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{{Short description|Indian social reformer (1873–1944)}}
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[[File:V_R_Shinde.jpg|thumb]]
{{Infobox biography
'''Vitthal Ramji Shinde''' (23 April 1873 – 2 January 1944) was one of the most important social and religious reformers in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. He was prominent among the [[Liberalism in India|liberal]] thinkers and reformists in India, prior to his independence. His greatest contribution was to attempt to remove the practice of [[Dalit|untouchability]] and bring about equality to the depressed classes in Indian society.
| name              = Vitthal Ramji Shinde
| image              = V R Shinde.jpg
| birth_name        = Vitthal Ramji Shinde
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1873|4|23|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Jamkhandi]], [[British India]] (now [[Karnataka]])
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1944|1|2|1873|4|23|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Bombay Province]], [[British India]]
| citizenship        =
| education          = [[Fergusson College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation        = {{hlist|Writer|researcher}}
| known_for          = {{hlist|[[Social Reformer]]|[[Missionary]]}}
}}


==Early life==
'''Vitthal Ramji Shinde''' (23 April 1873 – 2 January 1944) was an Indian scholar, writer, and social reformer. He is known for his work against [[untouchability]] and advocating religious and social reform during [[British Raj|direct Crown rule]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-21 |title=Its time for a Bahujan rethink |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/its-time-bahujan-rethink/ |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en-US}}</ref> Shinde was associated with the liberal reformist tradition in India, and contributed to the early discourse on [[Caste system in India|caste]] and [[Dalit]] rights.<ref>https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/mag-hmr-dr-5776229-nor.html</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Patnekar |first=Mrunal |title=Relocating caste: The politics of communalism in early twentieth-century Bombay |date=2018 |work=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429487569-12/relocating-caste-mrunal-patnekar |access-date=2023-03-02 |doi=10.4324/9780429487569-12 |s2cid=242029679|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 |title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-670-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganachari |first=Aravind |date=2005 |title=First World War: Purchasing Indian Loyalties: Imperial Policy of Recruitment and 'Rewards' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416244 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=779–788 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4416244}}</ref>
He was born on 23 April 1873 in the [[princely state]] of [[Jamkhandi]] in [[Karnataka]], India, a member of a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking family. His early childhood was influenced by a liberal family environment. The family friends and acquaintances came from all religions and [[caste]]s. He was brought up to think that religion was not just a matter of a blind faith and meaningless rituals or [[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s, but meant getting personally and emotionally involved in the service of God.


His early spiritual awakening came from his reading of Sant Tukaram, Sant Eknath and Sant Ramdas of Maharashtra.
== Early life & Marriage ==
Shinde was born on 23 April 1873 in the [[princely state]] of [[Jamkhandi]], now in [[Karnataka]], into a [[Maratha clan system|Maratha]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Shinde and the Peasant Movement |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?18289 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Amritmahotsav}}</ref> His early childhood was influenced by a family environment that was tolerant of different ideologies and belief systems. His family friends and acquaintances came from various social backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde – Social Studies Foundation |url=https://socialstudiesfoundation.org/2024/04/23/maharshi-vitthal-ramji-shinde/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Vitthal Ramji Shinde.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Vitthal Ramji Shinde in 1938]]
The beginning of his involvement in religion came from his reading of [[Tukaram|Sant Tukaram]], [[Eknath|Sant Eknath]], and [[Samarth Ramdas|Sant Ramdas]] of [[Maharashtra]], while his intellectual awakening was influenced by the writings of thinkers like [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Herbert Spencer]], [[Max Müller]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], and [[R. G. Bhandarkar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}


His intellectual awakening was influenced by the writings of many intellectuals such as Hari Narayan Apte, Principal [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]], [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[Max Müller]], Chief Justice [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]] and Sir [[R. G. Bhandarkar]].
Vitthal Ramji Shinde, a follower of the Karkari sect, was married to Yamunabai, who spoke [[Kannada]] and was raised in a Vaishnavite Brahmin family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KARMVEER V. R. SHINDE AND HIS WORK FOR THE UPLIFTMENT OF UNTOUCHABLES. |url=http://zenithresearch.org.in/images/stories/pdf/2018/JUNE/ZIJMR/zijmrjune2018-vijry.pdf |access-date=24 Feb 2026 |website=zenithresearch}}</ref>


