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'''Tanglish''' | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Tanglish | |||
| altname = Thanglish | |||
| region = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[SE Asia]], [[North America]] | |||
| ethnicity = [[Tamils|Tamil]] | |||
| familycolor = mixed | |||
| fam1 = mixed [[Tamil language|Tamil]]–[[English language|English]] | |||
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] | |||
| iso3 = None | |||
}} | |||
'''Tanglish''' refers to the [[macaronic]] [[code-mixing]] or [[code-switching]] of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[South Asian English|English]] languages, in the context of colloquial [[spoken language]]. In the context of colloquial [[written language]], ''Tanglish'' refers to the [[transliteration]] of Tamil text in English alphabet (''Roman Tamil''), with extensive usage of English vocabulary. | |||
The name is a [[portmanteau]] of | The name is a [[portmanteau]] of Tamil and English, and has taken various forms over time. The earliest form is ''Tamilish'' (dating from 1972), then ''Tinglish'' (1974), ''Tamglish'' (1991), ''Tamlish'' (1993), ''Thanglish'' (1997), and ''Tanglish'' (1999).<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 31-32. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</ref> | ||
Tanglish has become the de-facto style of Tamil spoken in urban areas of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] as well as contemporary [[Tamil cinema]], to the extent that even words that have native colloquial equivalents are often replaced with English words. | |||
In modern day India, since English is perceived as the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige language]] over Indian languages by common people, Tanglish subsequently is perceived as the [[Covert prestige|high prestige variety]] (H) of spoken Tamil, while [[Vernacular|vernacular]] colloquial Tamil (without English influence) is considered low variety (L) of spoken Tamil. | |||
==Characteristics== | |||
A study of code switching in everyday speech in Tamil Nadu found that English words are commonly inserted into sentences that otherwise follow Tamil [[syntax]].<ref name=Kanthimathi2009/> | |||
A characteristic of Tanglish or Tamil-English code-switching is the addition of Tamil affixes to English words.<ref name=Kanthimathi2009/> The sound "u" is added at the end of an English [[noun]] to create a Tamil noun form, as in "sound-''u''" and the words "girl-u heart-u black-u" in the lyrics of "Why This Kolaveri Di".<ref name=Kanthimathi2009>{{cite journal |url=http://www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL/issues/2009/27-6.pdf |journal=The International Journal of Language Society and Culture |title=Tamil-English Mixed Language Used in Tamilnadu |first=K. |last=Kanthimathi |issue=27 |pages=48–53 |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617075649/http://www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL/issues/2009/27-6.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-17 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/28/why-this-kolaveri-di_n_1117726.html |work=Huffington Post | date=28 November 2011 | title= 'Why This Kolaveri Di': India's Latest Viral Hit |last=Rao | first=Mallika }}</ref> English [[noun]]s often are combined with Tamil [[case (grammar)|case]] markers, as in "journey-''ai''" ([[accusative case]]), "driver-''kku''" ([[dative case]], used to mean "for the driver"), and "teacher-''oḍa''" (of the teacher, [[genitive case]]). [[Verb]]s and some nouns from the English language are converted to Tamil verb forms by adding Tamil verbalizers that indicate [[Grammatical_mood|verb mood]]. For example, the Tamil verb "''paṇṇu''" ([[imperative mood]] "do") is added to the English verb "drive", resulting in "drive ''paṇṇu''", used to mean "do the driving".<ref name=Kanthimathi2009/> Another pattern that has been noted by speakers or observers of Tanglish is the addition of the syllable "-fy" at the end of a Tamil word (e.g., ''maatti''-fy, ''Kalaachi''-fy).<ref name=EnterTang/><ref>[http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1841gs_pandiyanaadu-making-of-fy-fy-fy-kalaachify-song_music Music composed by D.Imman "''Fy Fy Fy Kalaachify''" by Remya Nambeesan from the film "''Pandiya Naadu''"]</ref> | |||
=== Examples === | |||
The below examples show how [[code-mixing]] is done with English in Spoken Tamil. In terms of vocabulary, the major differences between formal, colloquial and anglicised Tamil is that, formal Tamil tends to draw most of its vocabulary from Pure Tamil (செந்தமிழ், inspired from [[Old Tamil]]), colloquial Tamil (கொடுந்தமிழ்) has significant number of loanwords from [[Prakrit]] & [[Sanskrit]], and Tanglish replaces a large amount of nouns and verbs with English words. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Comparison of Tamil Registers | |||
! S.No. | |||
! English<br/>(ஆங்கிலம்) | |||
! Formal Tamil<br/>(எழுத்து வழக்கு) | |||
! Colloquial Tamil<br/>(பேச்சு வழக்கு) | |||
! Tanglish<br/>(தமிங்கிலம்) | |||
|- | |||
| 1 | |||
| Open the tap and wash your hands. | |||
