fixing this" was accompanied by "images of tweets from leading Republicans who shared their [[thoughts and prayers|'thoughts' and 'prayers']] for the shooting victims."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/daily-news-cover-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12|title=Hard-hitting Daily News cover blasts Republicans for offering only 'prayers' after latest shooting|author=Colin Campbell|website=Business Insider|date=2 December 2015|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203081721/http://www.businessinsider.com/daily-news-cover-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Marina|last=Fang|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-daily-news-cover_565fa492e4b08e945fee15ce|title=New York Daily News Skewers Politicians Refusing to Act on Gun Violence: 'God Isn't Fixing This'|work=Huffington Post|date=2 December 2015|access-date=2 December 2015|archive-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203070026/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-daily-news-cover_565fa492e4b08e945fee15ce|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2014 Isla Vista killings]], satirical news website ''[[The Onion]]'' has repeatedly republished the story [["No Way to Prevent This", Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens]] with minor edits after major mass shootings, to satirise the popular consensus that there is a lack of political power in the United States to prevent mass shootings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/03/why-this-onion-article-goes-viral-after-every-mass-shooting/|title=Why this Onion article goes viral after every mass shooting|newspaper=The Washington Post|first1=Eli|last1=Rosenberg|access-date=11 November 2018|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190915063118/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/03/why-this-onion-article-goes-viral-after-every-mass-shooting/?noredirect=on|url-status=live}}</ref>
-On October 9, 2019, a far-right extremist named [[Stephan Balliet]] attempted to carry out a mass shooting at a [[synagogue]] in the eastern city of [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]. Balliet, who was armed with several [[3D printed firearm]]s and [[homemade explosive device]]s, tried to force his way into the synagogue during on the Jewish holiday of [[Yom Kippur]]. When he was unable to get inside, he shot and killed two people outside the building and injured several others. The entire shooting was live streamed on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]]. Balliet was later arrested and charged with murder and attempted murder.
+=== Gun law reform ===
+{{See also|Overview of gun laws by nation}}
+Responses to mass shootings take a variety of forms, depending on the country and political climate.
-Later, on February 19, 2020, a schizophrenic man named [[Tobias Rathjen]] opened fire at two shisha bars in the town of Hanau, killing nine people before turning the gun on himself. Rathjen, who had a history of mental illness and far-right extremist views, left behind a manifesto in which he expressed his hatred for immigrants and called for the extermination of several ethnic groups.
+==== Australia ====
+After the 1996 [[Port Arthur massacre (Australia)|Port Arthur massacre]], Australia changed [[Gun laws in Australia#The Port Arthur massacre and its consequences|its gun laws]].
-These are just a few examples of the mass shootings that have occurred in Germany over the years.
+==== New Zealand ====
+In the aftermath of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]], New Zealand announced a ban on almost all semiautomatic military-style weapons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/world/asia/new-zealand-guns-jacinda-ardern.html|title=New Zealand Passes Law Banning Most Semiautomatic Weapons, Weeks After Massacre|last=Graham-McLay|first=Charlotte|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 June 2019|date=10 April 2019|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524120159/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/world/asia/new-zealand-guns-jacinda-ardern.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Worlds Apart" /><ref name="BBC Auckland shooting" />
-====Russia and post-Soviet states====
+==== United Kingdom ====
-{{main|List of mass shootings in Russia|List of mass shootings in the Soviet Union}}
+{{Further|Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom}}
-{{Category see also|Mass shootings in Ukraine|Mass shootings in Kazakhstan|Mass shootings in Armenia}}
-Mass shootings are relatively rare in Russia, but they have occurred sporadically over the past decade. Most of the incidents involve lone gunmen, although there have been a few cases involving multiple shooters. The most deadly of these shootings occurred on May 11, 2021, when Ilnaz Galyaviev [[Kazan school shooting|killed seven students and two teachers at Gymnasium No. 175]] in [[Kazan]], [[Tatarstan]].
-Other notable mass shootings in Russia include the [[Perm State University shooting]] on September 20, 2021, where Timur Bekmansurov fatally shot six people before being apprehended by police. In another incident on September 26, 2022, [[Izhevsk school shooting|Artem Kazantsev]] opened fire at his former school in [[Izhevsk]], [[Udmurtia]], killing 19 people before committing suicide.
+Mass shootings are extremely rare in [[the United Kingdom]], which has some of the strictest gun laws in the world. As a result of the [[Hungerford massacre]] in [[Hungerford]], England, and the [[Dunblane school massacre]] in [[Stirling, Scotland]], the United Kingdom enacted tough gun laws and a buyback program to remove specific classes of firearms from private ownership. They included the Firearms Amendment Act 1988, which limited rifles and shotguns; and the 1997 Firearms Amendment Acts, which restricted or made illegal many handguns.<ref name=hart>{{cite news|last1=Hartmann|first1=Margaret|title=How Australia and Britain Tackled Gun Violence|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/10/how-australia-and-britain-tackled-gun-violence.html|newspaper=Daily Intelligencer|date=2 October 2015|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920204858/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/10/how-australia-and-britain-tackled-gun-violence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, there have been only a handful of mass shootings in the country with relatively few fatalities. The UK has also banned the private ownership of semi-automatic and automatic weapons, and introduced stringent checks before issuing permits to private citizens to own single and low cartridge shotguns. There have been two mass shootings since the laws were restricted: the [[Cumbria shootings]] in 2010, which killed 13 people, including the perpetrator;<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tarabay|first1=Jamie|last2=Dewan|first2=Angela|title=What the UK and Australia did differently after mass shootings|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/04/world/gun-control-uk-australia/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=4 October 2017|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075948/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/04/world/gun-control-uk-australia/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Plymouth shooting]] in 2021, which killed six people, including the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite news|title=Plymouth shooting: Suspected gunman and five others die|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-58195419|access-date=14 August 2021|publisher=BBC News|date=13 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812203114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-58195419|url-status=live}}</ref>
-One of the largest shootings involving military personnel occurred on October 15, 2022, at the [[Soloti military training ground shooting|Soloti military training ground]] in Belgorod Oblast. Two conscripts from Tajikistan committed friendly fire, killing 11 people before being killed by return fire.
+==== United States ====
+{{See also|Mass shootings in the United States|list of mass shootings in the United States|gun politics in the United States}}
-Other shootings include the [[Moscow Multifunctional Center shooting]] on December 7, 2021, where a 45-year-old man shot and killed two people and wounded four others, reportedly after being told to put on a face mask. In another incident on April 4, 2020, Anton Franchikov shot five people to death in [[Yelatma|Yelatma, Ryazan Oblast]].
+In the United States, support for gun law reform [[gun politics in the United States|varies considerably by political party]], with Democrats generally more supportive and Republicans generally more opposed. Some in the U.S. believe that tightening gun laws would prevent future mass shootings.<ref name=progress>{{cite web|last1=Collins|first1=Sam|title=One Change To Our Gun Laws That Could Have Prevented The Last Mass Shooting|url=http://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/07/28/3685169/gun-laws-mental-health-lafayette/|website=Think Progress|date=28 July 2015|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=14 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814042431/http://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/07/28/3685169/gun-laws-mental-health-lafayette/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some politicians in the U.S. introduced legislation to reform the [[background check]] system for purchasing a gun.<ref name=ali>{{cite web|last1=Weinberg|first1=Ali|title=These 6 Stalled Bills Aimed at Mass Shootings Like Umpqua Flounder in Congress|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/stalled-bills-aimed-mass-shootings-umpqua-flounder-congress/story?id=34208798|publisher=ABC News|location=United States|date=2 October 2015|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003163902/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/stalled-bills-aimed-mass-shootings-umpqua-flounder-congress/story?id=34208798|url-status=live}}</ref> A vast majority of Americans support tighter background checks. "According to a poll by Quinnipiac University in Connecticut, 93 percent of registered voters said they would support universal background checks for all gun buyers."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/10/americans-support-universal-background-checks|title=An Overwhelming Majority of Americans Still Support Universal Background Checks|work=Mother Jones|date=1 October 2015|access-date=16 December 2015|first=Becca|last=Andrews|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171252/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/10/americans-support-universal-background-checks|url-status=live}}</ref>
-One of the most high-profile incidents of mass shooting in Ukraine occurred on January 27, 2022, when a gunman [[2022 Dnipro shooting|opened fire at the Yuzhmash factory]] in the city of [[Dnipro]]. The attack left five people dead and five others injured. The shooter, a former employee of the factory, was reportedly disgruntled over his dismissal and had been seeking revenge.
-Another notable incident of mass shooting in Ukraine took place on October 17, 2018, when Vladislav Roslyakov, an 18 year-old student at the [[Kerch Polytechnic College]] in [[Crimea]], which was [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in 2014, [[Kerch Polytechnic College massacre|opened fire on his fellow students]] and teachers, killing 20 and injuring more than 70 others. The shooter committed suicide in the library at the school. The perpetrator is believed to have been [[Columbine effect|inspired by Columbine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Student gunman who killed at least 19 in Crimea school shooting dressed like 1999 Columbine massacre shooter |url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/crimea-bombing-college-kerch-multiple-fatalities-injuries/ff7a079c-b64a-4732-baae-3da86534b4d2 |website=9news.com.au |date=18 October 2018 |publisher=9 News |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>
+Others contend that mass shootings should not be the main focus in the gun law reform debate because these shootings account for less than one percent of the U.S. homicide rate and believe that these shootings are hard to stop. They often argue that civilians with concealed guns will be able to stop shootings.<ref name=volokh>{{cite news|last1=Volokh|first1=Eugene|title=Do civilians with guns ever stop mass shootings?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/10/03/do-civilians-with-guns-ever-stop-mass-shootings/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=3 October 2015|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003205419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/10/03/do-civilians-with-guns-ever-stop-mass-shootings/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-===North America===
+According to British criminologist Peter Squires, who has studied gun violence in different countries, mass shootings may be more due to the "individualistic culture" in the U.S. than its firearm laws.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dorell|first1=Oren|title=In Europe, fewer mass killings due to culture not guns|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|website=USA Today|language=en|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822003403/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==== Canada ====
-{{See also|List of mass shootings in Canada}}
-Notable mass shootings in [[Canada]] include the 1989 [[École Polytechnique massacre]] (which led to stronger [[gun control in Canada]]), the 1992 [[Concordia University massacre]], the 2006 [[Dawson College shooting]] in [[Montreal]], the 2012 [[Danzig Street shooting]], the 2014 [[Edmonton shooting]] in [[Edmonton]], the 2017 [[Quebec City mosque shooting]] in [[Quebec City]], the [[2018 Toronto shooting]], and the [[2020 Nova Scotia attacks]]. Following the attacks in Nova Scotia, collectively considered to be the deadliest mass shooting in Canadian history, Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] banned the use, sale, purchase, and import of [[AR-15]]s{{snds}}the semi-automatic rifle used in the shooting and many other shootings in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.vox.com/world/2020/5/2/21245067/canada-assault-weapons-ban-trudeau-shooting |title = Canada just banned military-style assault weapons after its deadliest mass shooting |access-date = 2 May 2020 |website = Vox |date = 2 May 2020 |archive-date = 2 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200502180535/https://www.vox.com/world/2020/5/2/21245067/canada-assault-weapons-ban-trudeau-shooting |url-status = live }}</ref>
+U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] repeatedly addressed mass shootings during his eight-year presidency, calling for more gun safety laws in the United States.<ref name=korte>{{cite news|last1=Korte|first1=Gregory|title=11 mass shootings, 11 speeches: How Obama has responded|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/10/02/11-mass-shootings-11-speeches-how-obama-has-responded/73177526/|newspaper=USA Today|date=2 October 2015|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005065906/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/10/02/11-mass-shootings-11-speeches-how-obama-has-responded/73177526/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Charleston church shooting]], and the [[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]], he renewed his call for reforming gun-safety laws and said that the frequency of mass shootings in the United States has "no parallel in the world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12|title=OBAMA: 'We have a pattern now of mass shootings ... that has no parallel'|work=Business Insider|date=2 December 2015|access-date=16 December 2015|first=Maxwell|last=Tani|archive-date=12 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212125932/http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12|url-status=live}}</ref> After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, the surviving students, teachers, and parents became leaders in the effort to ban [[assault weapon]] sales and easy accessibility to [[weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Witt|first1=Emily|title=How the Survivors of Parkland Began the Never Again Movement|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-the-survivors-of-parkland-began-the-never-again-movement?CNDID=30462369&spMailingID=12971483&spUserID=MTMzMTgzMTA1MjA0S0&spJobID=1341843325&spReportId=MTM0MTg0MzMyNQS2|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=20 February 2018|language=en|date=19 February 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044506/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-the-survivors-of-parkland-began-the-never-again-movement?CNDID=30462369&spMailingID=12971483&spUserID=MTMzMTgzMTA1MjA0S0&spJobID=1341843325&spReportId=MTM0MTg0MzMyNQS2|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ====Mexico====
-{{Category see also|Mass shootings in Mexico}}
+{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
-Notable mass shootings in [[Mexico]] include the [[2010 Chihuahua shootings]] in [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].
