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{{Short description|Western Pahari language of north India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
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| name            = Mandeali
| name            = Mandeali
| altname          = maṇḍiyālī
| altname          = maṇḍiyālī
| nativename      = 𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯, मण्डियाली
| nativename      = 𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯, मण्डियाली
| states          = [[India]]
| states          = [[India]]
| region          = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| region          = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
Line 14: Line 15:
| fam2            = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam2            = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3            = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam3            = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4            = [[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western]]
| fam4            = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5            = [[Western Pahari]]
| fam5            = [[Western Pahari]]
| script          = [[Devanagari]]<br/>[[Takri| Mandiali Takri]]
| script          = [[Devanagari]]<br/>[[Takri|Mandiali Takri]]
| lc1              = mjl
| lc1              = mjl
| ld1              = Mandeali
| ld1              = Mandeali
Line 24: Line 25:
| imagecaption    = Mandeali written in Mandi-Suket Takri Script<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson|date= |title=Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4 |url= |location= |publisher= |pages=718, 719, 730 |isbn=}}</ref>
| imagecaption    = Mandeali written in Mandi-Suket Takri Script<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson|date= |title=Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4 |url= |location= |publisher= |pages=718, 719, 730 |isbn=}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}'''Mandeali''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|mjl|𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯}}) is a language spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Mandi district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] by the people of the Mandi Valley and particularly in the major city of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]. Other spellings for the name are Mandiyali and Mandiali. UNESCO reports it is one of the [[List of endangered languages in India|highly endangered languages]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1559.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> Speakers of the dialect have decreased by 21% from 1961 to 2001.
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}'''Mandeali''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|mjl|𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯}}) is a [[Western Pahari]] language, spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Mandi district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] by the people of the Mandi Valley and particularly in the major city of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]. Other spellings for the name are Mandiyali and Mandiali. UNESCO reports it is one of the [[List of endangered languages in India|highly endangered languages]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1559.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> Speakers of the dialect have decreased by 21% from 1961 to 2001.


The language is closely related to Kangri. The [[Chambeali|Chambealic varieties]] are often considered separate languages, but at least some are 90–95% intelligible with Mandeali proper.<ref name=e18>{{Ethnologue18|mjl}}</ref>
The language is distantly related to [[Kullui]]. The Chambealic varieties are often considered separate languages, but at least some are 90–95% intelligible with Mandeali proper. Its sub-dialect are different than Mandeali.<ref name=e18>{{Ethnologue18|mjl}}</ref>


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
Preliminary survey suggests speakers have functional intelligibility of Kangri. People in southeast Mandi district may have more difficulty understanding Kangri. Standard Mandeali is spoken throughout the broad valley running north and south from Jogindernagar to Sundarnagar. Mandeali Pahari is spoken north around Barot, east of Uhl River. Intelligible with difficulty to standard Mandeali. May be intermediate variety between Mandeali and Kullui. Southeast district contains transition to Mahasui. In the west, Sarkaghat is also a bit different from standard Mandeali, perhaps forming a transition towards Hamirpur and Bilaspur areas. Lexical similarity: 89% with Palampuri dialect of Kangri, 83% with Chambeali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mjl|title = Mandeali}}</ref>
 
[[File:MandealiInterview2.mpg|thumb|A light-hearted interview about Mandeali]]
 
Preliminary survey suggests speakers have functional intelligibility of [[Kangri language|Kangri]]. People in southeast Mandi district may have more difficulty understanding Kangri. Standard Mandeali is spoken throughout the broad valley running north and south from [[Jogindernagar]] to [[Sundar Nagar|Sundarnagar]]. Mandeali Pahari is spoken north around [[Barot, Himachal Pradesh|Barot]], east of Uhl River. Intelligible with difficulty to standard Mandeali. May be intermediate variety between Mandeali and [[Kullui]]. The dialect is very close to the Kullvi spoken in neighbouring lug valley region of [[Kullu district]] and are culturally, linguistically closer to Kullu. Southeast district contains transition to [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]]. The dialect spoken is also sometimes referred as Suketi or dialect of Outer Seraj Area as dialect is an intermediate variety of Kullvi and Upper Mahasuvi of neighbouring [[Shimla district|Shimla]] and Kullu district. In the west, [[Sarkaghat]] is also a bit different from standard Mandeali, perhaps forming a transition towards [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] and [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] areas. Lexical similarity: 89% with Palampuri dialect of [[Kangri language|Kangri]], 83% with [[Chambeali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mjl|title = Mandeali}}</ref>
 
== Phonology ==
 
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]] / <br>[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|p
|t
|
|ʈ
|tʃ
|k
|
|-
!<small>aspriated</small>
|pʰ
|tʰ
|
|ʈʰ
|tʃʰ
|kʰ
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|b
|d
|
|ɖ
|dʒ
|ɡ
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
|bʱ
|dʱ
|
|ɖʱ
|dʒʱ
|ɡʱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
|s
|
|ʃ
|
| rowspan="2" |ɦ
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|
|n
|ɳ
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|l
|ɭ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|r
|ɽ ɽʱ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|j
|w
|
|}
 
* [ŋ] is heard when a nasal occurs before velar stops.
* [f] can be heard as an allophone of pʰ.
* Aspirated versions of m, n,ɳ, l,ɭ, r, w can be considered as separate phonemes.
 
