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{{short description|Kashmiri caste}}
{{short description|Kashmiri caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
'''Lone''' ({{lang-ks|लोन <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>, لون <small>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaleeq]])</small>}}), historically known as Lavanya<ref name=":0" /> is a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] surname found in the [[India]]n administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and the [[Pakistan]]i administered province of [[Azad Kashmir]]. Kashmiris with this surname are also found in other parts of India and in the Pakistani Punjabi areas of Lahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot.  
'''Lone''' ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri:]] [[Devanagari]]: लोन्; [[Perso-Arabic]]: لون, 'lōn'; /loːn/), historically known as Lavanya (from Sanskrit [https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF#Sanskrit लावण्य/lāvaṇya])<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kalhana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&q=Lavanya&pg=PA425 |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir: Vol 1 & 2 |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |pages=306 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] surname found in the [[India]]n administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and the [[Pakistan]]i administered province of [[Azad Kashmir]].


==Background==
==Origin==
Scholars like [[Jan Gonda]] and [[Walter Roper Lawrence]] have stated that the Lone belong to the [[Vaishya]] order, being Hindu agriculturalists and traders prior to their conversion to Islam.<ref name="Braj B. Kachru">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5EUIAQAAIAAJ&q=Lone+kashmiri|title=Kashmiri literature|year=1973|publisher = Harrassowitz|isbn=9783447021296|quote= The Lone are converts from the Vaish Hindu community.|access-date = 25 March 2007}}</ref>  
Lones are believed to be the descendants of ancient Lavanya clan of Kashmir.<ref>{{citation |last=Mohan |first=Krishna |title=Kashmir under the Loharas, A.D. 1003-1171 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29638/1/10752610.pdf |page=287 |year=1958 |publisher=Journal: SOAS University of London |quote=....As pointed out by Stein, the kram or tribal name Lon survives to this day as a name for those people who were known as Lavanya in Medieval Kashmir...}}</ref> The 11th-century Sanskrit-language text ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' mentions the Lavanyas of a place called Lahara.<ref>{{citation |last=Bazaz |first=Prem Nath |title=Daughters of the Vitasta: A History of Kashmiri Women from Early Times to the Present Day |url=https://dn790009.ca.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.537347/2015.537347.daughters-of.pdf |page=52 |year=1959 |publisher=Pamposh Publications, 1959 |quote=.....The turbulent Lavanaya (modern Lone) tribe resorted to the nefarious activities for which they had become notorious but the firm-minded and iron-handed queen kept them under control and maintained peace throughout the land.....}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Stein |first=Marc Aurel |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini Vol 1 |url=https://ia601204.us.archive.org/6/items/RajataranginiVol1/1900%20Kalhana%27s%20Rajatarangini%20Vol%201%20translated%20by%20Stein%20s.pdf |page=359 |year=1949 |publisher=Univ. of Panjab |quote=Having found out a vulnerable point of the Darads, he urged on the king to seize the fort called Dugdhaghata along with the Lavanyas of Lahara.}}</ref> Lahara is identified with the modern [[Lar, Jammu and Kashmir|Lar]] town of Kashmir.<ref>{{citation |last=Mohan |first=Krishna |title=Kashmir under the Loharas, A.D. 1003-1171 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29638/1/10752610.pdf |page=88 |year=1958 |publisher=Journal: SOAS University of London |quote=....Pancacandra, who had succeeded to his father Gargacandra's rich estates in Lahara (modern Lar) ....}}</ref>
{{cquote|Only one ''Kram'' the Lon is generally assigned a [[Vaishya|Vaisya]] origin. --[[Sir Walter Roper Lawrence]]<ref>The Valley Of Kasmir by Walter R Lawrence Chapter XII Page 306</ref>}}


In the view of [[Kalhana]]:
Another account of the possible back migration of Lones comes from Sir Walter Lawrence according to which the villagers of Kashmir said that Lones had come from [[Chilas]].<ref>{{citation |last=Lawrence |first=Walter R.|title=The valley of Kashmir |url=https://ia801301.us.archive.org/24/items/valleyofkashmir00lawruoft/valleyofkashmir00lawruoft.pdf |page=306 |year=1895 |publisher=London H. Frowde |quote=The villagers say that the Lons came from Chilas.}}</ref>