+The ongoing violence in Mexico has prompted the government to take action to try to address the issue. In recent years, the government has implemented various measures, including increasing security forces, deploying the military to high-risk areas, and tightening gun control laws. Despite these efforts, mass shootings in Mexico continue to be prominent in the country, and the country remains one of the most violent in the world according to some.
-Mass shootings have become a common occurrence in Mexico, particularly in recent years. The country has been plagued by violence from drug cartels, which have been responsible for many of the deadliest mass shootings in [[Mexican history|Mexico's history]].
+==Examples==
+{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
-[[2010 San Fernando massacre|One of the deadliest mass shootings in Mexico]] occurred in 2010 in the town of San Fernando, Tamaulipas. In that incident, 72 migrants from Central and South America were found dead in a ranch, allegedly killed by members of the Zetas drug cartel. 2 months prior to that, 19 people were killed in the Mexican state of Chihuahua in [[2010 Chihuahua shootings|another shooting]].
+===Africa===
+Mass shootings in Africa include a 1927 shooting in [[South Africa]] perpetrated by [[Stephanus Swart]], the 2016 [[Grand-Bassam shootings]] in [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast]], and the 1994 [[Kampala wedding massacre]] in [[Kampala]], Uganda.
-Another high-profile mass shooting in Mexico [[2009 Mexico City Metro shooting|took place in 2009]], when a man opened fire on passengers on a Mexico City metro train, killing two people and injuring several others.
+In [[Egypt]], shootings include both the 1997 [[Luxor massacre]] and the 2013 [[Meet al-Attar shooting]].
-In 2019, about {{convert|70|mi|km}} south of the [[Mexico–United States border]], the [[LeBarón and Langford families massacre|LeBarón and Langford families]] endured a massacre in the state of [[Sonora]], where nine women and children were killed by suspected members of a drug cartel. The victims were believed to have been mistaken for members of a rival cartel.
+In [[Kenya]], on 2 April 2015, armed [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|terrorists]] [[Garissa University College attack|stormed a public university in the North Eastern part of the country and killed 148 people.]]
-Other notable mass shootings in Mexico include the [[Minatitlán shooting]] in 2019, the [[Salamanca nightclub shooting]] in 2019, and the [[2019 Villa Unión shootout]]. In 2020, the country experienced several high-profile mass shootings, including the [[Colegio Cervantes shooting]] in Torreón, the [[Irapuato massacres]], and the [[Camargo massacre]].
+=== Asia ===
-On 23 May 2022, 11 people were killed in a [[Celaya massacre|mass shooting at the Gala Hotel]] and a nearby bar in [[Celaya, Guanajuato]]. The attackers were reportedly from the [[Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel]], and left a message referring to the [[Jalisco New Generation Cartel]] and three dismembered bodies found earlier that day.
+====East Asia====
+{{Category see also|Mass shootings in China}}
+In China, the [[Chongqing shooting]] occurred on 5 April 1993. Chen Xuerong, a worker at a machine factory used a hunting rifle to kill three coworkers before being captured by police. In 2013, [[2013 Shanghai shooting|Fan Jieming]] entered a shop and shot six people dead before being apprehended by police. Jieming was executed in 2016. Another shooting was the 1994 [[Tian Mingjian incident]].
-On 27 March 2022, 20 people were killed in a [[Las Tinajas massacre|mass shooting at an illegal cockfighting pit in Las Tinajas]], Zinapécuaro, Michoacán. The attackers were believed to be from the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, and the massacre was part of a conflict between the cartel and the local gang [[La Familia Michoacana|Familia Michoacana]].
+Japan has had several mass shootings, including the 1938 [[Tsuyama massacre]], the [[2007 Sasebo shooting]], and the [[2010 Habikino shooting]].
-On August 24, 2022, eight people were [[Tuzantla shooting|killed in the city of Tuzantla, Michoacán]], in a firefight between rival factions of La Familia Michoacana. The dispute stemmed from infighting between brothers Johnny "El Pez" and Jose Alfredo "El Fresa" Hurtado Olascoaga, leaders of the Tuzantla cell, and their former coworker known as "El Chaparro".
+In [[South Korea]], the deadliest mass shooting was committed by [[Woo Bum-kon incident|Woo Bum-kon]] in 1982, leaving 62 dead. For many years, it was the deadliest mass shooting in modern history, until surpassed by the [[2011 Norway attacks]].
-The ongoing violence in Mexico has prompted the government to take action to try to address the issue. In recent years, the government has implemented various measures, including increasing security forces, deploying the military to high-risk areas, and tightening gun control laws.
+====South and Southeast Asia====
+{{Category see also|Mass shootings in India}}
+In India, during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], 10 gunmen affiliated with the terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] attacked multiple targets in Mumbai, killing 175 people and injuring hundreds more. The attack lasted for four days and one of the perpetrators was sentenced to death. Other notable incidents include the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]], in which five gunmen attacked the parliament building in New Delhi, killing nine people, and the [[2016 Pathankot attack]], in which militants attacked an [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Indian Air Force base in Pathankot]], killing seven security personnel. Mass shootings have also occurred in the context of regional conflicts. For example, the [[2014 Chhattisgarh attack]] involved [[Naxalite]] militants attacking a convoy of political leaders and security personnel, killing 15 people, while the [[2021 Sukma-Bijapur attack]] involved [[Naxalism|Naxalite]] rebels attacking security forces, resulting in the deaths of at least 22 security personnel. Other examples include the [[1878 Hyderabad shooting]] and the 1983 [[Pashupatinath Temple shooting]].
-Despite these efforts, mass shootings in Mexico continue to be prominent in the country, and the country remains one of the most violent in the world according to some.
+In [[Nepal]], the [[Nepalese royal massacre]] occurred in 2001.
-==== United States ====
+In [[Thailand]], a [[Nakhon Ratchasima shootings|mass shooting]] occurred near and in [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], colloquially known as Korat, between 8 and 9 February 2020. A soldier of the Royal Thai Army killed 30 people and wounded 58 others before he was eventually shot and killed.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-08|title=Soldier kills 29 people in Thailand before being shot|language=en|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-thailand-shooting-idUKKBN2020T7|access-date=2023-09-29|first1=Panu|last1=Wongcha-um|first2=Patpicha|last2=Tanakasempipat}}</ref> On 6 October 2022, 38 people, 24 of them children, were killed in a [[2022 Nong Bua Lamphu massacre|shooting and stabbing spree]] by a former police officer. The main target was a childcare centre in [[Nong Bua Lamphu province]]. The perpetrator then killed both his wife and son at his own home before committing suicide. Other mass shootings that occurred in Thailand are the [[Pak Phanang school shooting]], the [[Lopburi mall shooting]], and the [[Siam Paragon shooting]].
-{{main|Mass shootings in the United States}}
-{{See also|List of mass shootings in the United States}}
-[[File:2000- Outcomes of active shooter attacks (stacked bar chart).svg|thumb|upright=1.5| A ''New York Times'' study reported how outcomes of active shooter attacks varied with actions of the attacker, the police (42% of total incidents), and bystanders (including a "good guy with a gun" outcome in 5.1% of total incidents).<ref name=NYTimes_20220622>{{cite news |last1 = Buchanan |first1 = Larry |last2 = Leatherby |first2 = Lauren |title = Who Stops a 'Bad Guy With a Gun'? |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html |work = The New York Times |date = 22 June 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622111531/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html |archive-date = 22 June 2022 |quote = Data source: Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center |url-status = live }}</ref>]]
-{{multiple image |total_width=450
-| image1= 1982- Deaths from mass shootings in the U.S - scatterplot and line chart.svg |caption1=Total deaths in U.S. mass shootings—defined as four or more people shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator, at a public place, excluding gang-related killings<ref name=MotherJones_MassShootingDeaths>{{cite web |last1=Follman |first1=Mark |last2=Aronsen |first2=Gavin |last3=Pan |first3=Deanna |title=US Mass Shootings, 1982–2023: Data From Mother Jones' Investigation |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/ |publisher=Mother Jones |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331034144/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/ |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=MotherJones_GuideToMassShootings>{{cite web |last1=Follman |first1=Mark |last2=Aronsen |first2=Gavin |last3=Pan |first3=Deanna |title=A Guide to Mass Shootings in America |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/ |publisher=MotherJones.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310230204/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/ |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |date=2012 |quote=Updated March 27, 2023 |url-status=live }} Describes inclusion criteria.</ref>
-| image2= 1998- Mass shootings in developed countries - bubble chart.svg |caption2= The U.S. has substantially more mass shootings (in which four or more people are killed) than other developed countries.<ref name=NYTimes_20220526>{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=German |title=America's Gun Problem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/briefing/guns-america-shooting-deaths.html |work=The New York Times |date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526114221/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/briefing/guns-america-shooting-deaths.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |quote=Source: Jason R. Silva, William Paterson University |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Vox (website)|Vox]], the U.S. gun homicide rate is as much as 26 times that of other high-income countries.<ref>[https://www.vox.com/23142734/cleveland-texas-mass-shootings America’s unique, enduring gun problem, explained] vox , retrieved 3 June 2023</ref>
-}}
-The United States has had the most mass shootings of any country.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-leads-world-in-mass-shootings-1443905359 |title = U.S. Leads World in Mass Shootings |work = [[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date = 2 October 2017 |first1 = Joe |last1 = Palazzolo |first2 = Alexis |last2 = Flynn |date = 3 October 2015 |archive-date = 3 May 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210503021459/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-leads-world-in-mass-shootings-1443905359 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="CNN why">{{cite news |last = Christensen |first = Jen |title = Why the US has the most mass shootings |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html |work = [[CNN]] |access-date = 6 November 2017 |date = 5 October 2017 |archive-date = 19 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210419135832/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/03/americas/us-gun-statistics/index.html |title = How US gun culture compares with the world in five charts |first = Kara |last = Fox |date = 9 March 2018 |work = [[CNN]] |access-date = 15 February 2018 |archive-date = 7 June 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220607163404/https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/03/americas/us-gun-statistics/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In a 2016 study published by criminologist Adam Lankford, it was estimated that 31 percent of all public mass shooters from 1966 to 2012 attacked in the United States, although the U.S. had less than five percent of the world's population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Lankford |first = Adam |date = 2016 |title = Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries |url = http://connect.springerpub.com/lookup/doi/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093 |journal = Violence and Victims |language = en |volume = 31 |issue = 2 |pages = 187–199 |doi = 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093 |pmid = 26822013 |s2cid = 207266615 |issn = 0886-6708 |access-date = 12 July 2022 |archive-date = 19 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230219082757/https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrvv/31/2/187 |url-status = live }}</ref> The study concludes that "The United States and other nations with high firearm ownership rates may be particularly susceptible to future public mass shootings, even if they are relatively peaceful or mentally healthy according to other national indicators."<ref name="Lankford2016">{{cite journal |last1 = Lankford |first1 = Adam |title = Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries |journal = Violence and Victims |volume = 31 |issue = 2 |year = 2016 |pages = 187–199 |issn = 0886-6708 |doi = 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093 |pmid = 26822013 |s2cid = 207266615 }} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