=== Vowels ===
The vowels of Mandeali language are shown below.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|i iː
|
|u uː
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|(e) eː
|ə əː
|(o) oː
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|ɛː
|
|ɔː
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|aː
|
|}
 
==Grammar==
 
===Nouns===
Mandeali distinguishes two [[grammatical gender|genders]] (Masculine and feminine), two [[grammatical number|numbers]] (Singular and plural) and four [[grammatical case|cases]] of [[direct case|direct]], [[oblique case|oblique]], [[vocative case|vocative]], and [[Ergative case|ergative]]. Oblique also serves as locative and ergative also performs the function of instrumental. Nouns may be further divided into '''extended''' and '''unextended''' [[declension]]al subtypes, with the former characteristically consisting of masculines ending in unaccented ''-ā'' and feminines in ''-ī''.
 
The following tables displays the suffix paradigms.
 
{|
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Masculine
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| unEx. !! Sing.
|colspan="2"| || -''ā''
-आ
| -''ē''
-ए
|-
! Pl.
||| -''ā''
-आ
| -''ō''
-ओ
| -''ē''
-ए
|-
! rowspan="2"| Ex. !! Sing.
| -''ā''
-आ
| -''ē''
-ए
| -ĕ''ā''
-एआ
| -''ē''
-ए
|-
! Pl.
| -''ē''
-ए
| -ĕā
-एआ
| -ĕ''ō''
-एओ
| -''ē''
-ए
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Feminine
|-
! !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! Sing.
|colspan="2"| || -''ē''
-ए
| -''ē''
-ए
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"| -''ā''
-आ
| -''ō''
-ओ
| -ē
-ए
|}
|}
 
The following table of noun [[declensions]] shows those suffix paradigms in action. Examples include ''ghōṛā'' "[[stallion]]", mhaṭhī'' "[[girl]]", ''ghəːr'' "[[house]]", ''kāndh'' "[[wall]]".''
 
{|
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Extended
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !!Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|''ghōṛā''<br>घोड़ा
|''ghōṛe''
घोड़े
|''ghōṛĕā''
घोड़ेया
|ghōṛe
घोड़े
|-
! Pl.
|''ghōṛe''
घोड़े
|''ghōṛĕā''
घोड़ेया
|''ghōṛĕō''
घोड़ेयो
|ghōṛē
घोड़े
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|''mhaṭhī''
म्हठी
|mhaṭhī(ā)
म्हठी(या)
|''mhaṭhīē''
म्हठीए
|mhaṭhīē
म्हठीए
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|mhaṭhīā
म्हठीया
|''mhaṭhīō''
म्हठीयो
|''mhaṭhīē''
म्हठीए
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Unextended
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|''ghar''
घर
|''gharā''
घरा
|''gharā''
घरा
|''gharē''
घरे
|-
! Pl.
|''ghar''
घर
|''gharā''
घरा
|''gharō''
घरो
|''gharē''
घरे
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|''kāndh''
कांध
|''kāndhā''
कांधा
|''kāndhē''
कांधे
|''kāndhē''
कांधे
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|''kāndhā''
कांधा
|''kāndhō''
कांधो
|''kāndhē''
कांधे
|}
|}
 
===Adjectives===
[[Adjectives]] may be divided into '''declinable''' and '''indeclinable''' categories. Declinable adjectives have endings that change by the gender, number and case of the noun that they qualify. Declinable adjective have endings that are similar but much simpler than those of nouns:
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="3"| !! Sing. !! Pl.
|-
! rowspan="3"|Declin.
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Dir.
| -''ā''<br>-आ
| -''ē''<br>-ए
|-
! Obl.
| -''ē''<br>-ए
| -''ē''<br>-ए
|-
!colspan="2"| Fem.
| -''ī''<br>-ई
| -''ī''<br>-ई
|-
!colspan="3"|Indeclin.
|colspan="2"|
|}
 
Indeclinable adjectives are invariable and can end in either [[consonant]]s or [[vowel]]s (including ''ā'' and ''ī ''). The direct masculine singular (''-ā'') is the [[citation form]]. Most adjectives ending in consonants are indeclinable.
 