''In narrating the war of extermination by which Harsa, endeavoured to rid the eastern portion of the valley of the powerful Damaras. Kalhana indiscriminately also uses the term LAVANYA to designate them. This becomes quite evident by a comparison of the verses quoted below. The same observation holds good for a series of passages in later portions of the Chronicle. The explanation is not far to seek. Lavanya, as shown in note vii. 1171, is a tribal name still surviving to this day in the Kram name Lun, born by a considerable section of the agriculturist population of Kashmir.<ref>Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir, Page 306</ref>''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kalhana|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&lpg=PA425&vq=Dar&pg=PA425#v=snippet&q=Lavanya&f=false|title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir: Vol 1 & 2|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0370-1|pages=306|language=en}}</ref>
==Notable people==
 
* [[Sajjad Gani Lone]]
The Lone Tribe is considered to be the direct descendant of the survived [[Damara (feudal landlord)|Damaras]] who later adopted different professions and blended into the Kashmiri  society.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Abdul Gani Lone]]
 
*[[Shabnam Gani Lone]]
Today The Lone tribe is based mainly in northern Kashmir, although in the past few centuries there has been gradual diffusion of the tribe throughout the valley of Kashmir and other parts of India. Some members of this caste are also found in the Pakistani-administered Kashmir, they are said to have migrated there in 1947 or in the 1990s when militancy was at its height in the valley. However, the place of origin of the tribe and the area where the tribe is said to be mostly concentrated in is the northern [[Kupwara]] district of the Kashmir Valley.{{cn|date=February 2020}}
 
Although the vast majority of the Lone tribe speak [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] as their mother tongue, significant numbers speak [[Shina language|Shina]], especially those who live in the [[Gurez]] valley.{{cn|date=February 2020}} The majority of the people of the Lone tribe follow [[Islam]] as their religion and are predominantly  [[Sunni Muslims]].{{cn|date=November 2020}}


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]
[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
 
[[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]

Latest revision as of 12:25, 1 January 2026

Lone (Kashmiri: Devanagari: लोन्; Perso-Arabic: لون, 'lōn'; /loːn/), historically known as Lavanya (from Sanskrit लावण्य/lāvaṇya)[1] is a Kashmiri surname found in the Indian administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the Pakistani administered province of Azad Kashmir.

Origin[edit | edit source]

Lones are believed to be the descendants of ancient Lavanya clan of Kashmir.[2] The 11th-century Sanskrit-language text Rajatarangini mentions the Lavanyas of a place called Lahara.[3][4] Lahara is identified with the modern Lar town of Kashmir.[5]

Another account of the possible back migration of Lones comes from Sir Walter Lawrence according to which the villagers of Kashmir said that Lones had come from Chilas.[6]

Notable people[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Kalhana (1989). Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir: Vol 1 & 2. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 306. ISBN 978-81-208-0370-1.
  2. ↑ Mohan, Krishna (1958), Kashmir under the Loharas, A.D. 1003-1171 (PDF), Journal: SOAS University of London, p. 287, ....As pointed out by Stein, the kram or tribal name Lon survives to this day as a name for those people who were known as Lavanya in Medieval Kashmir...{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  3. ↑ Bazaz, Prem Nath (1959), Daughters of the Vitasta: A History of Kashmiri Women from Early Times to the Present Day (PDF), Pamposh Publications, 1959, p. 52, .....The turbulent Lavanaya (modern Lone) tribe resorted to the nefarious activities for which they had become notorious but the firm-minded and iron-handed queen kept them under control and maintained peace throughout the land.....
  4. ↑ Stein, Marc Aurel (1949), Kalhana's Rajatarangini Vol 1 (PDF), Univ. of Panjab, p. 359, Having found out a vulnerable point of the Darads, he urged on the king to seize the fort called Dugdhaghata along with the Lavanyas of Lahara.
  5. ↑ Mohan, Krishna (1958), Kashmir under the Loharas, A.D. 1003-1171 (PDF), Journal: SOAS University of London, p. 88, ....Pancacandra, who had succeeded to his father Gargacandra's rich estates in Lahara (modern Lar) ....{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  6. ↑ Lawrence, Walter R. (1895), The valley of Kashmir (PDF), London H. Frowde, p. 306, The villagers say that the Lons came from Chilas.
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