-Criminologist [[Gary Kleck]] criticized Lankford's findings, stating the study merely shows a proportional relationship but fails to prove that gun ownership ''causes'' mass shootings. The backlash from economist and gun rights advocate [[John Lott (political activist)|John Lott]] also raised objections to Lankford's methodology and refusal to share his data. He speculated that Lankford had overlooked a significant number of mass shootings outside the U.S., which if accounted for would adjust the nation's share closer to 2.88 percent; slightly below the world average.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/aug/29/john-lott-jr-adam-lankford-botched-study-claiming-/ |title = Shock study: U.S. had far fewer mass shootings than previously reported |first = Stephen |last = Dinan |date = 16 December 2018 |publisher = washingtontimes |access-date = 17 December 2018 |archive-date = 17 December 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181217062808/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/aug/29/john-lott-jr-adam-lankford-botched-study-claiming-/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite SSRN |title = How a Botched Study Fooled the World About the U.S. Share of Mass Public Shootings: U.S. Rate is Lower than Global Average |first = John |last = Lott |date = 16 December 2018 |ssrn = 3238736 }}</ref> Lankford has since followed up on his research, publishing his data and clarifying that the United States from 1998 to 2012 did have more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone, which is almost always the case with mass shooters.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://econjwatch.org/articles/confirmation-that-the-united-states-has-six-times-its-global-share-of-public-mass-shooters-courtesy-of-lott-and-moody-s-data |title = Confirmation That the United States Has Six Times Its Global Share of Public Mass Shooters, Courtesy of Lott and Moody's Data |last = Adam |first = Lankford |date = March 2019 |access-date = 16 December 2019 |archive-date = 16 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191216081739/https://econjwatch.org/articles/confirmation-that-the-united-states-has-six-times-its-global-share-of-public-mass-shooters-courtesy-of-lott-and-moody-s-data |url-status = live }}</ref> Using the data from Lott and Moody's 2019 study of mass shootings,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1106/LottMoodyMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf |title = Is the United States an Outlier in Public Mass Shootings? A Comment on Adam Lankford |last = Moody, Lott |date = March 2019 |access-date = 16 December 2019 |archive-date = 18 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200118191654/https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1106/LottMoodyMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> Lankford explains that "41 of all 138 public mass shootings by single perpetrators worldwide were committed in the United States. That represents 29.7 percent. Because America had in those years approximately 4.5 percent of the world's population (according to Lott and Moody's calculations), this indicates that based on their data, the United States had more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone (29.7/4.5 = 6.6).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1105/LankfordMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf |title = Confirmation That the United States Has Six Times Its Global Share of Public Mass Shooters, Courtesy of Lott and Moody's Data |last = Lankford |first = Adam |date = March 2019 |access-date = 16 December 2019 |archive-date = 9 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191209222101/https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1105/LankfordMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> In a subsequent study, Lankford criticized Lott and Moody for including "attacks by terrorist organizations, genocidal militias, armed rebel groups, and paramilitary fighters" in their data and suggested they "misrepresent approximately 1,000 foreign cases from their own dataset" in other ways.<ref>{{Cite web |title = The Importance of Analyzing Public Mass Shooters Separately from Other Attackers When Estimating the Prevalence of Their Behavior Worldwide · Econ Journal Watch: public mass shootings, public mass shooter, lone wolf, terrorism, gun policy |url = https://econjwatch.org/articles/the-importance-of-analyzing-public-mass-shooters-separately-from-other-attackers-when-estimating-the-prevalence-of-their-behavior-worldwide |access-date = 12 July 2022 |website = econjwatch.org |archive-date = 6 July 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220706124518/https://econjwatch.org/articles/the-importance-of-analyzing-public-mass-shooters-separately-from-other-attackers-when-estimating-the-prevalence-of-their-behavior-worldwide |url-status = live }}</ref>
+Mass shootings in [[Pakistan]] include the 1948 [[Babrra massacre]], and the [[2014 Peshawar school massacre]] in which 149 people were killed.
-Mass shootings have also been observed to be followed by an increase in the purchase of weapons but this does not seem to create an increased feeling of needing guns in either gun owners or non-owners.<ref>{{cite journal |first1 = Wolfgang |last1 = Stroebe |first2 = N. Pontus |last2 = Leander |first3 = Arie W. |last3 = Kruglanski |title = The impact of the Orlando mass shooting on fear of victimization and gun-purchasing intentions: Not what one might expect |journal = PLOS ONE |date = 11 August 2017 |issn = 1932-6203 |pages = e0182408 |volume = 12 |issue = 8 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0182408 |pmid = 28800365 |pmc = 5553639 |bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1282408S |doi-access = free }}</ref>
+====Israel====
+{{Category see also|Mass shootings in Israel}}
+Notable mass shootings in [[Israel]] include the 1972 [[Lod Airport massacre]], which killed 26 and injured 80, the [[2002 Hadera attack]] in [[Hadera]], the [[2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack]] at [[Mercaz HaRav]], the [[2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack]] in [[Jerusalem]], the [[June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting]] at the popular Sarona centre complex in [[Tel Aviv]], and the [[Nova music festival massacre]], part of the larger [[7 October attacks]], which led to the death of 364 of the participants in 2023. Other notable mass shootings include the [[2005 Shilo shooting]], and the 2013 [[Beersheba bank shooting]]. In April 2022, a [[2022 Tel Aviv shooting|mass shooting]] occurred on [[Dizengoff Street]] in Tel Aviv, in which a Palestinian gunman killed three civilians and injured six. In January 2023, a Palestinian gunman killed at least seven civilians in the Israeli settlement of [[Neve Yaakov]] in occupied [[East Jerusalem]]. The suspect is also reported to have shot at worshippers exiting a synagogue and was shot and killed by police officers.
-Even though the global [[COVID-19 pandemic]] reduced public gatherings from March 2020 onward, the number of mass shootings increased significantly over that period. It "even doubled in July 2020 compared to a year earlier".<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/16/us/mass-shootings-increased-in-pandemic/index.html |title = Mass shootings in the US increased during the coronavirus pandemic, study finds |date = 16 September 2021 |access-date = 17 February 2022 |archive-date = 17 February 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091140/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/16/us/mass-shootings-increased-in-pandemic/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[2022 Buffalo shooting]] perpetrator, who killed ten people, wrote in a lengthy manifesto that he was radicalized after having "extreme boredom" during the COVID-19 pandemic, when he began browsing [[4chan]] and [[neo-Nazi]] websites linked from it; the accused gunman's manifesto espoused notions from the "[[Great Replacement]]" conspiracy theory and included screenshots of memes and conservative news headlines that he cited as sources for his ideology.<ref name=Tucker>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/buffalo-supermarket-shooting-gunman-radicalization-2669f6fd9dce881b150577eae885e44f|title=Accused Buffalo gunman followed familiar radicalization path|work=Associated Press News|author=Eric Tucker, Michael Kunzelman and Amanda Seitz|date=May 16, 2022}}</ref>
+=== Europe ===
+{{see also|List of mass shootings in the United Kingdom|List of mass shootings in Germany|List of massacres in France|List of massacres in the Czech Republic}}
+{{category see also|Mass shootings in Europe|Category:Mass shootings in France|Category:Mass shootings in the Czech Republic}}
-===South America===
+The deadliest mass shooting by a lone individual in modern history occurred in Europe with the [[2011 Norway attacks]] in [[Norway]], in which 77 people were killed. Of those killed, 67 died of gunshot wounds.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last1=Herring|first1=Keely|last2=Jacobson|first2=Louis|title=Is Barack Obama correct that mass killings don't happen in other countries?|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jun/22/barack-obama/barack-obama-correct-mass-killings-dont-happen-oth/|website=PolitiFact|language=en|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801001612/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jun/22/barack-obama/barack-obama-correct-mass-killings-dont-happen-oth/|url-status=live|date=22 June 2015}}</ref>
-====Argentina====
-Notable mass shootings in [[Argentina]] include the 2004 [[Carmen de Patagones school shooting]] in [[Carmen de Patagones]] and the [[2006 San Miguel shooting]], a workplace attack in a suburb of [[Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{cite news |title=4 Die In Argentina School Shooting - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/4-die-in-argentina-school-shooting/ |access-date=18 August 2023 |work=CBS News |agency=AP |date=28 September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=El ex directivo de una empresa de transporte que volvió a los balazos |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-66439-2006-05-04.html |access-date=18 August 2023 |work=Pagina12 |date=4 May 2006 |language=es}}</ref>
-====Brazil====
+In the United Kingdom, on [[Hungerford massacre|19 August 1987, in Hungerford, England]], a man killed his mother before killing 16 people and injuring 15 others. On 13 March 1996, in [[Dunblane]], Scotland, a man entered a primary school and opened fire, [[Dunblane massacre|killing 16 children and one teacher]] before committing suicide. On 12 August 2021, in Plymouth, England, a man [[Plymouth shooting|killed five people and injured two others]] before taking his own life. Other mass shootings in the UK include the [[Cumbria shootings]] on 2 June 2010, in which a man killed 12 people and injured 11 others before committing suicide; the [[Wallasey pub shooting]], where 1 person was killed and 4 others injured; and the [[Monkseaton shootings]], where 1 person was killed and 16 others injured.
-{{See also|Category:Mass shootings in Brazil}}
-Brazil has one of the highest rates of gun violence in the world, and mass shootings have become more common in recent years. In 2022, there were at least 10 mass shootings in Brazil, resulting in the deaths of over 50 people. Furthermore, In 2017, there were over 45,000 gun-related homicides countrywide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malta |first1=Deborah Carvalho |last2=Soares Filho |first2=Adauto Martins |last3=Pinto |first3=Isabella Vitral |last4=de Souza Minayo |first4=Maria Cecília |last5=Lima |first5=Cheila Marina |last6=Machado |first6=Ísis Eloah |last7=Teixeira |first7=Renato Azeredo |last8=Neto |first8=Otaliba Libânio Morais |last9=Ladeira |first9=Roberto Marini |last10=Merchan-Hamann |first10=Edgar |last11=de Souza |first11=Maria de Fatima Marinho |last12=Vasconcelos |first12=Cíntia Honório |last13=Vidotti |first13=Carlos Cezar Flores |last14=Cousin |first14=Ewerton |last15=Glenn |first15=Scott |date=2020-09-30 |title=Association between firearms and mortality in Brazil, 1990 to 2017: a global burden of disease Brazil study |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-020-00222-3 |journal=Population Health Metrics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=19 |doi=10.1186/s12963-020-00222-3 |issn=1478-7954 |pmc=7525968 |pmid=32993706}}</ref>
-The most deadly mass shooting in Brazil's history occurred in 2019, when a gunman [[Suzano massacre|killed 11 people at a school]] in [[Suzano|Suzano, São Paulo]].
-Other Notable mass shootings include the 2011 [[Realengo massacre]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and the [[Suzano school shooting]] in [[Suzano]]. and:
+In [[Germany]], the [[Erfurt school massacre]] on 26 April 2002 was inspired by the [[Columbine High School massacre]]. Former student Robert Steinhäuser killed 16 people, including two students, 11 teachers, a trainee teacher, a secretary and a police officer, before killing himself.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zettl|first=Max Sebastian|title=Amok an Schulen. Prävention, Intervention und Nachsorge bei School Shootings.|publisher=Matthias Böhmer|year=2018|isbn=978-3-658-22707-4|pages=71|language=de}}</ref> On 13 March 2009, a 17-year-old student named Tim Kretschmer went on [[Winnenden school shooting|a shooting spree]] at his former high school in [[Winnenden]]. Kretschmer killed 15 people, including nine students, three teachers, and three bystanders, before turning the gun on himself. On 22 July 2016, a lone gunman named David Sonboly [[2016 Munich shooting|opened fire at a shopping mall in Munich]], killing nine people and injuring 36 others. Sonboly, who had a history of mental illness, was armed with a pistol. After a brief exchange of fire with police, he turned the gun on himself. On 9 October 2019, a far-right extremist named Stephan Balliet [[Halle synagogue shooting|attempted to carry out a mass shooting]] at a [[synagogue]] in the eastern city of [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]. Balliet, who was armed with several [[3D-printed firearm]]s and [[homemade explosive device]]s, tried to force his way into the synagogue during the Jewish holiday of [[Yom Kippur]]. When he was unable to get inside, he shot and killed two people outside the building and injured several others. The entire shooting was live streamed on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]]. Balliet was later arrested and charged with murder and attempted murder. Later, on 19 February 2020, a mentally unstable man named Tobias Rathjen [[Hanau shootings|opened fire at two shisha bars]] in the town of [[Hanau]], killing nine people before turning the gun on himself. Rathjen, who had a history of mental illness and far-right extremist views, left behind a manifesto in which he expressed his hatred for immigrants and called for the extermination of several ethnic groups.