{|
|+'''Declinable adjective ''bānkā (बांका)'' "good" in attributive use'''
|-
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|''bānkā ghōṛā''
बांका घोड़ा
|''bānkē ghōṛē''<br>बांके घोड़े
|''bānkē ghoṛĕā''<br>बांके घोड़ेआ
|bānkē ''ghōṛē''
बांके घोड़े
|-
! Pl.
|''bānkē ghōṛē''<br>बांके घोड़े<br>
|''bānkē ghōṛĕā''<br>बांके घोड़ेआ
| ''bānkē ghōṛĕō''<br> बांके घोड़ेओ<br>
|bānkē
ghōṛē
 
बांके घोड़े
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|colspan="2"|bānkī mhaṭhī<br>बांकी म्हठी
|''bānkī mhaṭhīē''<br>बांकी म्हठीए
|''bānkī mhaṭhīē''
बांकी म्हठीए
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|bānkī mhaṭhīā
बांकी म्हठीआ
|''bānkī mhaṭhīō''<br>बांकी म्हठीओ
|bānkī mhaṭhīē
बांकी म्हठीए
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|bānkā ghar<br>बांका घर
|bānkē gharā
बांके घरा
|''bānkē gharā''<br>बांके घरा
|bānkē gharē<br>बांके घरे
|-
! Pl.
|bānkē ghar
बांके घर
|''caṅgiā̃ ghàrā̃''<br>ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘਰਾਂ<br>{{resize|bānkē gharā
बांके घरा
|''caṅgiā̃ ghàrō''<br>ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘਰੋ<br>{{resize|bānkē gharō
बांके घरो
|bānkē gharē
बांके घरे
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|bānkī kāndh
बांकी कांध
|bānkī kāndhā
बांकी कांधा
|bānkī kāndhē
बांकी कांधे
|bānkī kāndhē
बांकी कांधे
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|bānkī kāndhā
बांकी कांधा
|bānkī kāndhō
बांकी कांधो
|bānkī kāndhē
बांकी कांधे
|}
|}
 
{|
|+Indeclinable adjective  लाल "red" in attributive use
|-
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|''lāl ghōṛā''<br>लाल घोड़ा
|''lāl ghōṛē''
लाल घोड़े
|''lāl ghōṛē''
लाल घोड़े
|''lāl ghōṛē'' <br>लाल घोड़े
|-
! Pl.
|''lāl ghōṛē''<br>लाल घोड़े
|''lāl ghōṛeā''<br>लाल घोड़ेआ
|''lāl ghōṛeā''
लाल घोड़ेआ
|''lāl ghōṛē''
लाल घोड़े
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|colspan="2"|lāl mhaṭhī
लाल म्हठी
|lāl mhaṭhīē
लाल म्हठीए
|lāl mhaṭhīē
लाल म्हठीए
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|lāl mhaṭhīā
लाल म्हठीआ
|lāl mhaṭhīō
लाल म्हठीओ
|lāl mhaṭhīē
लाल म्हठीए
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|'' lāl ghar''<br>लाल घर
|''lāl gharā''<br>लाल<br>घरा
|''lāl gharā''<br>लाल घरा
|''lāl gharē''<br>लाल घरे
|-
! Pl.
|''lāl ghar''<br>लाल घर
|''lāl gharā''
लालघरा
|''lāl gharō''
लाल घरो
|''lāl gharē''
लाल
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|''lāl kāndh''<br>लाल कांध
|''lāl''
''kāndhā''
लाल कांधा
|''lāl kāndhē''<br>लाल कांधे
|''lāl kāndhē'' <br>लाल कांधे
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|''lāl kāndhā''<br>लाल कांधा
|''lāl kāndhō''<br>लाल कांधो||''lāl kāndhē'' <br>लाल कांधे
|}
|}
 
