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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox religious group|group=Keralite Hindus | {{Infobox religious group|group=Keralite Hindus<br>കേരളീയ ഹിന്ദുക്കൾ<br>keraleeya hindukkal|image=Panchavadyam.jpg|image_caption= Panchavadyam (orchestra of 5 instruments) during a festival|population=18,282,492 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<br/>'''54.7%''' of total population{{Decrease}}|languages='''Sacred'''<br/>[[Sanskrit]]<br/>'''Others'''<br/>{{hlist|'''[[Malayalam]]'''}}|religions='''[[Hinduism]]'''|related-c=[[Islam in Kerala|Keralite Muslims]] and [[Christianity in Kerala|Keralite Christians]]}} | ||
[[Hinduism]] is the largest [[religion in Kerala]] and Hindu lineages together make up 54.7% of the population of the state according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]. | [[Hinduism]] is the largest [[religion in Kerala]] and Hindu lineages together make up 54.7% of the population of the state according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="censusindia2011religion"/> | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
[[Hinduism]] is the most widely professed faith in Kerala. According to [[2011 Census of India]] figures, 54.7% of Kerala's residents are Hindus. | [[Hinduism]] is the most widely professed faith in Kerala. According to [[2011 Census of India]] figures, 54.7% of Kerala's residents are Hindus.<ref name="censusindia2011religion">{{cite web |title=Population by religious communities |work=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |publisher=Government of India |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827210435/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=27 August 2015}} | ||
</ref> [[Hindu]]s represent the biggest religious group in all districts except [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041128124211/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2004 |location=Chennai, India |title=Increase in Muslim population in the State |date=23 September 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> | |||
The legends regarding the origin of Kerala are Hindu in nature. Kerala produced several saints and movements. [[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adi Shankara]], was from Kerala.|258x258px]][[Adi Shankara]] was a religious philosopher who contributed to Hinduism and propagated the philosophy of [[Advaita]]. He was instrumental in establishing four [[matha]]s at [[Sringeri]], [[Dwarka]], [[Puri]] and [[Jyotirmath]]. [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] was another religious figure who composed [[Narayaniyam]], a collection of verses in praise of the Hindu God [[Krishna]]. | The legends regarding the origin of Kerala are Hindu in nature. Kerala produced several saints and movements. [[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adi Shankara]], was from Kerala.|258x258px]][[Adi Shankara]] was a religious philosopher who contributed to Hinduism and propagated the philosophy of [[Advaita]]. He was instrumental in establishing four [[matha]]s at [[Sringeri]], [[Dwarka]], [[Puri]] and [[Jyotirmath]]. [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] was another religious figure who composed [[Narayaniyam]], a collection of verses in praise of the Hindu God [[Krishna]]. | ||
| Line 119: | Line 119: | ||
!54.9% | !54.9% | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="4" |Source: | ! colspan="4" |Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Vital Statistics Reports|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607065625/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html|archive-date=7 June 2016|access-date=2016-06-01|publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Historical growth === | === Historical growth === | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;" | ||
|+Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901–2011) | |+Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901–2011)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raghunath|first=Arjun|date=2016-03-16|title=Kerala: Muslims will be double the number of Christians by 2051|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160316/kerala-muslims-will-be-double-the-number-of-christians-by-2051.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319141038/http://deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160316/kerala-muslims-will-be-double-the-number-of-christians-by-2051.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2016|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala population Demographics|url=http://14.139.171.199:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/87/WP468.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Bitscan|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611195258/http://14.139.171.199:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/87/WP468.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