-*[[Suzano massacre|Suzano school shooting (2019)]]: Two former students killed 9 people and injured 11 others at Raul Brasil State School in Suzano, São Paulo. The perpetrators also killed one of their uncles before the school shooting.
+In the [[Czech Republic]], [[Petřvald shooting|the first mass shooting]] in its [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|independent history]] occurred on 8 March 2009, when a 42-year-old [[North Macedonia]]n national named Raif Kačar opened fire at the Sokol Restaurant in [[Petřvald (Karviná District)|Petřvald]], killing four. Kačar then shot himself and died four days later as a result of his injuries. The pistol used in the shooting was obtained illegally. [[Uherský Brod shooting|A second mass shooting]] occurred on 24 February 2015, when a 62-year-old man named Zdeněk Kovář, who was legally armed with a [[CZ 75B]] and an Alfa 820 [[revolver]], entered the Družba restaurant in [[Uherský Brod]] and started shooting. Nine people, including Kovář who committed suicide, died in the shooting, and one other person was injured. The police received criticism for its response to the shooting. This incident was the deadliest mass shooting in Czech history until the [[2023 Prague shootings]]. On 10 December 2019, when 42-year-old Ctirad Vitásek, illegally armed with a CZ 75B, [[Ostrava hospital attack|opened fire]] at the traumatology room of the {{Interlanguage link|Ostrava University Hospital|cs|Fakultní Nemocnice Ostrava}}, killing seven and injuring two. Vitásek then fled the scene and committed suicide near the town of [[Děhylov]] after being discovered by the police. On 21 December 2023, 24-year-old David Kozák, a world history student at [[Charles University]] who was also a legal owner of several firearms, murdered his father at his home in [[Hostouň (Kladno District)|Hostouň]] and later opened fire at the Faculty of Arts building of the Charles University in [[Prague]]. 16 people, including Kozák's father and Kozák himself, who committed suicide at the rooftop terrace of the building, died in the shootings. 25 people were wounded. This was the first case of a [[school shooting]] in Czech Republic's history. Kozák had brought several firearms with himself into the school, a [[Glock#Glock 47|Glock 47]] pistol, a [[SIG Sauer P322]] semi-automatic pistol and an [[AR-10]]–style rifle, which he used in the shooting and a [[pump-action shotgun]], which he used to commit suicide. Police later reported that Kozák was one of the many suspects in a case of a [[2023 Prague shootings#Klánovice Forest murders|double-murder of an infant and her father at Klánovice Forest near Prague]], which occurred on 15 December 2023, Police also later announced that evidence linking Kozák to the double-murder has been found. On 27 December 2023, it was reported that police found a letter in Kozák's home, in which he confessed to the double-murder. The Prague shootings are currently the deadliest mass shooting in the Czech Republic's history.
-*[[Rio de Janeiro school shooting|Realengo school shooting (2011)]]: A gunman killed 12 students and injured 22 others at Tasso da Silveira Municipal School in Realengo, Rio de Janeiro before committing [[suicide]].
-*Fortaleza nightclub shooting (2018): A man killed 14 people at a nightclub in [[Fortaleza]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-27 |title=Gunmen kill 14 at Brazilian nightclub |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42847561 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
-*
-*[[Campinas Cathedral shooting|Campinas Cathedral shooting (2018)]]: A man killed five people and injured 4 others at the Metropolitan [[Our Lady of the Conception Cathedral, Campinas|Cathedral of Campinas]] in [[Campinas]], São Paulo. Police shot the gunman on his side before he killed himself.
-*[[Aracruz school shootings]] (2022): On November 25th 2022, a 16-year-old [[neo-nazi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boy, 16, 'wore swastika' during fatal school shootings in Brazil {{!}} Brazil {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/26/boy-16-killed-three-people-and-wounded-13-in-two-schools-in-brazil |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> former student opened fire at two schools in Brazil, killing four and injuring 12.
-===Oceania===
+In [[France]], On 13–14 November 2015, [[November 2015 Paris attacks|a series of religiously motivated mass shootings and suicide bombings]] occurred in [[Paris]] leading to the death of 130 people and 7 out of the 9 perpetrators. A few hours after the attacks, the [[Brussels Islamic State terror cell]] claimed to be behind the attacks. Less than a year prior to the Paris attacks, [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|a shooting]] at ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'' headquarters in Paris was perpetrated by two brothers, [[Chérif and Saïd Kouachi]], on 7 January 2015. The shooting targeted the employees of ''Charlie Hebdo'' after they posted a satirical magazine article on [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammed]]. The shooting lead to the deaths of 12 people and 11 others were injured. The brothers were shot and killed by a [[GIGN]] team two days after the attack during a [[police standoff|standoff]].
-====Australia====
+==== Russia and post-Soviet states ====
-{{See also|Category:Mass shootings in Australia}}
+{{main|List of mass shootings in Russia|List of mass shootings in the Soviet Union}}
-Notable mass shootings in Australia include the 1987 [[Hoddle Street massacre]] in [[Hoddle Street]], [[Clifton Hill, Victoria|Clifton Hill]], [[Melbourne]]; and the 1996 [[Port Arthur massacre (Australia)|Port Arthur massacre]] in [[Port Arthur, Tasmania]]. There were thirteen mass shootings with five or more deaths between 1979 and 1996, and three mass shootings involving four or more deaths have occurred since the introduction of [[National Firearms Agreement|new gun laws]] following the Port Arthur incident.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/darwin-australia-shooting-latest-updates-today-suspect-arrested-2019-06-04/ |title = At least 4 killed and multiple crime scenes after shooting in Australia |website = cbsnews.com |date = 4 June 2019 |access-date = 5 June 2019 |archive-date = 4 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604210828/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/darwin-australia-shooting-latest-updates-today-suspect-arrested-2019-06-04/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1 = Nunn |first1 = Gary |title = Darwin shooting: Why mass shooting feels unfamiliar to Australia |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522788 |access-date = 1 January 2020 |agency = BBC |date = 5 June 2019 |ref = BBC |archive-date = 16 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200116082126/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522788 |url-status = live }}</ref>
+{{Category see also|Mass shootings in Ukraine|Mass shootings in Kazakhstan|Mass shootings in Armenia}}
-The 2022 [[Wieambilla police shootings]] was a religiously-motivated [[terrorist attack]] that resulted in the death of two police officers and a neighbour, as well as the fatal shooting of the three perpetrators. The shooting lasted six hours. The motive was found to be [[Christian fundamentalism]].
+The deadliest shooting in Russia occurred on 8 October 1999, when Achmed Ibragimov [[Mikenskaya shooting|killed at least 34 Russian inhabitants in the village of Mikenskaya]]. Other shootings include the [[Moscow Multifunctional Center shooting]] on 7 December 2021, where a 45-year-old man shot and killed two people and wounded four others, reportedly after being told to put on a face mask. In another incident on 4 April 2020, Anton Franchikov shot five people to death in [[Yelatma]], Ryazan Oblast. In the [[Perm State University shooting]] on 20 September 2021, Timur Bekmansurov fatally shot six people before being apprehended by police. In another incident on 26 September 2022, [[Izhevsk school shooting|Artyom Kazantsev]] opened fire at his former school in [[Izhevsk]], [[Udmurtia]], killing 18 people before committing suicide. One of the largest shootings involving military personnel occurred on 15 October 2022, at the [[Soloti military training ground shooting|Soloti military training ground]] in Belgorod Oblast. Two conscripts from Tajikistan committed friendly fire, killing 11 people before being killed by return fire.
-====New Zealand====
+In [[Ukraine]], on 27 January 2022, a gunman [[2022 Dnipro shooting|opened fire at the Yuzhmash factory]] in the city of [[Dnipro]]. The attack left five people dead and five others injured. The shooter, a former employee of the factory, was reportedly disgruntled over his dismissal and had been seeking revenge. Another notable incident of mass shooting in Ukraine took place on 17 October 2018, when Vladislav Roslyakov, an 18-year-old student at the [[Kerch Polytechnic College]] in [[Crimea]], which was [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in 2014, [[Kerch Polytechnic College massacre|opened fire on his fellow students]] and teachers, killing 20 and injuring more than 70 others. The shooter committed suicide in the library at the school. The perpetrator is believed to have been [[Columbine effect|inspired by Columbine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Student gunman who killed at least 19 in Crimea school shooting dressed like 1999 Columbine massacre shooter|url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/crimea-bombing-college-kerch-multiple-fatalities-injuries/ff7a079c-b64a-4732-baae-3da86534b4d2|date=18 October 2018|publisher=9 News|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>
-{{Category see also|Category:Mass shootings in New Zealand}}
-New Zealand has a relatively low rate of gun violence compared to other developed countries despite its formerly lax gun laws. However, the country has experienced two major mass shootings in recent years.
-The [[Aramoana massacre|first mass shooting]] occurred in [[Aramoana]], a small town on the east coast of the South Island, in 1990. David Gray, a 33-year-old man with a history of mental illness, killed 13 people and injured three others before being shot and killed by police.
-[[Christchurch mosque shootings|The second mass shooting]] occurred in [[Christchurch]], the largest city in  [[South Island|southern New Zealand]], in 2019. Brenton Tarrant, a 28-year-old Australian-born man, opened fire on two mosques during Friday prayers, killing 51 people and injuring 40 others. This was the worst mass shooting in Oceanic history.
-In the wake of the Christchurch shootings, the New Zealand government enacted a number of new gun control measures, including a ban on semi-automatic rifles and assault weapons.