| குழாயைத் திறந்து உங்கள் கைகளைக் கழுவுங்கள். | |||
| கொழாய தொறந்து உங்க கைய கழுவுங்க. | |||
| Tap-அ open பண்ணி handwash பண்ணுங்க. | |||
|- | |||
| 2 | |||
| Don't forget to take your book and pen to the school. | |||
| உன்னுடைய பாடநூலையும் எழுதுகோலையும் பள்ளிக்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல மறக்காதே. | |||
| உன்னோட புஸ்தகத்தயும் பேனாவையும் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு எடுத்துட்டு போக மறக்காத. | |||
| உன் book-ஐயும் pen-ஐயும் miss பண்ணாம school-உக்கு எடுத்துட்டு போ. | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| Farmers faced loss this year. | |||
| இவ்வாண்டு உழவர்கள் இழப்பைச் சந்தித்தனர். | |||
| இந்த வருஷம் விவசாயிங்களுக்கு நஷ்டம் ஆச்சு. | |||
| இந்த year farmers-க்கு loss ஆச்சு. | |||
|- | |||
| 4 | |||
| Sun rises in the east. | |||
| கதிரவன் கிழக்கில் தோன்றுவான். | |||
| சூரியன் கெழக்குல உதிக்கும். | |||
| Sun east-ல rise ஆகும். | |||
|- | |||
| 5 | |||
| Please just open the door and take your food. | |||
| தயவுசெய்து கதவை மட்டும் திறந்து உங்கள் உணவை எடுத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். | |||
| தயவுசெஞ்சு கதவ மட்டும் தொறந்து உங்க சாப்பாட்ட எடுத்துக்கோங்க. | |||
| Just-உ door-அ open பண்ணி உங்க food-அ எடுத்துக்கோங்க please. | |||
|- | |||
| 6 | |||
| I couldn't sleep all night. | |||
| இரவு முழுவதும் எனக்கு தூக்கம் வரவில்லை. | |||
| ராத்திரி பூராவும் எனக்கு தூக்கம் வரல. | |||
| Night-உ full-ஆ எனக்கு தூக்கம் வரல. | |||
|} | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
{{Update section|date=September 2025||reason=Outdated by 1-2 decades}} | |||
===Tamil Nadu=== | ===Tamil Nadu=== | ||
The use of Tanglish | The use of Tanglish is common in [[Chennai]], possibly due in part to the use of English in education. The influx of speakers of other languages (such as [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Kannada]]) to the city has also increased the importance of English as the [[lingua franca]].<ref name=TanglishRulesTheRoost>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2010/06/21&ID=Ar00202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416211953/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2010/06/21&ID=Ar00202 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |work=The Times Of India Chennai |date=21 June 2010 |page=2 |title=Tanglish rules the roost in Tamil Nadu |first=R |last=Vasundara}}</ref> In ''The Hindu'' in 2010, a student in Chennai told of the widespread use of Tanglish by teenagers in her city. She said Tanglish was "something almost every teenager in Chennai uses", but noted that her mother said Tanglish was "murdering the [Tamil] language".<ref name=EnterTang>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/Enter-Tanglish/article16371444.ece | title = Enter, Tanglish |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Narayanan |first=Hiranmayi |date=21 April 2010 | access-date=18 August 2020 }}</ref> That same year, a Tamil teacher in a matriculation school in Chennai reported that few of her students had a large enough Tamil [[vocabulary]] to be able to speak Tamil without including some words of English.<ref name=TanglishRulesTheRoost/> | ||
Tanglish is increasingly used in advertising aimed at consumers in [[Tamil Nadu]], particularly for promotion of international products.<ref name=HinduKonjam>{{citation |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/21/stories/2004022100060100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416193116/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/21/stories/2004022100060100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2014| title=Konjam Tamil Konjam English |last=Rangarajan| first=Malathi |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 February 2004}}</ref> For example, [[Pepsi]] has mixed English with Tamil in its slogan "ullam kekkuthae more".<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hasuria Che Omar|title=The Sustainability of the Translation Field|date=2009 |isbn=978-983-42179-6-9 |page=459}}</ref> In 2004, ''The Hindu'' commented on a mobile phone advertising campaign in Chennai that used slogans that combined Tamil and English, such as "Konjam Samaiyal... Konjam Serial" | Tanglish is increasingly used in advertising aimed at consumers in [[Tamil Nadu]], particularly for promotion of international products.<ref name=HinduKonjam>{{citation |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/21/stories/2004022100060100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416193116/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/21/stories/2004022100060100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2014| title=Konjam Tamil Konjam English |last=Rangarajan| first=Malathi |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 February 2004}}</ref> For example, [[Pepsi]] has mixed English with Tamil in its slogan "ullam kekkuthae more".<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hasuria Che Omar|title=The Sustainability of the Translation Field|date=2009 |isbn=978-983-42179-6-9 |page=459}}</ref> In 2004, ''The Hindu'' commented on a mobile phone advertising campaign in Chennai that used slogans that combined Tamil and English, such as "Konjam Samaiyal... Konjam Serial" and "Konjam Advice... Konjam Udaans".<ref name=HinduKonjam/> It also is common for advertising to use the Tamil language rendered in the [[English alphabet]], a trend that leads to concern that people are losing the ability to read [[Tamil script]].<ref name=HinduKonjam/> | ||