!Census | !Census | ||
Year | Year | ||
| colspan="2" bgcolor="Red" |[[Hinduism| | | colspan="2" bgcolor="Red" |[[Hinduism|<span style="color:white;">'''Hindus'''</span>]] | ||
| bgcolor="Red" | | | bgcolor="Red" |<span style="color:white;">'''''Decadal rate (%)'''''</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1901 | !1901 | ||
| Line 193: | Line 193: | ||
== Hindu temples == | == Hindu temples == | ||
{{Main|List of Hindu temples in Kerala}} | {{Main|List of Hindu temples in Kerala}} | ||
<gallery mode="nolines" heights="200" widths="200" perrow="4"> | |||
File:Anantapura Lake Temple.jpg|[[Ananthapura Lake Temple]], [[Kasaragod]]. | File:Anantapura Lake Temple.jpg|[[Ananthapura Lake Temple]], [[Kasaragod]]. | ||
File:Vadakkumnathan Temple.jpg|[[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] at [[Thrissur]]. | File:Vadakkumnathan Temple.jpg|[[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] at [[Thrissur]]. | ||
File:An engraved view of a Hindu temple and pond in Malabar.jpg|A [[Hindu temple]] and pond associated with it in [[Kerala]]. | File:An engraved view of a Hindu temple and pond in Malabar.jpg|A [[Hindu temple]] and pond associated with it in [[Kerala]]. | ||
File:Thirunavaya (5).jpg|[[Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple]]. | File:Thirunavaya (5).jpg|[[Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple]]. | ||
</gallery> | |||
Some of the most notable temples are: | Some of the most notable temples are: | ||
{{div col}} | {{div col}} | ||
| Line 243: | Line 243: | ||
==Saints== | ==Saints== | ||
Adi Shankara, the originator of Advaita Vedanta, was born in [[Kalady]] and was likely a [[Nambudiri|Nambuthiri]]. Many [[Hindu]] saints and [[swami]]s from many castes have lived in Kerala. [[Sree Narayana Gurudevan|Sree Narayana Guru]], Enadinatha, Ilakkulaccanrar, Tiruppana were all outside the Brahminical caste fold; [[Cheraman Perumal (Nayanar)|Cheraman Nayanar]] was a Kothayar; and [[Chattampi Swamikal]], Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi and [[Swami Chinmayananda]], the [[Nair]] caste. The [[Dalits#Hindu Dalits (Harijans)|Parayas]] of Kerala claim descent from [[Vasishtha]]. | Adi Shankara, the originator of Advaita Vedanta, was born in [[Kalady]] and was likely a [[Nambudiri|Nambuthiri]]. Many [[Hindu]] saints and [[swami]]s from many castes have lived in Kerala. [[Sree Narayana Gurudevan|Sree Narayana Guru]], Enadinatha, Ilakkulaccanrar, Tiruppana were all outside the Brahminical caste fold; [[Cheraman Perumal (Nayanar)|Cheraman Nayanar]] was a Kothayar; and [[Chattampi Swamikal]], Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi and [[Swami Chinmayananda]], the [[Nair]] caste. The [[Dalits#Hindu Dalits (Harijans)|Parayas]] of Kerala claim descent from [[Vasishtha]].<ref>Dr. C. I. Issac, "The Origin of Syrian Christians of Keralam"</ref> There is a shrine in Kollengode in memory of a lower-caste saint, Paakkanar.<ref>P. 94-5''Tourist Guide to Kerala: The Land of Lavish Lagoons'' By V. Subburaj, Various</ref> The theatrical dance of Rapayan Tullal is narrated by a descendant of Pakkanar.<ref>(Kr̥ṣṇavāriyar, P. 193 ''A History of Malayalam Metre'')</ref> The ''Periya Puranam'', possibly written by a Paraya, describes the Parayas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vishwakarma (Mahaprabhu.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NDYtgAACAAJ|title=Prachin Vishwakarma puran|date=2000|publisher=Harihar|language=gu}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Narayana Guru at Sixty.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Narayana Guru]] at the age of sixty.]] | [[File:Narayana Guru at Sixty.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Narayana Guru]] at the age of sixty.]] | ||
Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi is popularly regarded as the father of contemporary Hindu renaissance in Kerala for the victorious movements he led for temple rights and the establishment of [[Hindu Aikya Vedi]] for integrating people of all castes into one religion. He is reckoned as the greatest karmayogi to uphold [[Sanatana Dharma]] since [[Swami Vivekananda]] internationally. Sree Narayana Jayanti ([[Narayana Guru|Narayana Guru's birthday]]) and Sree Narayana Samadhi Day (the occasion of his [[samadhi]]) are public holidays in Kerala. | Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi is popularly regarded as the father of contemporary Hindu renaissance in Kerala for the victorious movements he led for temple rights and the establishment of [[Hindu Aikya Vedi]] for integrating people of all castes into one religion. He is reckoned as the greatest karmayogi to uphold [[Sanatana Dharma]] since [[Swami Vivekananda]] internationally. Sree Narayana Jayanti ([[Narayana Guru|Narayana Guru's birthday]]) and Sree Narayana Samadhi Day (the occasion of his [[samadhi]]) are public holidays in Kerala. | ||