+=== North America ===
+{{See also|List of mass shootings in Canada}}
+{{Category see also|Mass shootings in Mexico}}
-== Victims and survivors ==
+Notable mass shootings in Canada include the 1989 [[École Polytechnique massacre]] (which led to stronger [[gun control in Canada]]), the 1992 [[Concordia University massacre]], the 2006 [[Dawson College shooting]] in [[Montreal]], the 2012 [[Danzig Street shooting]], the [[2014 Edmonton shooting]] in [[Edmonton]], the 2017 [[Quebec City mosque shooting]] in [[Quebec City]], the [[2018 Toronto shooting]], the [[2020 Nova Scotia attacks]], and the [[2026 Tumbler Ridge shooting]]. Following the attacks in Nova Scotia, collectively considered to be the deadliest mass shooting in Canadian history, Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] banned the use, sale, purchase, and import of [[AR-15]]s{{snds}}the semi-automatic rifle used in the shooting and many other shootings in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2020/5/2/21245067/canada-assault-weapons-ban-trudeau-shooting|title=Canada just banned military-style assault weapons after its deadliest mass shooting|access-date=2 May 2020|website=Vox|date=2 May 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502180535/https://www.vox.com/world/2020/5/2/21245067/canada-assault-weapons-ban-trudeau-shooting|url-status=live|first=Zeeshan|last=Aleem}}</ref>
-After mass shootings, some survivors have written about their experiences and their experiences have been covered by journalists. A survivor of the [[Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting]] wrote about his reaction to other mass shooting incidents.<ref name="follman">{{cite magazine |last1 = Follman |first1 = Mark |title = 'I Was a Survivor': Recalling a Mass Shooting 4 Years Ago Today |url = https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shooting-survivor |magazine = Mother Jones |date = 27 July 2012 |access-date = 11 August 2015 |archive-date = 26 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150826041704/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shooting-survivor |url-status = live }}</ref> The father of a victim in [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting|a mass shooting at a movie theater]] in [[Aurora, Colorado]], wrote about witnessing other mass shootings after the loss of his son.<ref name="teves">{{cite web |last1 = Teves |first1 = Tom |title = 'Something is very wrong in our society': Father of mass-shooting victim calls for an end to the carnage |url = http://www.salon.com/2015/07/31/something_is_very_wrong_in_our_society_father_of_mass_shooting_victim_calls_for_an_end_to_the_carnage/ |work = Salon |date = 31 July 2015 |access-date = 12 August 2015 |archive-date = 3 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150803000933/http://www.salon.com/2015/07/31/something_is_very_wrong_in_our_society_father_of_mass_shooting_victim_calls_for_an_end_to_the_carnage/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The survivors of the [[2011 Norway attacks]] recounted their experience to ''[[GQ]]'' magazine.<ref name="GQ">{{cite magazine |last1 = Flynn |first1 = Sean |title = Is he coming? Is he? Oh God, I think he is. |url = https://www.gq.com/story/anders-behring-breivik-norway-massacre-story |magazine = GQ |date = 30 July 2012 |access-date = 12 August 2015 |archive-date = 1 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150801031317/http://www.gq.com/story/anders-behring-breivik-norway-massacre-story |url-status = live }}</ref> In addition, one paper studied Swedish police officers' reactions to a mass shooting.<ref name="swedish">{{cite web |last1 = Karlsson |first1 = Ingemar |title = Memories of traumatic events among swedish police officers |url = http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf;jsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Bjsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm&pid=diva2%3A194618&dswid=dtR86wHT |publisher = Stockholm University |access-date = 11 August 2015 |archive-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153127/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf;jsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Bjsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm&pid=diva2%3A194618&dswid=dtR86wHT |url-status = live }}</ref>
+Notable mass shootings in [[Mexico]] include the [[2010 Chihuahua shootings]] in the state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]. [[2010 San Fernando massacre|One of the deadliest mass shootings in Mexico]] occurred in 2010 in the town of [[San Fernando, Tamaulipas]]. In that incident, 72 migrants from Central and South America were found dead in a ranch, allegedly killed by members of the Zetas drug cartel. 2 months prior to that, 19 people were killed in Chihuahua in another shooting. Another high-profile mass shooting in Mexico [[2009 Mexico City Metro shooting|took place in 2009]], when a man opened fire on passengers on a Mexico City metro train, killing two people and injuring several others. In 2019, about {{convert|70|mi|km}} south of the [[Mexico–United States border]], the [[LeBarón and Langford families massacre|LeBarón and Langford families]] endured a massacre in the state of [[Sonora]], where nine women and children were killed by suspected members of a drug cartel. The victims were believed to have been mistaken for members of a rival cartel. Other notable mass shootings in Mexico include the [[Minatitlán massacre]] in 2019, the [[Salamanca nightclub shooting]] in 2019, and the [[2019 Villa Unión shootout]]. In 2020, the country experienced several high-profile mass shootings, including the [[Colegio Cervantes shooting]] in Torreón, the [[2020 Irapuato massacres|Irapuato massacres]], and the [[Camargo massacre]]. On 23 May 2022, 11 people were killed in a [[Celaya massacre|mass shooting at the Gala Hotel]] and a nearby bar in [[Celaya, Guanajuato]]. The attackers were reportedly from the [[Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel]], and left a message referring to the [[Jalisco New Generation Cartel]] and three dismembered bodies found earlier that day. On 27 March 2022, 20 people were killed in a [[Las Tinajas massacre|mass shooting at an illegal cockfighting pit in Las Tinajas]], Zinapécuaro, Michoacán. The attackers were believed to be from the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, and the massacre was part of a conflict between the cartel and the local gang [[La Familia Michoacana|Familia Michoacana]]. On 24 August 2022, eight people were [[Tuzantla shootout|killed in the city of Tuzantla, Michoacán]], in a firefight between rival factions of La Familia Michoacana. The dispute stemmed from infighting between brothers Johnny "El Pez" and Jose Alfredo "El Fresa" Hurtado Olascoaga, leaders of the Tuzantla cell, and their former coworker known as "El Chaparro".
-It is common for mass shooting survivors to suffer from [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]<ref name="liberty">{{cite web |last1 = Simmons |first1 = Laura |title = Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Mass Shooting Survivors |url = http://guardianlv.com/2014/06/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-mass-shooting-survivors/ |publisher = Liberty Voice |date = 29 June 2014 |access-date = 11 August 2015 |archive-date = 21 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121024404/http://guardianlv.com/2014/06/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-mass-shooting-survivors/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="ptsd">{{cite web |title = Impact of Mass Shootings on Individual Adjustment |url = http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/V25N3.pdf |website = ptsd.va.gov |publisher = National Center for PTSD |access-date = 11 August 2015 |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083023/http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/V25N3.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[Survivor guilt|survivors guilt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PTSD: National Center for PTSD |url=https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/types/mass_violence_help.asp |website=ptsd.va.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>
-==Perpetrators==
-{{For|a detailed list of mass shooters and other rampage killers|List of rampage killers}}
-{{Globalize|section|date=March 2023}}
-===Sex and ethnicity===
 ==== United States ====
+{{main|List of mass shootings in the United States}}
-The overwhelming majority of mass shooters in the U.S. are male, with some sources showing males account for 98 percent of mass shooters.<ref name="frum">{{cite magazine |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/mass-shootings-are-preventable/396644/ |title = Mass Shootings Are Preventable |last1 = Frum |first1 = David |date = 23 June 2015 |magazine = The Atlantic |access-date = 11 August 2015 |archive-date = 18 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150818075309/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/mass-shootings-are-preventable/396644/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite magazine |url = http://time.com/114128/elliott-rodgers-ucsb-santa-barbara-shooter/ |title = Why Mass Killers Are Always Male |last1 = Kluger |first1 = Jeffrey |date = 25 May 2014 |access-date = 11 August 2015 |magazine = Time |archive-date = 16 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150916164325/http://time.com/114128/elliott-rodgers-ucsb-santa-barbara-shooter/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="DFord">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/27/us/mass-shootings/ |title = Who commits mass shootings? |last = Ford |first = Dana |date = 24 July 2015 |work = CNN |access-date = 4 December 2015 |archive-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141548/http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/27/us/mass-shootings/ |url-status = live }}</ref> According to Sky News, male perpetrators committed 110 out of 114 school shootings (96%) in the period 1982{{ndash}}2019,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://news.sky.com/story/why-are-white-men-more-likely-to-carry-out-mass-shootings-11252808 |title = Why are white men carrying out more mass shootings? |website = Sky News |language = en |access-date = 6 January 2020 |archive-date = 11 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191211052755/https://news.sky.com/story/why-are-white-men-more-likely-to-carry-out-mass-shootings-11252808 |url-status = live }}</ref> compared to homicides in general in the United States, where 85.3 percent of homicides were committed by males.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Kellermann |first1 = A. L. |last2 = Mercy |first2 = J. A. |date = July 1992 |title = Men, women, and murder: gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization |journal = The Journal of Trauma |volume = 33 |issue = 1 |pages = 1–5 |issn = 0022-5282 |pmid = 1635092 }}</ref>
+On August 1, 1966, at the [[University of Texas in Austin]], 25-year-old Marine veteran [[Charles Whitman]] killed 15 people, including an unborn child, and injured 31 others in the [[University of Texas tower shooting]] Whitman was killed by 2 [[Austin Police Department]] officers approximately 96 minutes after he began firing from the observation deck of the [[Main Building tower]]. In the 1999 [[Columbine High School massacre]], [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold|two students]] from the school shot and killed 13 classmates, including a [[Anne Marie Hochhalter|victim who died in 2025]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Paralyzed Columbine survivor's death ruled a homicide 26 years after school massacre |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/paralyzed-columbine-survivors-death-ruled-homicide-26-years-school-mas-rcna196276 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> and a teacher before committing suicide in the school's library. On April 16, 2007, 23-year-old student [[Seung-Hui Cho]] killed 32 students and teachers, and wounded 17 others in the [[Virginia Tech shooting]]. Other people were injured attempting to escape. When police stormed the building he was in, the shooter killed himself. In the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], 20-year-old [[Adam Lanza]] killed his mother before shooting and killing 20 children and 6 adults at [[Newtown Public Schools|Sandy Hook Elementary School]] in [[Newtown, Connecticut]]. He then committed suicide; the motive is still inconclusive. On May 24, 2022, in [[Uvalde, Texas]], 18-year-old [[Salvador Ramos]] shot and wounded his grandmother before he drove to his former elementary school, [[Robb Elementary School]], and opened fire. Ramos targeted adjoining classrooms 111 and 112. He killed 19 children and 2 teachers before being shot dead by police around 77 minutes after Ramos entered the classrooms. Eighteen other people were hospitalized as a result of the [[Uvalde school shooting]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 May 2022|title=18 students, one teacher killed in Texas elementary school shooting|publisher=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/police-respond-active-shooter-texas-elementary-school-rcna30339|access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>
-A study by [[Statista]] showed that 65 out of 116 (56%) U.S. mass shootings in a period from 1982 to 2019 involved white shooters (who are 65% of the population).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.statista.com/statistics/476456/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-race/ |title = U.S.: mass shootings by race 1982–2019 |website = Statista |language = en |access-date = 6 January 2020 |archive-date = 4 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200104152500/https://www.statista.com/statistics/476456/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-race/ |url-status = live }}</ref> According to a database compiled by ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' magazine, the race of the shooters is approximately proportionate to the overall U.S. population, although Asians are overrepresented and Latinos underrepresented.<ref name="DFord" />
+On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old white-supremacist [[Dylann Roof]] killed 9 African Americans, including senior pastor and state senator [[Clementa C. Pinckney]], in the [[Charleston Church Shooting]]. Roof left the scene and a manhunt began before he was apprehended the next morning. He later confessed to attacking the historic black church in an attempt to start a race war. Roof is currently imprisoned at USP Terre Haute where he awaits his death sentence. On June 12, 2016, 29-year-old [[Omar Mateen]] killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in the [[Pulse nightclub shooting]]. Mateen was killed in a shootout with the police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/orlando-shooting.html|title=Orlando Shooting Survivors Cope With the Trauma of Good Fortune|last1=Stolberg|first1=Sheryl Gay|date=14 June 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 November 2018|last2=Pérez-Peña|first2=Richard|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108124225/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/orlando-shooting.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The perpetrator of the [[2022 Buffalo shooting]], who killed 10 people, wrote in a lengthy manifesto that he was radicalized after having "extreme boredom" during the COVID-19 pandemic, when he began browsing [[4chan]] and [[neo-Nazi]] websites linked from it; the accused gunman's manifesto espoused notions from the "[[Great Replacement]]" conspiracy theory and included screenshots of memes and conservative news headlines that he cited as sources for his ideology.<ref name=Tucker>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/buffalo-supermarket-shooting-gunman-radicalization-2669f6fd9dce881b150577eae885e44f|title=Accused Buffalo gunman followed familiar radicalization path|agency=Associated Press|author=Eric Tucker, Michael Kunzelman and Amanda Seitz|date=16 May 2022}}</ref>
-=== Mental health and criminal records ===
+=== South America ===
+{{See also|Category:Mass shootings in Brazil}}
-In a study of 55 mass shooters from Mother Jones' mass shooting database, researchers found that 87.5 percent of perpetrators had misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated or undiagnosed and untreated psychiatric illnesses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Cerfolio |first1 = Nina E. |last2 = Glick |first2 = Ira |last3 = Kamis |first3 = Danielle |last4 = Laurence |first4 = Michael |date = 1 September 2022 |title = A Retrospective Observational Study of Psychosocial Determinants and Psychiatric Diagnoses of Mass Shooters in the United States |url = https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001 |journal = Psychodynamic Psychiatry |volume = 50 |issue = 3 |pages = 513–528 |doi = 10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001 |pmid = 35175100 |s2cid = 246903970 |issn = 2162-2590 |access-date = 6 September 2022 |archive-date = 6 September 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220906025607/https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001 |url-status = live }}</ref>
-According to a study by The Violence Project, 42 percent of all mass shooters experienced physical or sexual abuse, parental suicide, or were victims of bullying.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Most mass shooters share these four defining moments, research shows |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/most-mass-shooters-share-these-four-defining-moments-research-show/ |access-date = 25 November 2022 |website = www.cbsnews.com |date = 21 November 2022 |language = en-US |archive-date = 24 November 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221124125522/https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/most-mass-shooters-share-these-four-defining-moments-research-show/ |url-status = live }}</ref> They also found that 72 percent of perpetrators were suicidal.