===Postpositions===
Mandeali uses a system of [[Grammatical particle|particles]], known as [[postposition]]s. Their use with a noun or verb requires the noun or verb to take the [[oblique case]], and they are the locus of grammatical function, or "case-marking"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! Transliteration
! Devanagari
! Functions
|-
! rowspan="6" |Used alone
| ''rā, rī, rē''
| रा,री,रे
| [[genitive]] marker; declines like an adjective. Example: "X r''ā/rī/etc.'' Y" means "X's Y", with r''ā/rī/etc.'' agreeing with Y.
|-
| ''jō''
| जो
| marks the indirect [[Object (grammar)|object]] ([[dative]] marker), ''or'', if [[definiteness|definite]], the direct object ([[accusative]] marker).
|-
| ''lā/lē/tē''
| ला/ले/ते/
| [[ablative]] marker, "from"
|-
| ''khō''
| खो
| [[List of grammatical cases#State|orientative]] marker; "towards"
|-
|  ''minjh''
| मिंझ
| [[Inessive case|inessive]] marker, "in." Often [[Contraction (grammar)|contracted]] to '''anjh''
|-
| ''tik,tikkar''
| तिक/तिक्कर
|  [[Terminative case|terminative]] marker, "until, up to"
|-
! rowspan="11" |May use a secondary preposition
| kanē/sāugī
| कने/साउगी
| [[Comitative case|comitative]] marker, "with"
Often [[Contraction (grammar)|contracted]] to
nē/kē
|-
| ''gās''
| गास
| [[Superessive case|superessive]] marker, "on" or "at."
|-
| ''bālē''
| बाले
| [[possessive]] marker; "with" (as in possession) e.g. म्हठीया बाले "in the girl's possession."
|-
| ''bārē''
| बारे
|  "about"
|-
| ''kaṭhē''
| कठे
| [[benefactive]] marker; "for"
|-
|  ''sāhī̃''
| साहीं
| [[comparative]] marker; "like" (in resemblance)
|-
| ''bājhī''
| बाझी
| [[abessive]] marker; "without"
|-
| ''bālē/nēḍē''
| बाले/नेडे
| "near"
|-
| ''lāgē''
| लागे
| [[Apudessive case|apudessive]] marker; "adjacent/next to"
|-
| ''bhītar''
| भीतर
| "inside"
|-
| ''bāhar''
| बाहर
| "outside"
|}Other postpositions are [[adverb]]s, following their obliqued targets either directly or with the [[inflection|inflected]] genitive linker ''rē''; e.g. ghō''ṛē (rē) kanē/sāugī'' "with the stallion". But nowadays it's more common to not use the genitive linker rē
 
=== Pronouns ===
The pronouns of Mandeali for different persons and numbers are as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Person !! Number !! Mandeali !! IPA
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1st || Singular || '''हाऊँ''' || ɦaːũ
|-
| Plural || '''आस्से''' || asːe
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2nd || Singular || '''तू''' || tu
|-
| Plural || '''तुस्से''' || t̪usːe
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3rd Proximate || Singular || '''ए / ये''' || eː / jeː
|-
| Plural || '''यों''' || jõː
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3rd Distal || Singular || '''से''' || seː
|-
| Plural || '''स्यों''' || sjõː
|}
 
 
=== Noun Cases ===
 
Using the noun '''घर''' (/gʱəːr/, "home") as an example, the cases in Mandeali are:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Mandeali !! Hindi Equivalent !! English Equivalent
|-
| Nominative || '''घर''' || घर || home
|-
| Accusative || '''घरो / घरा जो''' || घर को || to home
|-
| Ergative || '''घरे''' || घर ने || (by) home
|-
| Comitative || '''घरा के / घरा कन्ने / घरा साउगी''' || घर के साथ || with home
|-
| Instrumental || '''घरा ले / घरा ला''' || घर से || through home
|-
| Dative || '''घरा कट्ठे''' || घर के लिए || for home
|-
| Ablative || '''घरा ले / घरा ला''' || घर से || from home
|-
| Genitive || '''घरा रा / रे / री''' || घर का / की / के || of home
|}
 
==== Locatives ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Mandeali !! Hindi Equivalent !! English Equivalent
|-
| Inessive || '''घरा / घरा मंझ''' || घर में || in (home)
|-
| Adessive || '''घरा गास / प्रयाल्हे / पर''' || घर पर || on (home)
|}
 
==== Others ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Mandeali !! Hindi Equivalent !! English Equivalent
|-
| Vocative || '''घरा (sing.) / घरो (pl.)''' || ओ घर || O home
|-
| Similative || '''घरा साँहीं''' || घर जैसा || similar to home
|-
| Terminative || '''घरा तिक्कर / तिक''' || घर तक || up to home
|}
 
 
=== Numerals ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Numeral
! Mandeali
|-
| 1 || एक्क ''ekk''
|-
| 2 || दुई ''duī''
|-
| 3 || त्राए ''trāē''
|-
| 4 || चार ''chār''
|-
| 5 || पांज ''pānj''
|-
| 6 || छेह ''chheh''
|-
| 7 || सात्त ''sātt''
|-
| 8 || आठ ''āṭh''
|-
| 9 || नौ ''nau''
|-
| 10 || दस ''das''
|-
|11
|ग्यारा gyārā
|-
|12
|बारा bārā
|-
|13
|तेहरा tehrā
|-
|14
|चउदा chaudā
|-
|15
|पंद्रा pandrā
|-
|16
|सोळा soḷā
|-
|17
|सतारा satārā
|-
|18
|ठारा ṭhārā
|-
|19
|उन्नी unni
|-
|20
|बीह bīh
|}