==Education==
== Education ==
In 1898 he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from the [[Fergusson College]] at [[Pune]], India. He had also studied and passed the first year law and moved to Mumbai ([[Bombay]]) for the [[LL.B.]] examination; however, he gave up this course to attend to other compelling callings in his life. This same year he joined the [[Prarthana Samaj]], where he was further inspired and influenced by G.B. Kotkar, Shivrampant Gokhle, [[Mahadev Govind Ranade|Justice Mahadev Govinda Ranade]], [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar|Sir Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]] and K.B. Marathe. He became a [[missionary]] for the Prarthana Samaj.
In 1898, Shinde earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]]. He began law studies in Mumbai to pursue his Bachelor of Laws (LLB) but discontinued them.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} In that year, he joined the [[Prarthana Samaj]], where he was influenced by figures such as [[Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade]] and [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]]. In 1901, with the financial support of [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of [[Baroda State]], he went to [[Manchester College, Oxford]], to study comparative religion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde {{!}} Pune Prarthana Samaj |url=https://puneprarthanasamaj.org/2020/04/30/maharshi-vitthal-ramji-shinde-2/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>


The Prarthana Samaj selected him to go to [[England]] in 1901, to study [[comparative religion]] at [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Manchester College]], [[Oxford University|Oxford]], which had been founded by the [[General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches|Unitarian Church]]. [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], of [[Baroda]], a progressive and reformist, provided some financial help for his travels abroad.
== Career ==
After returning to India in 1903, Shinde resumed his work with the Prarthana Samaj and became active in efforts to address caste-based discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vitthal Ramji Shinde |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/vitthal_ramji_shinde-profile-3746-30.htm |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=veethi.com}}</ref> He focused on education and social welfare initiatives for the [[Dalit|Depressed Classes]]. In 1905, he opened a night school for Dalit and untouchable children in Pune.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} The following year, on 16 October 1906, in Mumbai, he founded the Depressed Classes Mission in Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde – Social Studies Foundation |url=https://socialstudiesfoundation.org/2024/04/23/maharshi-vitthal-ramji-shinde/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Life work==
In subsequent years, he established the ''Murali Pratibandhak Sabha'' or "Murali Prohibition Council" in 1910 and convened the ''Asprushyata Nivaran Parishad'' or "Untouchability Eradication Council" in 1912.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} In 1917, Shinde played a role in passing a resolution at the [[Indian National Congress]] condemning the practice of untouchability.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}
After returning from England in 1903, he devoted his life to religious and social reforms. He continued his missionary work for the Prarthana Samaj. His efforts were devoted mainly to the removal of untouchability in India.
In 1905 he established a night school for the children of [[Dalit|untouchables]] in Pune, and in 1906 he established the [[Depressed Classes Mission]] in (Bombay). Also in 1910 he founded MURALI PRATIBANDHAK SABHA. And in 1912 organised  a "ASPRUSHATA NIWARAN PARISHAD "In 1922 the mission’s Ahalyashram building was completed at Pune.
In 1917 he succeeded in getting the [[Indian National Congress]] to pass a resolution condemning the practice of untouchability.