-In a study of 171 mass shooters who attacked in the United States from 1966 to 2019, researchers Adam Lankford and Rebecca Cowan found that although the vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent, "almost all public mass shooters may have mental health problems." They suggest the frequency of mental health problems among mass shooters is sometimes underestimated because "many perpetrators have never been formally evaluated by a psychiatrist or mental health practitioner...and others deliberately avoid doctors, conceal their mental health problems, or lie about their symptoms due to shame, stigma, or fear of other consequences." However, Lankford and Cowan also emphasize that mental illness is not the sole cause of mass shootings and many other factors play an important role in perpetrators' decisions to attack.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Lankford |first1 = Adam |last2 = Cowan |first2 = Rebecca G. |date = September 2020 |title = Has the role of mental health problems in mass shootings been significantly underestimated? |url = http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037%2Ftam0000151 |journal = Journal of Threat Assessment and Management |language = en |volume = 7 |issue = 3–4 |pages = 135–156 |doi = 10.1037/tam0000151 |s2cid = 234017401 |issn = 2169-4850 |access-date = 12 July 2022 |archive-date = 19 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230219082759/https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/tam0000151 |url-status = live }}</ref>
-Criminologist James Allen Fox said that most mass murderers do not have a criminal record, or involuntary incarceration at a mental health centre,<ref>{{cite web |last = Peters |first = Justin |date = 19 December 2013 |title = Mass shootings in America: Northeastern criminologists James Alan Fox, Monica J. DeLateur in Homicide Studies refute common myths about mass murder |url = http://www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2013/12/19/mass_shootings_in_america_northeastern_criminologists_james_alan_fox_monica.html |access-date = 8 July 2016 |website = Slate.com |archive-date = 5 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181005023137/http://www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2013/12/19/mass_shootings_in_america_northeastern_criminologists_james_alan_fox_monica.html |url-status = live }}</ref> although an article in ''The New York Times'' in December 2015 about fifteen recent mass shootings found that six perpetrators had had run-ins with law enforcement, and six had mental health issues.<ref name="larry">{{cite news |last1 = Buchanan |first1 = Larry |date = 3 December 2015 |title = How They Got Their Guns |work = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/03/us/how-mass-shooters-got-their-guns.html?_r=0 |access-date = 12 June 2016 |archive-date = 10 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160110010534/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/03/us/how-mass-shooters-got-their-guns.html?_r=0 |url-status = live }}</ref>
-=== Motives ===
-Mass shootings can be motivated by [[religious extremism]], [[political ideologies]] (e.g., [[neo-Nazism]], [[terrorism]], [[white supremacism]]), [[racism]], [[sexual orientation]], [[misogyny]],<ref>De Freitas, Julian, and Mina Cikara. "Deep down my enemy is good: Thinking about the true self reduces intergroup bias." (2017)</ref> [[mental illness]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/other-hand/2018/02/high-school-students-demand-action-gun-control-following-parkland |title = High school students demand action on gun control following Parkland shooting – rabble.ca |website = rabble.ca |date = 16 February 2018 |access-date = 2 July 2018 |archive-date = 25 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180625075226/http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/other-hand/2018/02/high-school-students-demand-action-gun-control-following-parkland |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Van Brunt, Brian, and W. Scott Lewis. "Costuming, misogyny, and objectification as risk factors in targeted violence." Violence and gender 1.1 (2014): 25–35.</ref> and revenge against [[bullying]],<ref>Rocque, Michael. "Exploring school rampage shootings: Research, theory, and policy." The Social Science Journal 49.3 (2012): 304–313.</ref> among other reasons.<ref name="frum" /> Forensic psychologist [[Stephen Ross (psychologist)|Stephen Ross]] cites extreme anger and the notion of working for a cause{{snds}}rather than mental illness{{snds}}as primary explanations.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Campbell |first1 = Holly |title = Inside the mind of a mass murderer |url = http://wane.com/2015/12/02/inside-the-mind-of-a-mass-murderer/ |publisher = WANE.com |date = 2 December 2015 |access-date = 10 December 2015 |archive-date = 3 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225401/http://wane.com/2015/12/02/inside-the-mind-of-a-mass-murderer/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> A study by [[Vanderbilt University]] researchers found that "fewer than five percent of the 120,000 gun-related killings in the United States between 2001 and 2010 were perpetrated by people diagnosed with mental illness."<ref name=wolf>{{cite web |last1 = Wolf |first1 = Amy |title = Mental Illness is the wrong scapegoat after mass shootings |url = http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2014/12/mental-illness-wrong-scapegoat-shootings/ |publisher = Vanderbilt University |date = 11 December 2014 |access-date = 12 August 2015 |archive-date = 29 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150729073129/http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2014/12/mental-illness-wrong-scapegoat-shootings/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[John Roman]] of the [[Urban Institute]] argues that, while better access to mental health care, restricting high powered weapons, and creating a defensive infrastructure to combat terrorism are constructive, they do not address the greater issue, which is "we have a lot of really angry young men in our country and in the world."<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-roman-phd/angry-young-men-and-mass_b_10503106.html Angry young Men and Mass Killings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617150707/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-roman-phd/angry-young-men-and-mass_b_10503106.html |date=17 June 2016 }}. ''The Huffington Post.'' 16 June 2016.</ref>
-Author [[Dave Cullen]], in his 2009 book ''[[Columbine (book)|Columbine]]'' on the 1999 [[Columbine High School massacre]] and its perpetrators [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]], described Harris as an "injustice collector."<ref>{{cite web |title = Finally understand why. Dave Cullen's Edgar-winning Columbine book: the Columbine killers, shooting & myths |url = http://davecullen.com/columbine.htm |website = davecullen.com |access-date = 27 September 2015 |archive-date = 5 December 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161205183019/http://davecullen.com/columbine.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> He expanded on the concept in a 2015 ''[[The New Republic|New Republic]]'' essay on injustice collectors,<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Inside the Warped Mind of Vester Flanagan and Other Shooters |url = https://newrepublic.com/article/122669/injustice-collectors-how-understand-vester-flanagans-manifesto |magazine = The New Republic |date = 31 August 2015 |access-date = 27 September 2015 |first = Dave |last = Cullen |archive-date = 25 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925090910/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/122669/injustice-collectors-how-understand-vester-flanagans-manifesto |url-status = live }}</ref> identifying several notorious killers as fitting the category, including [[Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt|Christopher Dorner]], [[2014 Isla Vista killings|Elliot Rodger]], [[Murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward|Vester Flanagan]], and [[Andrew Kehoe]]. Likewise, mass shooting expert and former FBI profiler [[Mary O'Toole (mass shooting expert) | Mary O'Toole]] also uses the phrase "injustice collector" in characterizing motives of some mass shooting perpetrators.<ref name="newsweek">{{cite magazine |last1 = Bekiempis |first1 = Victoria |title = Meet Mass-Shooting Expert Mary Ellen O'Toole |url = http://www.newsweek.com/serial-killer-mass-shooter-school-shootings-federal-bureau-investigation-367374 |date = 4 September 2015 |magazine = Newsweek |access-date = 6 September 2015 |archive-date = 5 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905165833/http://www.newsweek.com/serial-killer-mass-shooter-school-shootings-federal-bureau-investigation-367374 |url-status = live }}</ref> In relation, criminologist [[James Alan Fox]] contends that mass murderers are "enabled by social isolation" and typically experience "years of disappointment and failure that produce a mix of profound hopelessness and deep-seated resentment."<ref>{{cite web |first = James Alan |last = Fox |date = 16 January 2011 |url = http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/crime_punishment/2011/01/the_real_causes_of_mass_murder.html |title = The real causes of mass murder |work = Boston.com |access-date = 25 November 2015 |archive-date = 2 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002152559/http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/crime_punishment/2011/01/the_real_causes_of_mass_murder.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/12/03/james-alan-fox-san-bernardino-focus-murderous-partnership/76725342/ |title = James Alan Fox: In San Bernardino, focus on the murderous partnership |work = USA Today |date = 3 December 2015 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-date = 9 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009220849/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/12/03/james-alan-fox-san-bernardino-focus-murderous-partnership/76725342/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Jillian Peterson]], an assistant professor of criminology at [[Hamline University]] who is participating in the construction of a database on mass shooters, noted that two phenomena surface repeatedly in the statistics: hopelessness and a need for notoriety in life or in death.<ref>{{cite news |last = Wanamaker |first = John |date = 8 October 2017 |title = 'This shooter is a little different': Hamline professor studies mass shootings |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/10/08/this-shooter-is-a-little-different-hamline-professor-studies-mass-shootings |work = [[Minnesota Public Radio|MPR]] News |access-date = 9 October 2017 |archive-date = 8 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171008220903/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/10/08/this-shooter-is-a-little-different-hamline-professor-studies-mass-shootings |url-status = live }}</ref> Notoriety was first suggested as a possible motive and researched by Justin Nutt. Nutt stated in a 2013 article, "those who feel nameless and as though no one will care or remember them when they are gone may feel doing something such as a school shooting will make sure they are remembered and listed in the history books."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.socialjusticesolutions.org/2013/12/14/school-shootings-possible-causes/ |title = School Shootings and Possible Causes |date = 14 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141216033628/http://www.socialjusticesolutions.org/2013/12/14/school-shootings-possible-causes/ |access-date = 15 February 2018 |archive-date = 16 December 2014 }}</ref>
-In a 2019 op-ed for the ''Los Angeles Times'',<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-08-04/el-paso-dayton-gilroy-mass-shooters-data |title = Op-Ed: We have studied every mass shooting since 1966. Here's what we've learned about the shooters |date = 4 August 2019 |website = Los Angeles Times |language = en-US |access-date = 11 August 2019 |archive-date = 11 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190811013610/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-08-04/el-paso-dayton-gilroy-mass-shooters-data |url-status = live }}</ref> Jillian Peterson and [[James Densley]] of [[The Violence Project]] think tank presented a new, hopeful, framework to understand mass shootings. Based on a study funded by the [[National Institute of Justice]], Peterson and Densley found mass shooters had four things in common:
-# Early childhood trauma and exposure to violence at a young age
-# An identifiable grievance or crisis point
-# Validation for their belief system, have studied past shootings to find inspiration
-# The means to carry out an attack
-This new framework highlights the complexity of the pathway to a mass shooting, including how each one can be "socially contagious,"<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/mass-shootings-experts-say-violence-contagious-24-7-news-cycle-n1039136 |title = Mass shootings: Experts say violence is contagious, and 24/7 news cycle doesn't help |website = NBC News |date = 5 August 2019 |language = en |access-date = 11 August 2019 |archive-date = 11 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190811100402/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/mass-shootings-experts-say-violence-contagious-24-7-news-cycle-n1039136 |url-status = live }}</ref> but also provides a blueprint to prevent the next mass shooting. Each one of the four themes represents an opportunity for intervention. By mitigating [[mass shooting contagion|contagion]] (validation), training in crisis intervention de-escalation (crisis), and increasing access to affordable mental healthcare (trauma), a mass shooting can be averted.