The Tanglish lyrics of the film song "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]", which went viral on Internet social networking sites in November 2011, have been identified as a factor in the song's popularity.<ref>{{citation |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news-interviews/30453905_1_studio-and-composer-song-sony-music|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006153710/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news-interviews/30453905_1_studio-and-composer-song-sony-music|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| title = Dhanush: Never expected 'Kolaveri di' to become such a rage |date= 29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2650957.ece | title=Why this 'Why this Kolaveri'? | newspaper= The Hindu | date= 23 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation|publisher=[[British Council]]|url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/ten-surprising-expressions-indian-english|title=Ten surprising expressions in Indian English|author=Steven Baker|date=26 October 2015}}</ref> | The Tanglish lyrics of the film song "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]", which went viral on Internet social networking sites in November 2011, have been identified as a factor in the song's popularity.<ref>{{citation |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news-interviews/30453905_1_studio-and-composer-song-sony-music|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006153710/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news-interviews/30453905_1_studio-and-composer-song-sony-music|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| title = Dhanush: Never expected 'Kolaveri di' to become such a rage |date= 29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2650957.ece | title=Why this 'Why this Kolaveri'? | newspaper= The Hindu | date= 23 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation|publisher=[[British Council]]|url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/ten-surprising-expressions-indian-english|title=Ten surprising expressions in Indian English|author=Steven Baker|date=26 October 2015}}</ref> | ||
===Tamil diasporas=== | ===Tamil diasporas=== | ||
Use of Tanglish has been reported among Tamil-speaking immigrant populations in [[Malaysia]] and [[Canada]], particularly by young people.<ref>{{citation |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/10/2/nation/9617920&sec=nation |title=Penang's link with ocean made waves |last=Vinesh |first=Derrick |newspaper=The Star |date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208175811/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F10%2F2%2Fnation%2F9617920&sec=nation |archive-date=8 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Between text and talk: Expertise, normativity, and scales of belonging in the Montreal Tamil diasporas | last=Das |first=Sonja Neela |type=Dissertation |publisher=University of Michigan | date=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-98093-3 |url=https:// | Use of Tanglish has been reported among Tamil-speaking immigrant populations in [[Malaysia]] and [[Canada]], particularly by young people.<ref>{{citation |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/10/2/nation/9617920&sec=nation |title=Penang's link with ocean made waves |last=Vinesh |first=Derrick |newspaper=The Star |date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208175811/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F10%2F2%2Fnation%2F9617920&sec=nation |archive-date=8 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Between text and talk: Expertise, normativity, and scales of belonging in the Montreal Tamil diasporas | last=Das |first=Sonja Neela |type=Dissertation |publisher=University of Michigan | date=2008 | hdl=2027.42/61571 |isbn=978-0-549-98093-3 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/61571}}</ref> [[Singapore|Singaporean]] rapper [[Yung Raja]] is known for his extensive use of Tanglish in his lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.femalemag.com.sg/gallery/culture/yung-raja-rap-tamil-english-singapore-music-america-universal/ |title = Yung Raja Is Bringing His Brand Of "Tanglish" Rap To America}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:15, 23 February 2026
| Tanglish | |
|---|---|
| Thanglish | |
| Region | Tamil Nadu, SE Asia, North America |
| Ethnicity | Tamil |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
Tanglish refers to the macaronic code-mixing or code-switching of the Tamil and English languages, in the context of colloquial spoken language. In the context of colloquial written language, Tanglish refers to the transliteration of Tamil text in English alphabet (Roman Tamil), with extensive usage of English vocabulary.