From 1918 to 1920, he went on to convening all the India untouchability removal conferences. Some of these conferences were convened under the president-ship of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Maharaja Sahyajirao Gaekwad.
Between 1918 and 1920, he was involved in organizing conferences on untouchability, chaired by leaders including [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} He also presented evidence before the [[Southborough Franchise Committee]] in 1919, advocating for political representation of marginalized castes. In 1923, he resigned from the executive of the Depressed Classes Mission due to internal disagreements, but he remained associated with its objectives.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
His written communications with the Mahatmaji are noteworthy.
In 1919 he gave evidence before the [[Southborough Franchise Committee]], asking for the special representation for the untouchable castes.
In 1923 he resigned as the executive of the Depressed Classes Mission since some of the members of the untouchable castes wanted its own leaders to manage the mission’s affairs.
His work and association with the Mission continued even though he was disappointed by the [[separatist]] attitude of the leaders of the untouchables, especially under the leadership of Dr. [[B.R. Ambedkar]]. Like Mahatma Gandhi, he wanted unity amongst the untouchables and the [[Hindu]] caste, and feared that the British rule would take advantage of such divisions within Indian society and exploit them for their own benefit.
In 1930 he participated in the [[Civil Disobedience]] movement of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and was imprisoned for six months of hard labor, in the Yerawda Central [[Jail]] ([[prison]]) near Pune.


In 1933 his book ''Bhartiya Asprushyatecha Prashna'' ("India’s untouchability question") was published.
In 1930, Shinde participated in the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] and was imprisoned for six months in [[Yerwada Central Jail]].<ref name=":2" />
His thoughts and examination of the Hindu religion and social culture were similar to Raja [[Ram Mohan Roy]] and [[Dayananda Saraswati]]. In his writings, he opposes the caste system, idol worship, and inequities against women and depressed classes. He opposed meaningless rituals, the dominance of hereditary priesthood, and the requirement of a priest to mediate between God and his devotees.


Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde died on 2 January 1944.
== Writings and views ==
During the 1920 Bombay Presidency Council elections, which he contested from [[Pune]], he published a Marathi-language article titled ''Bahujan Paksh'' in Baroda's ''Jagruti Patra''.<ref name=":2" /> The article served as a political statement and outlined the objectives of the Bahujan Samaj Paksha, a party aimed at representing socially and economically disadvantaged groups in Indian society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-17 |title=Bahujan Paksh's manifesto – Vitthal Ramji Shinde |url=https://thesatyashodhak.com/bahujan-pakshs-manifesto-vitthal-ramji-shinde/ |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=The Satyashodhak |language=en-US}}</ref>


=== Depressed Class Mission ===
In 1933, Shinde published ''Bhartiya Asprushyatecha Prashna,'' which translates to "India's Untouchability Question," addressing issues on the caste system, religious orthodoxy, and social discrimination. He criticized idol worship, ritualism, hereditary priesthood, and practices that, in his view, obstructed social equality.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} He emphasized a direct relationship between individuals and the divine, without the need for intermediaries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde {{!}} Pune Prarthana Samaj |url=https://puneprarthanasamaj.org/2020/04/30/maharshi-vitthal-ramji-shinde-2/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}


Shinde was a prominent campaigner on behalf of the [[Dalit]] movement in [[India]] who established the ''Depressed Classes Mission of India'' to provide education to the Dalits.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kshīrasāgara |first=Rāmacandra |title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC |access-date=2008-01-07 |year=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt (. Ltd. |isbn=81-85880-43-3 |pages=128}}</ref> He laid the foundation of [[Depressed Class Mission]] on 18 October 1906 in order to work against [[untouchability]] on the national level. Aims of this mission were:
== Depressed Classes Mission ==
#To try to get rid of untouchability.
Shinde established the Depressed Classes Mission. The mission's purpose was to elevate the social and spiritual condition of the Depressed Classes, such as the Mahars, Chamars, and Namasudras.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Kshīrasāgara |first=Rāmacandra |title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC |access-date=2008-01-07 |year=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt (. Ltd. |isbn=81-85880-43-3 |pages=128}}</ref>
#To provide educational facilities to the untouchables.
#To start schools, hostels, and hospitals for the untouchables.
#To solve their social problems.