-In considering the frequency of mass shootings in the United States, criminologist [[Peter Squires (criminologist)|Peter Squires]] says that the individualistic culture in the United States puts the country at greater risk for mass shootings than other countries, noting that <q>many other countries where gun ownership is high, such as Norway, Finland, Switzerland and Israel...tend to have more tight-knit societies where a strong social bond supports people through crises, and mass killings are fewer.</q> He is an advocate of gun control, but contends there is more to mass shootings than the prevalence of guns.<ref name="europe">{{cite news |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/ |title = In Europe, fewer mass killings due to culture not guns |last1 = Dorell |first1 = Oren |date = 18 December 2012 |newspaper = USA Today |access-date = 11 August 2015 |archive-date = 22 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150822003403/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The Italian Marxist academic [[Franco Berardi]] argues that the [[hyper-individualism]], [[social alienation]] and competitiveness fomented by [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] ideology and [[capitalism]] creates mass shooters by causing people to "malfunction."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wd7eyw/berardi-interview |title = This Theorist Believes That Capitalism Creates Mass Murderers by Causing People to 'Malfunction' |last = McIntyre |first = Niamh |date = 16 April 2015 |work = Vice |access-date = 11 March 2019 |archive-date = 28 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928030150/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wd7eyw/berardi-interview |url-status = live }}</ref>
-=== Social science and family structure ===
-A noteworthy connection has been reported in the U.S. between mass shootings and domestic or family violence, with a current or former intimate partner or family member killed in 76 of 133 cases (57%), and a perpetrator having previously been charged with domestic violence in 21.<ref name="alter2">{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/17/domestic-violence-gun_n_5595898.html |title = Mass Shooting Analysis Finds Strong Domestic Violence Connection |author = Melissa Jeltsen |date = 18 July 2014 |newspaper = The Huffington Post |access-date = 13 June 2016 |archive-date = 8 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180508181411/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/17/domestic-violence-gun_n_5595898.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="bloombergstudy">{{cite web |url = http://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/ |title = Analysis of Mass Shootings |date = 20 August 2015 |access-date = 13 June 2016 |newspaper = Everytownresearch.org |archive-date = 10 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190510122503/https://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/ |url-status = live }} This analysis has later figures than reported in the article</ref>
-==Responses==
-=== Media ===
-Some people have considered whether media attention revolving around the perpetrators of mass shootings is a factor in sparking further incidents.<ref name=birch>{{cite news |last1 = Birch |first1 = Jenna |title = Does Media Coverage After a Mass Shooting Do More Harm Than Good? |url = https://www.yahoo.com/health/does-media-coverage-after-a-mass-shooting-do-more-125177743017.html |work = Yahoo! News |date = 27 July 2015 |access-date = 11 August 2015 |archive-date = 16 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150816001011/https://www.yahoo.com/health/does-media-coverage-after-a-mass-shooting-do-more-125177743017.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In response to this, some in law enforcement have decided against naming mass shooting suspects in media-related events to avoid giving them notoriety.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Elinson |first1 = Zusha |last2 = Lazo |first2 = Alejandro |title = More Police Decide Against Naming Mass-Shooting Suspects |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/more-police-decide-against-naming-mass-shooting-suspects-1443985970 |newspaper = Wall Street Journal |date = 4 October 2015 |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-date = 4 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151004214121/http://www.wsj.com/articles/more-police-decide-against-naming-mass-shooting-suspects-1443985970 |url-status = live }}</ref>
-The effects of messages used in the coverage of mass shootings have been studied. Researchers studied the role the coverage plays in shaping attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public support for [[gun control]] policies.<ref name=emma>{{Cite journal |last1 = McGinty |first1 = Emma |title = Effects of News Media Messages About Mass Shootings on Attitudes Toward Persons With Serious Mental Illness and Public Support for Gun Control Policies |journal = American Journal of Psychiatry |volume = 170 |issue = 5 |pages = 494–501 |doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010014 |pmid = 23511486 |date = 1 May 2013 }}</ref>
-In 2015, a paper written by a physicist and statistician, [[Sherry Towers]], along with four colleagues was published, which proved that there is indeed mass shooting contagion using [[mathematical model]]ing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Towers |first1 = Sherry |last2 = Gomez-Lievano |first2 = Andres |last3 = Khan |first3 = Maryam |last4 = Mubayi |first4 = Anuj |last5 = Castillo-Chavez |first5 = Carlos |date = 2 July 2015 |editor-last = Yukich |editor-first = Joshua |editor-link = Joshua Yukich |title = Contagion in Mass Killings and School Shootings |journal = [[PLOS One]] |volume = 10 |issue = 7 |pages = e0117259 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0117259 |pmid = 26135941 |pmc = 4489652 |bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1017259T |doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite news |author = Stephanie Pappas |date = 2 July 2015 |title = Mass Shootings Are Contagious |work = Live Science |url = https://www.livescience.com/51429-mass-shootings-are-contagious.html |access-date = 16 June 2018 |archive-date = 29 July 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729062457/https://www.livescience.com/51429-mass-shootings-are-contagious.html |url-status = live }}</ref> However, in 2017, Towers said in an interview that she prefers [[Industry self-regulation|self-regulation]] to [[censorship]] to address this issue, just like years ago major news outlets successfully prevent [[copycat suicide]].<ref>{{cite interview |last = Towers |first = Sherry |interviewer = John Hook |title = Newsmaker Sunday: Sherry Towers |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sQKZcpolAY |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/-sQKZcpolAY |archive-date = 4 November 2021 |url-status = live |publisher = [[Fox 10 Phoenix]] |location = Phoenix, Arizona, United States |date = 6 December 2017 |work = Newsmaker Sunday |access-date = 14 June 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
-In 2016, the [[American Psychological Association]] published a [[press release]], claiming that [[mass shooting contagion]] does exist and that news media and social media enthusiasts should withhold the name(s) and face(s) of the victimizer(s) when reporting a mass shooting to deny the fame the shooter(s) want to curb contagion.<ref>{{cite press release |last = Johnston |first = Jennifer |date = 4 August 2016 |title = "Media Contagion" Is Factor in Mass Shootings, Study Says |url = http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/media-contagion.aspx |publisher = American Psychological Association |access-date = 16 June 2018 |archive-date = 30 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210630000356/http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/media-contagion.aspx |url-status = live }}</ref>
-Some news media have weighed in on the gun control debate. After the [[2015 San Bernardino attack]], the ''[[New York Daily News]]''{{'}} front-page headline "God isn't fixing this" was accompanied by "images of tweets from leading Republicans who shared their [[thoughts and prayers|'thoughts' and 'prayers']] for the shooting victims."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/daily-news-cover-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12 |title = Hard-hitting Daily News cover blasts Republicans for offering only 'prayers' after latest shooting |author = Colin Campbell |website = Business Insider |date = 2 December 2015 |access-date = 3 December 2015 |archive-date = 3 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151203081721/http://www.businessinsider.com/daily-news-cover-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Marina |last = Fang |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-daily-news-cover_565fa492e4b08e945fee15ce |title = New York Daily News Skewers Politicians Refusing to Act on Gun Violence: 'God Isn't Fixing This' |work = Huffington Post |date = 2 December 2015 |access-date = 2 December 2015 |archive-date = 3 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151203070026/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-daily-news-cover_565fa492e4b08e945fee15ce |url-status = live }}</ref> Since the [[2014 Isla Vista killings]], satirical news website ''[[The Onion]]'' has repeatedly republished the story [["No Way to Prevent This", Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens]] with minor edits after major mass shootings, to satirise the popular consensus that there is a lack of political power in the United States to prevent mass shootings.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/03/why-this-onion-article-goes-viral-after-every-mass-shooting/ |title = Why this Onion article goes viral after every mass shooting |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |first1 = Eli |last1 = Rosenberg |access-date = 11 November 2018 |archive-date = 15 September 2019 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20190915063118/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/03/why-this-onion-article-goes-viral-after-every-mass-shooting/?noredirect=on |url-status = live }}</ref>
-===Gun law reform===
-{{See also|Overview of gun laws by nation}}
-Responses to mass shootings take a variety of forms, depending on the country and political climate.
-====Australia====
+Notable mass shootings in [[Argentina]] include the 2004 [[Carmen de Patagones school shooting]] in [[Carmen de Patagones]], the [[2006 San Miguel shooting]], a workplace attack in a suburb of [[Buenos Aires]], and the June 2006 mass shooting on Cabildo Avenue in [[Belgrano, Buenos Aires]], committed by serial shooter [[Martín Ríos (murderer)|Martín Ríos]].<ref>{{cite news|title=4 Die in Argentina School Shooting – CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/4-die-in-argentina-school-shooting/|access-date=18 August 2023|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=28 September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=El ex directivo de una empresa de transporte que volvió a los balazos|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-66439-2006-05-04.html|access-date=18 August 2023|work=Pagina12|date=4 May 2006|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lipcovich |first1=Pedro |title=Una tarde de locura y tiros en Belgrano |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-69554-2006-07-07.html |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[Página 12]] |date=7 July 2006 |language=es}}</ref>
-After the 1996 [[Port Arthur massacre (Australia)|Port Arthur massacre]], [[Australia]] changed [[Gun laws in Australia#The Port Arthur massacre and its consequences|its gun laws]].
-====New Zealand====
+Notable mass shootings in Brazil include:
-In the aftermath of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]], [[New Zealand]] announced a ban on almost all semiautomatic military-style weapons.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/world/asia/new-zealand-guns-jacinda-ardern.html |title = New Zealand Passes Law Banning Most Semiautomatic Weapons, Weeks After Massacre |last = Graham-McLay |first = Charlotte |work = The New York Times |access-date = 1 June 2019 |date = 10 April 2019 |archive-date = 24 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200524120159/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/world/asia/new-zealand-guns-jacinda-ardern.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
+* [[Suzano massacre|Suzano school shooting (2019)]]: Two former students killed 7 people and injured 11 others at Raul Brasil State School in Suzano, São Paulo before killing themself. The perpetrators also killed one of their uncles before the school shooting.
+* [[Rio de Janeiro school shooting|Realengo school shooting (2011)]]: A gunman killed 12 students and injured 22 others at Tasso da Silveira Municipal School in Realengo, Rio de Janeiro before committing [[suicide]].
+* Fortaleza nightclub shooting (2018): A man killed 14 people at a nightclub in [[Fortaleza]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-27|title=Gunmen kill 14 at Brazilian nightclub|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42847561|access-date=2023-04-14|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref>
+* [[Campinas Cathedral shooting|Campinas Cathedral shooting (2018)]]: A man killed five people and injured 4 others at the Metropolitan [[Our Lady of the Conception Cathedral, Campinas|Cathedral of Campinas]] in [[Campinas]], São Paulo. Police shot the gunman on his side before he killed himself.
+* [[Aracruz school shootings]] (2022): On 25 November 2022, a 16-year-old [[neo-nazi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boy, 16, 'wore swastika' during fatal school shootings in Brazil {{!}} Brazil {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/26/boy-16-killed-three-people-and-wounded-13-in-two-schools-in-brazil|access-date=2023-04-14|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> former student opened fire at two schools in Brazil, killing four and injuring 12.