== Script ==
== Script ==
The native script of the language is a variety of [[Takri script|Takri]].{{wtc|Mandeali language}}[[File:Mandeal.png|thumb|Specimen in Mandeali language|alt=|center]]
The native script of the language is a variety of [[Takri script|Takri]] called Mandeali Takri.
{{wiktionary category 2|Mandeali language}}[[File:Mandeal.png|thumb|Specimen in Mandeali language|alt=|center]]
 
== Vocabulary ==
 
===Samples===
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="60"|Words/phrases || width="150"|Transliteration || width="340"|Meaning
|-align="center"
| जैदया || jaidyā || Hello/Salutation
|- align="center"
| केथी || kethī || Where?
|- align="center"
| की || kī || Why?
|- align="center"
| किह्याँ || kihyān || How?
|- align="center"
| केसरा/कोसरा || kosrā/kesrā || Whose?
|- align="center"
| कुण || kuṇ || Who?
|- align="center"
| केत्रा || ketrā || How many?
|- align="center"
|केड्डा
|keḍḍā
|How much?
|- align="center"
| केढ़े हे तुस्से? || keṛhe he tusse? || How are you ?
|- align="center"
| केथी जो लगीरे जांदे?  || kethī jo lagīre jānde? || Where are you going?
|- align="center"
| क्या हुई ग्या? || kyā huī gyā? || What happened?
|- align="center"
| तुस्सारा नाओं क्या हा? || tussārā nāõ kyā hā? || What is your name?
|-- align="center"
|हांडणा दे मांजो तू।
|hāṇdṇā de mānjo tū.
|Let me walk.
|- align="center"
| केथी ला/ते आईरे  तुस्से? || kethī lā/te āīre tusse? || From where have you come?
|}
 
=== Names of months ===
Traditionally, the month formats is based on [[Hindu calendar]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Months in Mandeali
! मंडयाली
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|चइतर
|chaitar
|March–April
|-
|बसाख
|basākh
|April–May
|-
|जेठ
|jeṭh
|May–June
|-
|हाह्ड़
|hāhṛ
|June–July
|-
|साओण
|sāoṇ
|July–August
|-
|भाद्रो
|bhādro
|August–September
|-
|सौज
|sauj
|September–October
|-
|कातक
|kātak
|October–November
|-
|मंगसर
|mangsar
|November–December
|-
|पौस
|paus
|December–January
|-
|माघ
|māgh
|January–February
|-
|फागण
|phāgaṇ
|February–March
|}
 
=== Names of days ===
Days are generally indic.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of days in Mandeali
!मंडयाली
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|त्वार
|Twār
|Sunday
|-
|सोमबार
|Sombār
|Monday
|-
|मंगळबार
|Mangaḷbār
|Tuesday
|-
|बुद्धबार
|Buddhbār
|Wednesday
|-
|बीरबार
|Bīrvaar
|Thursday
|-
|सुक्करबार
|Sukkarbār
|Friday
|-
|सनिचर
|Sanichar
|Saturday
|}
•Twār is a loan word from Urdu (Itwār)


== Status ==
== Status ==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]], just like many other neighbouring languages. The language has no official status. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Mandeali children are not learning Mandeali as their mother tongue anymore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|date=15 April 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]], just like many other neighbouring languages. The language has no official status. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Mandeali children are not learning Mandeali as their mother tongue anymore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|date=15 April 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>


The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Language Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf}}</ref> even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri.
The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Language Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf}}</ref> even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and being close to other Pahari languages such as [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]], [[Kahluri]] and [[Kangri language|Kangri]].


==References==
==References==
Line 44: Line 871:
{{Dogri-Kangri languages}}
{{Dogri-Kangri languages}}


[[Category:Pahari languages]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Takri]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Latest revision as of 17:24, 25 February 2026


Mandeali
maṇḍiyālī
𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯, मण्डियाली
Mandeali written in Mandi-Suket Takri Script[1]
Native toIndia
RegionHimachal Pradesh
EthnicityMandyali People
Native speakers
623,000 (2011 Census)[2]
Devanagari
Mandiali Takri
Language codes
ISO 639-3
mjl – Mandeali
Glottologmand1409  Mandeali

Mandeali (Takri: 𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯) is a Western Pahari language, spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh by the people of the Mandi Valley and particularly in the major city of Mandi. Other spellings for the name are Mandiyali and Mandiali. UNESCO reports it is one of the highly endangered languages of India.[3] Speakers of the dialect have decreased by 21% from 1961 to 2001.