Many schools and hostels were founded by this mission.<ref>Study books of Nathe, K'Sagar and Chanakya mandal publications.</ref>
To accomplish this, the society worked to:
# Oppose untouchability.
# Provide education to Dalit communities.
# Establish schools, hostels, and healthcare facilities.
# Address social challenges faced by marginalized groups.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}


==Sources==
== Death ==
Vitthal Ramji Shinde died on 2 January 1944, at the age of 70, in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Work of Vitthal Ramji Shinde: Learn about Legacy and Impact. |url=https://testbook.com/mpsc-preparation/social-work-of-vitthal-ramji-shinde |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Testbook |language=en}}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
Dr. G.M. Pawar, English translation by Sudhakar Marathe "The life and work of Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde, Sahitya Akademi 2013, {{ISBN|978-81-260-4064-3}}
*Gore, M.S.; ''Vitthal Ramji Shinde, An Assessment of his Contribution'' (book in English language), (1989), [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Bombay, India.
*Pawar, G.M.; ''Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde, Jeevan wa Karya'' (book in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language), (2004), Mumbai (Bombay), India. {{ISBN|81-88284-37-8}}.
*Katare.maharashtra history (2013) edition ..


{{Authority control}}
== Additional works ==
* Dr. G.M. Pawar, English translation by Sudhakar Marathe, *The Life and Work of Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde*, Sahitya Akademi, 2013. {{ISBN|978-81-260-4064-3}}
* M.S. Gore, *Vitthal Ramji Shinde: An Assessment of His Contribution*, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 1989.
* G.M. Pawar, *Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde: Jeevan wa Karya* (Marathi), 2004. {{ISBN|81-88284-37-8}}
* Katare, *Maharashtra History*, 2013 edition.


{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}


{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Vithal Ramaji}}
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[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
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[[Category:Prarthana Samaj]]
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[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]

Latest revision as of 20:39, 16 March 2026


Template:Infobox biography

Vitthal Ramji Shinde (23 April 1873 – 2 January 1944) was an Indian scholar, writer, and social reformer. He is known for his work against untouchability and advocating religious and social reform during direct Crown rule.[1] Shinde was associated with the liberal reformist tradition in India, and contributed to the early discourse on caste and Dalit rights.[2][3][4][5]

Early life & Marriage[edit | edit source]

Shinde was born on 23 April 1873 in the princely state of Jamkhandi, now in Karnataka, into a Maratha family.[6] His early childhood was influenced by a family environment that was tolerant of different ideologies and belief systems. His family friends and acquaintances came from various social backgrounds.[7]

Vitthal Ramji Shinde in 1938

The beginning of his involvement in religion came from his reading of Sant Tukaram, Sant Eknath, and Sant Ramdas of Maharashtra, while his intellectual awakening was influenced by the writings of thinkers like John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, Max Müller, Mahadev Govind Ranade, and R. G. Bhandarkar.[citation needed]

Vitthal Ramji Shinde, a follower of the Karkari sect, was married to Yamunabai, who spoke Kannada and was raised in a Vaishnavite Brahmin family.[8]

Education[edit | edit source]

In 1898, Shinde earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Fergusson College, Pune. He began law studies in Mumbai to pursue his Bachelor of Laws (LLB) but discontinued them.[citation needed] In that year, he joined the Prarthana Samaj, where he was influenced by figures such as Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade and Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar. In 1901, with the financial support of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda State, he went to Manchester College, Oxford, to study comparative religion.[9]

Career[edit | edit source]

After returning to India in 1903, Shinde resumed his work with the Prarthana Samaj and became active in efforts to address caste-based discrimination.[10] He focused on education and social welfare initiatives for the Depressed Classes. In 1905, he opened a night school for Dalit and untouchable children in Pune.[citation needed] The following year, on 16 October 1906, in Mumbai, he founded the Depressed Classes Mission in Bombay.[11]

In subsequent years, he established the Murali Pratibandhak Sabha or "Murali Prohibition Council" in 1910 and convened the Asprushyata Nivaran Parishad or "Untouchability Eradication Council" in 1912.[citation needed] In 1917, Shinde played a role in passing a resolution at the Indian National Congress condemning the practice of untouchability.[citation needed]