[[Mata Amritanandamayi]], known among her devotees as ''Amma'', was selected to represent the [[Hindu Dharma]] in the World Parliament of Religions in September 1991. | [[Mata Amritanandamayi]], known among her devotees as ''Amma'', was selected to represent the [[Hindu Dharma]] in the World Parliament of Religions in September 1991.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3136524.stm "Devotees flock to hug Indian guru" (BBC)]</ref> [[Bhagawan Nityananda]] was another important Hindu saint widely recognized. | ||
Several Hindu movements important to the [[History of Hinduism|development of Hinduism]] took place in Kerala. | Several Hindu movements important to the [[History of Hinduism|development of Hinduism]] took place in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Vaishnava Divya Desam Shrines in Kerala|url=http://www.templenet.com/Kerala/kerala_dd.htm|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.templenet.com}}</ref> The [[Karppillikkavu Sree Mahadeva Temple]], (one of the most ancient in India) dedicated to the Kirata [[Avatar]] of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] still exists in Kerala. | ||
==Religious education== | ==Religious education== | ||
Latest revision as of 12:33, 22 March 2026
 Panchavadyam (orchestra of 5 instruments) during a festival | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 18,282,492 (2011) 54.7% of total population  | |
| Religions | |
| Hinduism | |
| Languages | |
| Sacred Sanskrit Others | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Keralite Muslims and Keralite Christians |
Hinduism is the largest religion in Kerala and Hindu lineages together make up 54.7% of the population of the state according to the 2011 census.[1]
Background[edit | edit source]
Hinduism is the most widely professed faith in Kerala. According to 2011 Census of India figures, 54.7% of Kerala's residents are Hindus.[1] Hindus represent the biggest religious group in all districts except Malappuram.[2]
The legends regarding the origin of Kerala are Hindu in nature. Kerala produced several saints and movements.
Adi Shankara was a religious philosopher who contributed to Hinduism and propagated the philosophy of Advaita. He was instrumental in establishing four mathas at Sringeri, Dwarka, Puri and Jyotirmath. Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri was another religious figure who composed Narayaniyam, a collection of verses in praise of the Hindu God Krishna.
Various practises of Hinduism are unique to Kerala. Worship of Shiva and Vishnu is popular in Kerala. Lord Krishna is worshipped widely in all parts of Kerala, Guruvayur being one of the most famous temples in the state. Malayali Hindus also worship Bhagavathi as a form of Shakti. Almost every village in Kerala has a Bhagavati Goddess. Hindus in Kerala also strongly believe in power of snake gods and usually have sacred snake groves known as Sarpa Kavu near to their houses.
Malayali Hindus have ceremonies such as Chorunu (first feeding of rice to a child) and Vidyāraṃbhaṃ.
Demographics[edit | edit source]
Hindu population by district[edit | edit source]
| Districts | Population(2001) | Population(2011) | Hindu Population(2011) | Hindus % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kasargod | 1,203,342 | 1,307,375 | 729,908 | 55.83% |
| Kannur | 2,412,365 | 2,523,003 | 1,509,513 | 59.83% |
| Wayanad | 786,627 | 817,420 | 404,460 | 49.48% |
| Kozhikode | 2,878,498 | 3,086,293 | 1,734,806 | 56.21% |
| Malappuram | 3,629,640 | 4,112,920 | 1,135,166 | 27.60% |
| Palakkad | 2,617,072 | 2,809,934 | 1,875,912 | 66.76% |
| Thrissur | 2,975,440 | 3,121,200 | 1,823,405 | 58.42% |
| Ernakulam | 3,098,378 | 3,282,388 | 1,509,570 | 45.99% |
| Idukki | 1,128,605 | 1,093,156 | 541,845 | 48.86% |
| Kottayam | 1,952,901 | 1,974,551 | 983,524 | 49.81% |
| Alappuzha | 2,105,349 | 2,127,789 | 1,460,515 | 68.64% |
| Pathanamthitta | 1,231,577 | 1,197,412 | 681,687 | 56.93% |
| Kollam | 2,584,118 | 2,635,375 | 1,697,709 | 64.42% |
| Thiruvananthapuram | 3,234,707 | 3,301,427 | 2,209,975 | 66.94% |
| Total | 31,841,374 | 33,406,061 | 18,282,492 | 54.9% |
| Source:[3] | ||||
Historical growth[edit | edit source]
| Census
Year |
Hindus | Decadal rate (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 8,978,305 | 68.5% | N/A |
| 1911 | 4,762,393 | 66.8% | -8.77 |
| 1921 | 5,052,039 | 64.9% | -6.08 |
| 1931 | 6,021,982 | 63.4% | -19.20 |
| 1941 | 6,699,600 | 61.8% | -11.25 |