The name is a portmanteau of Tamil and English, and has taken various forms over time. The earliest form is Tamilish (dating from 1972), then Tinglish (1974), Tamglish (1991), Tamlish (1993), Thanglish (1997), and Tanglish (1999).[1]
Tanglish has become the de-facto style of Tamil spoken in urban areas of present-day Tamil Nadu as well as contemporary Tamil cinema, to the extent that even words that have native colloquial equivalents are often replaced with English words.
In modern day India, since English is perceived as the prestige language over Indian languages by common people, Tanglish subsequently is perceived as the high prestige variety (H) of spoken Tamil, while vernacular colloquial Tamil (without English influence) is considered low variety (L) of spoken Tamil.
Characteristics[edit | edit source]
A study of code switching in everyday speech in Tamil Nadu found that English words are commonly inserted into sentences that otherwise follow Tamil syntax.[2]
A characteristic of Tanglish or Tamil-English code-switching is the addition of Tamil affixes to English words.[2] The sound "u" is added at the end of an English noun to create a Tamil noun form, as in "sound-u" and the words "girl-u heart-u black-u" in the lyrics of "Why This Kolaveri Di".[2][3] English nouns often are combined with Tamil case markers, as in "journey-ai" (accusative case), "driver-kku" (dative case, used to mean "for the driver"), and "teacher-oḍa" (of the teacher, genitive case). Verbs and some nouns from the English language are converted to Tamil verb forms by adding Tamil verbalizers that indicate verb mood. For example, the Tamil verb "paṇṇu" (imperative mood "do") is added to the English verb "drive", resulting in "drive paṇṇu", used to mean "do the driving".[2] Another pattern that has been noted by speakers or observers of Tanglish is the addition of the syllable "-fy" at the end of a Tamil word (e.g., maatti-fy, Kalaachi-fy).[4][5]
Examples[edit | edit source]
The below examples show how code-mixing is done with English in Spoken Tamil. In terms of vocabulary, the major differences between formal, colloquial and anglicised Tamil is that, formal Tamil tends to draw most of its vocabulary from Pure Tamil (செந்தமிழ், inspired from Old Tamil), colloquial Tamil (கொடுந்தமிழ்) has significant number of loanwords from Prakrit & Sanskrit, and Tanglish replaces a large amount of nouns and verbs with English words.
| S.No. | English (ஆங்கிலம்) |
Formal Tamil (எழுத்து வழக்கு) |
Colloquial Tamil (பேச்சு வழக்கு) |
Tanglish (தமிங்கிலம்) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Open the tap and wash your hands. | குழாயைத் திறந்து உங்கள் கைகளைக் கழுவுங்கள். | கொழாய தொறந்து உங்க கைய கழுவுங்க. | Tap-அ open பண்ணி handwash பண்ணுங்க. |
| 2 | Don't forget to take your book and pen to the school. | உன்னுடைய பாடநூலையும் எழுதுகோலையும் பள்ளிக்கு எடுத்துச் செல்ல மறக்காதே. | உன்னோட புஸ்தகத்தயும் பேனாவையும் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு எடுத்துட்டு போக மறக்காத. | உன் book-ஐயும் pen-ஐயும் miss பண்ணாம school-உக்கு எடுத்துட்டு போ. |
| 3 | Farmers faced loss this year. | இவ்வாண்டு உழவர்கள் இழப்பைச் சந்தித்தனர். | இந்த வருஷம் விவசாயிங்களுக்கு நஷ்டம் ஆச்சு. | இந்த year farmers-க்கு loss ஆச்சு. |
| 4 | Sun rises in the east. | கதிரவன் கிழக்கில் தோன்றுவான். | சூரியன் கெழக்குல உதிக்கும். | Sun east-ல rise ஆகும். |
| 5 | Please just open the door and take your food. | தயவுசெய்து கதவை மட்டும் திறந்து உங்கள் உணவை எடுத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். | தயவுசெஞ்சு கதவ மட்டும் தொறந்து உங்க சாப்பாட்ட எடுத்துக்கோங்க. | Just-உ door-அ open பண்ணி உங்க food-அ எடுத்துக்கோங்க please. |
| 6 | I couldn't sleep all night. | இரவு முழுவதும் எனக்கு தூக்கம் வரவில்லை. | ராத்திரி பூராவும் எனக்கு தூக்கம் வரல. | Night-உ full-ஆ எனக்கு தூக்கம் வரல. |
Distribution[edit | edit source]
 | This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Outdated by 1-2 decades. (September 2025) |
Tamil Nadu[edit | edit source]