Between 1918 and 1920, he was involved in organizing conferences on untouchability, chaired by leaders including Mahatma Gandhi and Sayajirao Gaekwad III.[citation needed] He also presented evidence before the Southborough Franchise Committee in 1919, advocating for political representation of marginalized castes. In 1923, he resigned from the executive of the Depressed Classes Mission due to internal disagreements, but he remained associated with its objectives.[citation needed]

In 1930, Shinde participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement and was imprisoned for six months in Yerwada Central Jail.[1]

Writings and views[edit | edit source]

During the 1920 Bombay Presidency Council elections, which he contested from Pune, he published a Marathi-language article titled Bahujan Paksh in Baroda's Jagruti Patra.[1] The article served as a political statement and outlined the objectives of the Bahujan Samaj Paksha, a party aimed at representing socially and economically disadvantaged groups in Indian society.[12]

In 1933, Shinde published Bhartiya Asprushyatecha Prashna, which translates to "India's Untouchability Question," addressing issues on the caste system, religious orthodoxy, and social discrimination. He criticized idol worship, ritualism, hereditary priesthood, and practices that, in his view, obstructed social equality.[citation needed] He emphasized a direct relationship between individuals and the divine, without the need for intermediaries[13].[citation needed]

Depressed Classes Mission[edit | edit source]

Shinde established the Depressed Classes Mission. The mission's purpose was to elevate the social and spiritual condition of the Depressed Classes, such as the Mahars, Chamars, and Namasudras.[3][14]

To accomplish this, the society worked to:

  1. Oppose untouchability.
  2. Provide education to Dalit communities.
  3. Establish schools, hostels, and healthcare facilities.
  4. Address social challenges faced by marginalized groups.[citation needed]

Death[edit | edit source]

Vitthal Ramji Shinde died on 2 January 1944, at the age of 70, in Bombay Province, British India. [15]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Its time for a Bahujan rethink". SabrangIndia. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2025.
  2. ↑ https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/mag-hmr-dr-5776229-nor.html
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Patnekar, Mrunal (2018), "Relocating caste: The politics of communalism in early twentieth-century Bombay", Re-searching Transitions in Indian History, doi:10.4324/9780429487569-12, S2CID 242029679, retrieved 2 March 2023
  4. ↑ Narayan, Badri (18 April 2014). Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-670-0.
  5. ↑ Ganachari, Aravind (2005). "First World War: Purchasing Indian Loyalties: Imperial Policy of Recruitment and 'Rewards'". Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (8): 779–788. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4416244.
  6. ↑ "Maharshi Shinde and the Peasant Movement". Amritmahotsav. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  7. ↑ "Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde – Social Studies Foundation". Retrieved 20 February 2026.
  8. ↑ "KARMVEER V. R. SHINDE AND HIS WORK FOR THE UPLIFTMENT OF UNTOUCHABLES" (PDF). zenithresearch. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  9. ↑ "Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde | Pune Prarthana Samaj". Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  10. ↑ "Vitthal Ramji Shinde". veethi.com. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  11. ↑ "Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde – Social Studies Foundation". Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  12. ↑ "Bahujan Paksh's manifesto – Vitthal Ramji Shinde". The Satyashodhak. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2025.
  13. ↑ "Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde | Pune Prarthana Samaj". Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  14. ↑ Kshīrasāgara, Rāmacandra (1994). Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956. M.D. Publications Pvt (. Ltd. p. 128. ISBN 81-85880-43-3. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
  15. ↑ "Social Work of Vitthal Ramji Shinde: Learn about Legacy and Impact". Testbook. Retrieved 24 March 2025.

Additional works[edit | edit source]

  • Dr. G.M. Pawar, English translation by Sudhakar Marathe, *The Life and Work of Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde*, Sahitya Akademi, 2013. ISBN 978-81-260-4064-3
  • M.S. Gore, *Vitthal Ramji Shinde: An Assessment of His Contribution*, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 1989.
  • G.M. Pawar, *Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde: Jeevan wa Karya* (Marathi), 2004. ISBN 81-88284-37-8
  • Katare, *Maharashtra History*, 2013 edition.
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