| 1951 | 8,344,351 | 61.6% | -24.55 |
| 1961 | 10,282,568 | 60.9% | -23.23 |
| 1971 | 12,683,277 | 59.4% | -23.35 |
| 1981 | 14,901,347 | 58.2% | -16.70 |
| 1991 | 16,668,587 | 57.3% | -12.62 |
| 2001 | 17,920,105 | 56.3% | -7.51 |
| 2011 | 18,282,492 | 54.9% | -2.02 |
Hindu temples[edit | edit source]
-
-
-
A Hindu temple and pond associated with it in Kerala. -
.jpg)
Some of the most notable temples are:
- Ananthapura Lake Temple
- Angadipuram
- Thirumandhamkunnu Temple
- Alathiyoor Hanuman Temple
- Bhayankavu Bhagavathi Temple
- Kadampuzha Devi Temple
- Keraladeshpuram Temple
- Panniyur Sri Varahamurthy Temple
- Sukapuram Dakshinamoorthy Temple
- Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple
- Triprangode Siva Temple
- Tali Shiva Temple
- Trikkandiyur Siva Temple
- Thrissur Vadakkunnathan Temple
- Guruvayur Temple
- Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple
- Lokanarkavu Temple
- Thirunelli Temple
- Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple
- Thiruvananthapuram Padmanabhaswamy Temple
- Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple
- Chottanikkara Temple
- Chengannur Mahadeva Temple
- Parassinikadavu Muthappan Temple
- Trichambaram Temple
- Parumala Valiya Panayannarkavu Devi Temple
- Chettikulangara Devi Temple
- Mannarasala Temple
- Chakkulathukavu Temple
- Sreevallabha Temple
- Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple
- Sree Poornathrayesa Temple
- Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple
- Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple
- Attukal Temple
- Trikkur Mahadeva Temple
- Rajarajeshwara Temple
- Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple
- Oachira Temple
Saints[edit | edit source]
Adi Shankara, the originator of Advaita Vedanta, was born in Kalady and was likely a Nambuthiri. Many Hindu saints and swamis from many castes have lived in Kerala. Sree Narayana Guru, Enadinatha, Ilakkulaccanrar, Tiruppana were all outside the Brahminical caste fold; Cheraman Nayanar was a Kothayar; and Chattampi Swamikal, Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi and Swami Chinmayananda, the Nair caste. The Parayas of Kerala claim descent from Vasishtha.[6] There is a shrine in Kollengode in memory of a lower-caste saint, Paakkanar.[7] The theatrical dance of Rapayan Tullal is narrated by a descendant of Pakkanar.[8] The Periya Puranam, possibly written by a Paraya, describes the Parayas.[9]
Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi is popularly regarded as the father of contemporary Hindu renaissance in Kerala for the victorious movements he led for temple rights and the establishment of Hindu Aikya Vedi for integrating people of all castes into one religion. He is reckoned as the greatest karmayogi to uphold Sanatana Dharma since Swami Vivekananda internationally. Sree Narayana Jayanti (Narayana Guru's birthday) and Sree Narayana Samadhi Day (the occasion of his samadhi) are public holidays in Kerala.
Mata Amritanandamayi, known among her devotees as Amma, was selected to represent the Hindu Dharma in the World Parliament of Religions in September 1991.[10] Bhagawan Nityananda was another important Hindu saint widely recognized.
Several Hindu movements important to the development of Hinduism took place in Kerala.[11] The Karppillikkavu Sree Mahadeva Temple, (one of the most ancient in India) dedicated to the Kirata Avatar of Lord Shiva still exists in Kerala.
Religious education[edit | edit source]
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See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Population by religious communities". Census of India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ↑ "Increase in Muslim population in the State". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 23 September 2004. Archived from the original on 28 November 2004. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ↑ "Vital Statistics Reports". Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ↑ Raghunath, Arjun (16 March 2016). "Kerala: Muslims will be double the number of Christians by 2051". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ↑ "Kerala population Demographics" (PDF). Bitscan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ↑ Dr. C. I. Issac, "The Origin of Syrian Christians of Keralam"
- ↑ P. 94-5Tourist Guide to Kerala: The Land of Lavish Lagoons By V. Subburaj, Various
- ↑ (Kr̥ṣṇavāriyar, P. 193 A History of Malayalam Metre)
- ↑ Vishwakarma (Mahaprabhu.) (2000). Prachin Vishwakarma puran (in ગુજરાતી). Harihar.
- ↑ "Devotees flock to hug Indian guru" (BBC)
- ↑ "Sri Vaishnava Divya Desam Shrines in Kerala". www.templenet.com. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
External links[edit | edit source]
- "Religions in Kerala". ProKerala.