The language is distantly related to Kullui. The Chambealic varieties are often considered separate languages, but at least some are 90–95% intelligible with Mandeali proper. Its sub-dialect are different than Mandeali.[4]

Dialects[edit | edit source]

File:MandealiInterview2.mpg

Preliminary survey suggests speakers have functional intelligibility of Kangri. People in southeast Mandi district may have more difficulty understanding Kangri. Standard Mandeali is spoken throughout the broad valley running north and south from Jogindernagar to Sundarnagar. Mandeali Pahari is spoken north around Barot, east of Uhl River. Intelligible with difficulty to standard Mandeali. May be intermediate variety between Mandeali and Kullui. The dialect is very close to the Kullvi spoken in neighbouring lug valley region of Kullu district and are culturally, linguistically closer to Kullu. Southeast district contains transition to Mahasui. The dialect spoken is also sometimes referred as Suketi or dialect of Outer Seraj Area as dialect is an intermediate variety of Kullvi and Upper Mahasuvi of neighbouring Shimla and Kullu district. In the west, Sarkaghat is also a bit different from standard Mandeali, perhaps forming a transition towards Hamirpur and Bilaspur areas. Lexical similarity: 89% with Palampuri dialect of Kangri, 83% with Chambeali.[5]

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Plosive /
Affricate 		voiceless p t ʈ tʃ k
aspriated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ ɦ
voiced
Nasal m n ɳ (ŋ)
Lateral l ɭ
Trill/Tap r ɽ ɽʱ
Approximant j w
  • [ŋ] is heard when a nasal occurs before velar stops.
  • [f] can be heard as an allophone of pʰ.
  • Aspirated versions of m, n,ɳ, l,ɭ, r, w can be considered as separate phonemes.

Vowels[edit | edit source]

The vowels of Mandeali language are shown below.

Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid (e) eː ə əː (o) oː
Open-mid ɛː ɔː
Open aː

Grammar[edit | edit source]

Nouns[edit | edit source]

Mandeali distinguishes two genders (Masculine and feminine), two numbers (Singular and plural) and four cases of direct, oblique, vocative, and ergative. Oblique also serves as locative and ergative also performs the function of instrumental. Nouns may be further divided into extended and unextended declensional subtypes, with the former characteristically consisting of masculines ending in unaccented -ā and feminines in -ī.

The following tables displays the suffix paradigms.

Masculine
Dir. Obl. Voc. Erg.
unEx. Sing. -ā

-आ

-ē

-ए

Pl. -ā

-आ

-ō

-ओ

-ē

-ए

Ex. Sing. -ā

-आ

-ē

-ए

-ĕā

-एआ

-ē

-ए

Pl. -ē

-ए

-ĕā

-एआ

-ĕō

-एओ

-ē

-ए

Feminine
Dir. Obl. Voc. Erg.
Sing. -ē

-ए

-ē

-ए

Pl. -ā

-आ

-ō

-ओ

-ē

-ए

The following table of noun declensions shows those suffix paradigms in action. Examples include ghōṛā "stallion", mhaṭhī "girl", ghəːr "house", kāndh "wall".

Extended
Dir. Obl. Voc. Erg.
Masc. Sing. ghōṛā
घोड़ा 		ghōṛe

घोड़े

ghōṛĕā

घोड़ेया

ghōṛe

घोड़े

Pl. ghōṛe

घोड़े

ghōṛĕā

घोड़ेया

ghōṛĕō

घोड़ेयो

ghōṛē

घोड़े

Fem. Sing. mhaṭhī

म्हठी

mhaṭhī(ā)

म्हठी(या)

mhaṭhīē

म्हठीए

mhaṭhīē

म्हठीए

Pl. mhaṭhīā

म्हठीया

mhaṭhīō

म्हठीयो

mhaṭhīē

म्हठीए

Unextended
Dir. Obl. Voc. Erg.
Masc. Sing. ghar

घर

gharā

घरा

gharā

घरा

gharē

घरे

Pl. ghar

घर

gharā

घरा

gharō

घरो

gharē

घरे

Fem. Sing. kāndh

कांध

kāndhā

कांधा

kāndhē

कांधे

kāndhē

कांधे

Pl. kāndhā

कांधा

kāndhō

कांधो

kāndhē

कांधे

Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Adjectives may be divided into declinable and indeclinable categories. Declinable adjectives have endings that change by the gender, number and case of the noun that they qualify. Declinable adjective have endings that are similar but much simpler than those of nouns:

Sing. Pl.
Declin. Masc. Dir. -ā
-आ 		-ē
-ए
Obl. -ē
-ए 		-ē
-ए
Fem. -ī
-ई 		-ī
-ई
Indeclin.

Indeclinable adjectives are invariable and can end in either consonants or vowels (including ā and ī ). The direct masculine singular (-ā) is the citation form. Most adjectives ending in consonants are indeclinable.