-====United Kingdom====
+=== Oceania ===
-As a result of the [[Hungerford massacre]] in [[Hungerford]], England, and the [[Dunblane school massacre]] in [[Stirling, Scotland]], the [[United Kingdom]] enacted tough gun laws and a buyback program to remove specific classes of firearms from private ownership. They included the Firearms Amendment Act 1988, which limited rifles and shotguns; and the 1997 Firearms Amendment Acts, which restricted or made illegal many handguns.<ref name=hart>{{cite news |last1 = Hartmann |first1 = Margaret |title = How Australia and Britain Tackled Gun Violence |url = http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/10/how-australia-and-britain-tackled-gun-violence.html |newspaper = Daily Intelligencer |date = 2 October 2015 |access-date = 3 October 2015 |archive-date = 20 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170920204858/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/10/how-australia-and-britain-tackled-gun-violence.html |url-status = live }}</ref> There have been two mass shootings since the laws were restricted: the [[Cumbria shootings]] in 2010, which killed 13 people, including the perpetrator;<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Tarabay |first1 = Jamie |last2 = Dewan |first2 = Angela |title = What the UK and Australia did differently after mass shootings |url = https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/04/world/gun-control-uk-australia/index.html |website = CNN |date = 4 October 2017 |access-date = 31 January 2018 |archive-date = 1 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075948/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/04/world/gun-control-uk-australia/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> and the [[Plymouth shooting]] in 2021, which killed six people, including the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite news |title = Plymouth shooting: Suspected gunman and five others die |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-58195419 |access-date = 14 August 2021 |work = BBC News |agency = BBC |date = 13 August 2021 |archive-date = 12 August 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210812203114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-58195419 |url-status = live }}</ref>
+{{See also|Category:Mass shootings in Australia|Category:Mass shootings in New Zealand}}
-====United States====
+Notable mass shootings in Australia include the 1987 [[Hoddle Street massacre]] in [[Hoddle Street]], [[Clifton Hill, Victoria|Clifton Hill]], [[Melbourne]]; the 1996 [[Port Arthur massacre (Australia)|Port Arthur massacre]] in [[Port Arthur, Tasmania]]; and the [[2025 Bondi Beach shooting]] in [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]]. There were 13 mass shootings with five or more deaths between 1979 and 1996, and four mass shootings involving four or more deaths have occurred since the introduction of [[National Firearms Agreement|new gun laws]] following the Port Arthur incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/darwin-australia-shooting-latest-updates-today-suspect-arrested-2019-06-04/|title=At least 4 killed and multiple crime scenes after shooting in Australia|publisher=CBS News|date=4 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604210828/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/darwin-australia-shooting-latest-updates-today-suspect-arrested-2019-06-04/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nunn|first1=Gary|title=Darwin shooting: Why mass shooting feels unfamiliar to Australia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522788|access-date=1 January 2020|publisher=BBC|date=5 June 2019|ref=BBC|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116082126/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522788|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 June 2019, a 45-year-old gunman [[2019 Darwin shooting|began shooting at multiple locations]] in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]], resulting in the death of four people and the injury of one other person.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-06-05|title=Darwin shooting: Banned shotgun used in four killings, police say|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522342|access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> The gunman was sentenced to three life sentences without the possibility of parole, with an additional 15-year sentence.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-13|title='I haven't really recovered': Victim of Darwin mass shooting speaks, following sentence to life for murderous drug-fuelled rampage|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=United States|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-13/darwin-shooter-benjamin-glenn-hoffmann-sentenced/101526932|access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> The 2022 [[Wieambilla shootings]] was a religiously motivated [[terrorist attack]] that resulted in the death of two police officers and a neighbour, as well as the fatal shooting of the three perpetrators. The shooting lasted six hours. The motive was found to be [[Christian fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Joe Hinchliffe|title=Wieambilla shootings labelled Australia's first Christian terrorist attack|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/16/wieambilla-shootings-australia-christian-terrorist-attack-queensland-police|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2023-02-16|access-date=2023-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216234354/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/16/wieambilla-shootings-australia-christian-terrorist-attack-queensland-police|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{See also|Mass shootings in the United States|List of mass shootings in the United States|Gun politics in the United States}}
-In the [[United States]], support for gun law reform [[gun politics in the United States|varies considerably by political party]], with Democrats generally more supportive and Republicans generally more opposed. Some in the U.S. believe that tightening gun laws would prevent future mass shootings.<ref name=progress>{{cite web |last1 = Collins |first1 = Sam |title = One Change To Our Gun Laws That Could Have Prevented The Last Mass Shooting |url = http://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/07/28/3685169/gun-laws-mental-health-lafayette/ |website = Think Progress |date = 28 July 2015 |access-date = 12 August 2015 |archive-date = 14 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150814042431/http://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/07/28/3685169/gun-laws-mental-health-lafayette/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Some politicians in the U.S. introduced legislation to reform the background check system for purchasing a gun.<ref name=ali>{{cite web |last1 = Weinberg |first1 = Ali |title = These 6 Stalled Bills Aimed at Mass Shootings Like Umpqua Flounder in Congress |url = https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/stalled-bills-aimed-mass-shootings-umpqua-flounder-congress/story?id=34208798 |publisher = ABC News |date = 2 October 2015 |access-date = 3 October 2015 |archive-date = 3 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003163902/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/stalled-bills-aimed-mass-shootings-umpqua-flounder-congress/story?id=34208798 |url-status = live }}</ref> A vast majority of Americans support tighter background checks. "According to a poll by Quinnipiac University in Connecticut, 93 percent of registered voters said they would support universal background checks for all gun buyers."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/10/americans-support-universal-background-checks |title = An Overwhelming Majority of Americans Still Support Universal Background Checks |work = Mother Jones |date = 1 October 2015 |access-date = 16 December 2015 |first = Becca |last = Andrews |archive-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171252/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/10/americans-support-universal-background-checks |url-status = live }}</ref>
-Others contend that mass shootings should not be the main focus in the gun law reform debate because these shootings account for less than one percent of the U.S. homicide rate and believe that these shootings are hard to stop. They often argue that civilians with concealed guns will be able to stop shootings.<ref name=volokh>{{cite news |last1 = Volokh |first1 = Eugene |title = Do civilians with guns ever stop mass shootings? |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/10/03/do-civilians-with-guns-ever-stop-mass-shootings/ |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |date = 3 October 2015 |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-date = 3 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003205419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/10/03/do-civilians-with-guns-ever-stop-mass-shootings/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
+New Zealand has a relatively low rate of gun violence compared to other developed countries despite its formerly lax gun laws.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Alpers|first1=Philip|last2=Lovell|first2=Miles|last3=Picard|first3=Michael|title=New Zealand – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law|url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/new-zealand|website=GunPolicy.org|publisher=[[University of Sydney]]|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114815/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/new-zealand|archive-date=9 September 2023|date=7 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Worlds Apart">{{cite journal|last1=Anglemeyer|first1=Andrew|last2=Beautrais|first2=Annette|title=Political Response to Firearm Violence Resulting in Mass Casualties in New Zealand and the United States: Worlds Apart|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=3 September 2019|volume=171|issue=5|pages=364–365|doi=10.7326/M19-1567|pmid=31404924|s2cid=199549482|url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M19-1567|access-date=2 October 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The country has experienced three major mass shootings since the late 20th century.<ref name="RNZ history of violence">{{cite news|title=A history of violence: mass killings in New Zealand|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/384881/a-history-of-violence-mass-killings-in-new-zealand|access-date=2 October 2023|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922160522/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/384881/a-history-of-violence-mass-killings-in-new-zealand|archive-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic 15 March 2009">{{cite news|last1=Fattal|first1=Isabel|title=New Zealand Went More Than 20 Years Between Mass Shootings|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/03/new-zealands-history-mass-shootings-christchurch/585052/|access-date=2 October 2023|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=15 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603190352/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/03/new-zealands-history-mass-shootings-christchurch/585052/|archive-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="BBC Auckland shooting">{{cite news|last1=Cai|first1=Derek|last2=Wang|first2=Fan|title=Auckland shooting: Renewed debate on rising NZ crime rste|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66253479|access-date=2 October 2023|publisher=BBC News|date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014638/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66253479|archive-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> The [[Aramoana massacre|first mass shooting]] occurred in [[Aramoana]], a small town on the east coast of the South Island, in 1990. David Gray, a 33-year-old man with a history of mental illness, killed 13 people and injured three others before being shot and killed by police.<ref name="RNZ history of violence" /><ref name="The Atlantic 15 March 2009" /> The [[Christchurch mosque shootings|second mass shooting]] occurred in [[Christchurch]], the largest city in [[South Island|southern New Zealand]], in 2019. Brenton Tarrant, a 28-year-old Australian-born man, opened fire on two mosques during Friday prayers, killing 51 people and injuring 40 others. This was the worst mass shooting in New Zealand history.<ref name="RNZ history of violence" /><ref name="The Atlantic 15 March 2009" /> The [[2023 Auckland shooting|third mass shooting]] occurred in [[Auckland]], the largest city in the [[North Island]]. Matu Tangi Magua Reid, who was under house arrest killed two people and injured 10 others during a workplace shooting before killing himself.<ref name="BBC Auckland shooting" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ham|first=Katie|date=2023-07-24|title=Auckland CBD gunman's fatal injury was self-inflicted, police say|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/300934668/auckland-cbd-gunmans-fatal-injury-was-selfinflicted-police-say|access-date=2 October 2023|website=Stuff|language=en|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724054426/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/300934668/auckland-cbd-gunmans-fatal-injury-was-selfinflicted-police-say|url-status=live}}</ref>
-According to British criminologist Peter Squires, who has studied gun violence in different countries, mass shootings may be more due to the "individualistic culture" in the U.S. than its firearm laws.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Dorell |first1 = Oren |title = In Europe, fewer mass killings due to culture not guns |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/ |website = USA TODAY |language = en |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-date = 22 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150822003403/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
-U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] repeatedly addressed mass shootings during his eight-year presidency, calling for more gun safety laws in the United States.<ref name=korte>{{cite news |last1 = Korte |first1 = Gregory |title = 11 mass shootings, 11 speeches: How Obama has responded |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/10/02/11-mass-shootings-11-speeches-how-obama-has-responded/73177526/ |newspaper = USA Today |date = 2 October 2015 |access-date = 3 October 2015 |archive-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151005065906/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/10/02/11-mass-shootings-11-speeches-how-obama-has-responded/73177526/ |url-status = live }}</ref> After the [[Charleston church shooting]], and the [[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]], he renewed his call for reforming gun-safety laws and said that the frequency of mass shootings in the United States has "no parallel in the world."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12 |title = OBAMA: 'We have a pattern now of mass shootings ... that has no parallel' |work = Business Insider |date = 2 December 2015 |access-date = 16 December 2015 |first = Maxwell |last = Tani |archive-date = 12 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151212125932/http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12 |url-status = live }}</ref> After the [[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]], the surviving students, teachers, and parents became leaders in the effort to ban [[assault weapon]] sales and easy accessibility to [[weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1 = Witt |first1 = Emily |title = How the Survivors of Parkland Began the Never Again Movement |url = https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-the-survivors-of-parkland-began-the-never-again-movement?CNDID=30462369&spMailingID=12971483&spUserID=MTMzMTgzMTA1MjA0S0&spJobID=1341843325&spReportId=MTM0MTg0MzMyNQS2 |magazine = The New Yorker |access-date = 20 February 2018 |language = en |date = 19 February 2018 |archive-date = 11 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044506/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-the-survivors-of-parkland-began-the-never-again-movement?CNDID=30462369&spMailingID=12971483&spUserID=MTMzMTgzMTA1MjA0S0&spJobID=1341843325&spReportId=MTM0MTg0MzMyNQS2 |url-status = live }}</ref>
 == See also ==
 * [[:Category:Mass shootings by country]]
 * [[Active shooter]]
 * [[Copycat crime]]
 * [[Domestic terrorism]]
+* [[List of manifestos of mass killers]]
 * [[Mass murder]]
 * [[School shooting]]
-* [[List of manifestos of mass killers]]
-==References==
+== References ==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
+{{Reflist}}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
 * [http://timelines.latimes.com/deadliest-shooting-rampages/ Timeline: Deadliest U.S. mass shootings]
-* [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Policy Implications] [[Congressional Research Service]]
+* [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf "Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Policy Implications"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909213006/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf |date=9 September 2013 }}—[[Congressional Research Service]]
-* [http://www.scilogs.com/algoworld/can-we-predict-mass-shootings/ Algoworld: Scientific Ways To Predict Mass Shootings]
+* [http://www.scilogs.com/algoworld/can-we-predict-mass-shootings/ Algoworld: "Scientific Ways to Predict Mass Shootings"]
-* [https://www.npr.org/2014/10/27/359403511/washington-case-revives-debate-about-contagious-mass-shootings Washington Case Revives Debate About 'Contagious' Mass Shootings]
+* [https://www.npr.org/2014/10/27/359403511/washington-case-revives-debate-about-contagious-mass-shootings "Washington Case Revives Debate About 'Contagious' Mass Shootings"]—''[[All Things Considered]]'', 27 October 2014
-* [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/10/mass-shootings-rising-harvard Yes, Mass Shootings Are Occurring More Often]. ''Mother Jones.'' 21 October 2014.
+* [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/10/mass-shootings-rising-harvard "Yes, Mass Shootings Are Occurring More Often"]. ''Mother Jones''. 21 October 2014.
-* {{Cite web |last=Jetter |first=Michael |author2=Jay K. Walker |title=The Effect of Media Coverage on Mass Shootings |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp11900.pdf |publisher=[[IZA Institute of Labor Economics]] |date=October 2018 |ref=none}}
+* {{Cite web|last=Jetter|first=Michael|author2=Jay K. Walker|title=The Effect of Media Coverage on Mass Shootings|url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp11900.pdf|publisher=[[IZA Institute of Labor Economics]]|date=October 2018|ref=none}}
-{{Mass shootings in the United States|state=autocollapse}}
+{{Lists of mass shootings}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Mass shootings| ]]
+[[Category:Attacks by method]]
 [[Category:Gun violence]]
 [[Category:Killings by type]]
-[[Category:Terrorism tactics]]
-[[Category:Attacks by method]]
 [[Category:Mass murder]]
 [[Category:Rampages]]
+[[Category:Terrorism tactics]]