The use of Tanglish is common in Chennai, possibly due in part to the use of English in education. The influx of speakers of other languages (such as Telugu, Gujarati, and Kannada) to the city has also increased the importance of English as the lingua franca.[6] In The Hindu in 2010, a student in Chennai told of the widespread use of Tanglish by teenagers in her city. She said Tanglish was "something almost every teenager in Chennai uses", but noted that her mother said Tanglish was "murdering the [Tamil] language".[4] That same year, a Tamil teacher in a matriculation school in Chennai reported that few of her students had a large enough Tamil vocabulary to be able to speak Tamil without including some words of English.[6]
Tanglish is increasingly used in advertising aimed at consumers in Tamil Nadu, particularly for promotion of international products.[7] For example, Pepsi has mixed English with Tamil in its slogan "ullam kekkuthae more".[8] In 2004, The Hindu commented on a mobile phone advertising campaign in Chennai that used slogans that combined Tamil and English, such as "Konjam Samaiyal... Konjam Serial" and "Konjam Advice... Konjam Udaans".[7] It also is common for advertising to use the Tamil language rendered in the English alphabet, a trend that leads to concern that people are losing the ability to read Tamil script.[7]
The Tanglish lyrics of the film song "Why This Kolaveri Di", which went viral on Internet social networking sites in November 2011, have been identified as a factor in the song's popularity.[9][10][11]
Tamil diasporas[edit | edit source]
Use of Tanglish has been reported among Tamil-speaking immigrant populations in Malaysia and Canada, particularly by young people.[12][13] Singaporean rapper Yung Raja is known for his extensive use of Tanglish in his lyrics.[14]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Indian English
- Regional differences and dialects in Indian English
- Madras Bashai, a related, but distinct, language variant, a slang form of Tamil used in Chennai that is a blend of Tamil with Indian English, Telugu and Hindustani
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 31-32. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kanthimathi, K. (2009). "Tamil-English Mixed Language Used in Tamilnadu" (PDF). The International Journal of Language Society and Culture (27): 48–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2012.
- ↑ Rao, Mallika (28 November 2011), "'Why This Kolaveri Di': India's Latest Viral Hit", Huffington Post
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Narayanan, Hiranmayi (21 April 2010). "Enter, Tanglish". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ↑ Music composed by D.Imman "Fy Fy Fy Kalaachify" by Remya Nambeesan from the film "Pandiya Naadu"
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Vasundara, R (21 June 2010). "Tanglish rules the roost in Tamil Nadu". The Times Of India Chennai. p. 2. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Rangarajan, Malathi (21 February 2004), "Konjam Tamil Konjam English", The Hindu, archived from the original on 16 April 2014
- ↑ Hasuria Che Omar, ed. (2009). The Sustainability of the Translation Field. p. 459. ISBN 978-983-42179-6-9.
- ↑ "Dhanush: Never expected 'Kolaveri di' to become such a rage", The Times of India, 29 November 2011, archived from the original on 6 October 2013
- ↑ "Why this 'Why this Kolaveri'?", The Hindu, 23 November 2011
- ↑ Steven Baker (26 October 2015), Ten surprising expressions in Indian English, British Council
- ↑ Vinesh, Derrick (2 October 2011), "Penang's link with ocean made waves", The Star, archived from the original on 8 December 2011
- ↑ Das, Sonja Neela (2008). Between text and talk: Expertise, normativity, and scales of belonging in the Montreal Tamil diasporas (Dissertation). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/61571. ISBN 978-0-549-98093-3.
- ↑ "Yung Raja Is Bringing His Brand Of "Tanglish" Rap To America".