Declinable adjective bānkā (बांका) "good" in attributive use
Dir. Obl. Voc. Erg.
Masc. Sing. bānkā ghōṛā

बांका घोड़ा

bānkē ghōṛē
बांके घोड़े 		bānkē ghoṛĕā
बांके घोड़ेआ 		bānkē ghōṛē

बांके घोड़े

Pl. bānkē ghōṛē
बांके घोड़े
 bānkē ghōṛĕā
बांके घोड़ेआ 		bānkē ghōṛĕō
बांके घोड़ेओ
 bānkē

ghōṛē

बांके घोड़े

Fem. Sing. bānkī mhaṭhī
बांकी म्हठी 		bānkī mhaṭhīē
बांकी म्हठीए 		bānkī mhaṭhīē

बांकी म्हठीए

Pl. bānkī mhaṭhīā

बांकी म्हठीआ

bānkī mhaṭhīō
बांकी म्हठीओ 		bānkī mhaṭhīē

बांकी म्हठीए

Dir. Obl. Voc. Erg.
Masc. Sing. bānkā ghar
बांका घर 		bānkē gharā

बांके घरा

bānkē gharā
बांके घरा 		bānkē gharē
बांके घरे
Pl. bānkē ghar

बांके घर

bānkē gharā

बांके घरा

bānkē gharō

बांके घरो

bānkē gharē

बांके घरे

Fem. Sing. bānkī kāndh

बांकी कांध

bānkī kāndhā

बांकी कांधा

bānkī kāndhē

बांकी कांधे

bānkī kāndhē

बांकी कांधे

Pl. bānkī kāndhā

बांकी कांधा

bānkī kāndhō

बांकी कांधो

bānkī kāndhē

बांकी कांधे

Indeclinable adjective लाल "red" in attributive use
Dir. Obl. Voc. Erg.
Masc. Sing. lāl ghōṛā
लाल घोड़ा 		lāl ghōṛē

लाल घोड़े

lāl ghōṛē

लाल घोड़े

lāl ghōṛē
लाल घोड़े
Pl. lāl ghōṛē
लाल घोड़े 		lāl ghōṛeā
लाल घोड़ेआ 		lāl ghōṛeā

लाल घोड़ेआ

lāl ghōṛē

लाल घोड़े

Fem. Sing. lāl mhaṭhī

लाल म्हठी

lāl mhaṭhīē

लाल म्हठीए

lāl mhaṭhīē

लाल म्हठीए

Pl. lāl mhaṭhīā

लाल म्हठीआ

lāl mhaṭhīō

लाल म्हठीओ

lāl mhaṭhīē

लाल म्हठीए

Dir. Obl. Voc. Erg.
Masc. Sing. lāl ghar
लाल घर 		lāl gharā
लाल
घरा 		lāl gharā
लाल घरा 		lāl gharē
लाल घरे
Pl. lāl ghar
लाल घर 		lāl gharā

लालघरा

lāl gharō

लाल घरो

lāl gharē

लाल

Fem. Sing. lāl kāndh
लाल कांध 		lāl

kāndhā लाल कांधा

lāl kāndhē
लाल कांधे 		lāl kāndhē
लाल कांधे
Pl. lāl kāndhā
लाल कांधा 		lāl kāndhō
लाल कांधो		 lāl kāndhē
लाल कांधे

Postpositions[edit | edit source]

Mandeali uses a system of particles, known as postpositions. Their use with a noun or verb requires the noun or verb to take the oblique case, and they are the locus of grammatical function, or "case-marking"

Transliteration Devanagari Functions
Used alone rā, rī, rē रा,री,रे genitive marker; declines like an adjective. Example: "X rā/rī/etc. Y" means "X's Y", with rā/rī/etc. agreeing with Y.
jō जो marks the indirect object (dative marker), or, if definite, the direct object (accusative marker).
lā/lē/tē ला/ले/ते/ ablative marker, "from"
khō खो orientative marker; "towards"
minjh मिंझ inessive marker, "in." Often contracted to 'anjh
tik,tikkar तिक/तिक्कर terminative marker, "until, up to"
May use a secondary preposition kanē/sāugī कने/साउगी comitative marker, "with"

Often contracted to nē/kē

gās गास superessive marker, "on" or "at."
bālē बाले possessive marker; "with" (as in possession) e.g. म्हठीया बाले "in the girl's possession."
bārē बारे "about"
kaṭhē कठे benefactive marker; "for"
sāhī̃ साहीं comparative marker; "like" (in resemblance)
bājhī बाझी abessive marker; "without"
bālē/nēḍē बाले/नेडे "near"
lāgē लागे apudessive marker; "adjacent/next to"
bhītar भीतर "inside"
bāhar बाहर "outside"

Other postpositions are adverbs, following their obliqued targets either directly or with the inflected genitive linker rē; e.g. ghōṛē (rē) kanē/sāugī "with the stallion". But nowadays it's more common to not use the genitive linker rē

Pronouns[edit | edit source]

The pronouns of Mandeali for different persons and numbers are as follows:

Person Number Mandeali IPA
1st Singular हाऊँ ɦaːũ
Plural आस्से asːe
2nd Singular तू tu
Plural तुस्से t̪usːe
3rd Proximate Singular ए / ये eː / jeː
Plural यों jõː
3rd Distal Singular से seː
Plural स्यों sjõː


Noun Cases[edit | edit source]

Using the noun घर (/gʱəːr/, "home") as an example, the cases in Mandeali are:

Case Mandeali Hindi Equivalent English Equivalent
Nominative घर घर home
Accusative घरो / घरा जो घर को to home
Ergative घरे घर ने (by) home
Comitative घरा के / घरा कन्ने / घरा साउगी घर के साथ with home
Instrumental घरा ले / घरा ला घर से through home
Dative घरा कट्ठे घर के लिए for home
Ablative घरा ले / घरा ला घर से from home
Genitive घरा रा / रे / री घर का / की / के of home

Locatives[edit | edit source]

Case Mandeali Hindi Equivalent English Equivalent
Inessive घरा / घरा मंझ घर में in (home)
Adessive घरा गास / प्रयाल्हे / पर घर पर on (home)

Others[edit | edit source]

Case Mandeali Hindi Equivalent English Equivalent
Vocative घरा (sing.) / घरो (pl.) ओ घर O home
Similative घरा साँहीं घर जैसा similar to home
Terminative घरा तिक्कर / तिक घर तक up to home


Numerals[edit | edit source]

Numeral Mandeali
1 एक्क ekk
2 दुई duī
3 त्राए trāē
4 चार chār
5 पांज pānj
6 छेह chheh
7 सात्त sātt
8 आठ āṭh
9 नौ nau
10 दस das
11 ग्यारा gyārā
12 बारा bārā
13 तेहरा tehrā
14 चउदा chaudā
15 पंद्रा pandrā
16 सोळा soḷā
17 सतारा satārā
18 ठारा ṭhārā
19 उन्नी unni
20 बीह bīh

Script[edit | edit source]

The native script of the language is a variety of Takri called Mandeali Takri.

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Specimen in Mandeali language

Vocabulary[edit | edit source]

Samples[edit | edit source]

Words/phrases Transliteration Meaning
जैदया jaidyā Hello/Salutation
केथी kethī Where?
की kī Why?
किह्याँ kihyān How?
केसरा/कोसरा kosrā/kesrā Whose?
कुण kuṇ Who?
केत्रा ketrā How many?
केड्डा keḍḍā How much?
केढ़े हे तुस्से? keṛhe he tusse? How are you ?
केथी जो लगीरे जांदे? kethī jo lagīre jānde? Where are you going?
क्या हुई ग्या? kyā huī gyā? What happened?
तुस्सारा नाओं क्या हा? tussārā nāõ kyā hā? What is your name?
हांडणा दे मांजो तू। hāṇdṇā de mānjo tū. Let me walk.
केथी ला/ते आईरे तुस्से? kethī lā/te āīre tusse? From where have you come?

Names of months[edit | edit source]

Traditionally, the month formats is based on Hindu calendar.

List of Months in Mandeali
मंडयाली Transliteration English
चइतर chaitar March–April
बसाख basākh April–May
जेठ jeṭh May–June
हाह्ड़ hāhṛ June–July
साओण sāoṇ July–August
भाद्रो bhādro August–September
सौज sauj September–October
कातक kātak October–November
मंगसर mangsar November–December
पौस paus December–January
माघ māgh January–February
फागण phāgaṇ February–March

Names of days[edit | edit source]

Days are generally indic.

List of days in Mandeali
मंडयाली Transliteration English
त्वार Twār Sunday
सोमबार Sombār Monday
मंगळबार Mangaḷbār Tuesday
बुद्धबार Buddhbār Wednesday
बीरबार Bīrvaar Thursday
सुक्करबार Sukkarbār Friday
सनिचर Sanichar Saturday

•Twār is a loan word from Urdu (Itwār)

Status[edit | edit source]

The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali, just like many other neighbouring languages. The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Mandeali children are not learning Mandeali as their mother tongue anymore.[6]

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[7] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it.[8] Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,[9] even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and being close to other Pahari languages such as Mahasui, Kahluri and Kangri.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Grierson, George Abraham. Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4. pp. 718, 719, 730.
  2. ↑ Mandeali at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
  3. ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  4. ↑ Mandeali at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  5. ↑ "Mandeali".
  6. ↑ "Endangered languages". 15 April 2011.
  7. ↑ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
  8. ↑ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.
  9. ↑ "Indian Language Census" (PDF).

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