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{{Peacock|date=July 2013}} | {{Peacock|date=July 2013}} | ||
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[[File:A pristine historical stone in Mahasthangarh,Bogra, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|A pristine historical stone in Mahasthangarh,Bogra, Bangladesh]] | [[File:A pristine historical stone in Mahasthangarh,Bogra, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|A pristine historical stone in Mahasthangarh, Bogra, Bangladesh]] | ||
[[India]] possesses a wide spectrum of dimensional stones that include [[granite]], [[marble]], [[sandstone]], [[limestone]], [[slate]], and [[quartzite]], in various parts of the country. | [[India]] possesses a wide spectrum of dimensional stones that include [[granite]], [[marble]], [[sandstone]], [[limestone]], [[slate]], and [[quartzite]], in various parts of the country. | ||
The | The [[stone industry]] in India has evolved into the production and manufacturing of blocks, flooring slabs, structural slabs, monuments, [[tomb stone]]s, [[sculpture]]s, [[Cobblestone|cobbles]], [[pebble]]s and landscape garden stones. | ||
==Tradition of stones== | ==Tradition of stones== | ||
India's history, dating back to [[32nd century BC|3200 BC]] has been influenced considerably by the disposition, development and use of stones and other construction materials. [[Dimension stone]]s have also left deep imprints on the architectural heritage of the country. Innumerable [[temple]]s, [[fort]]s and [[palace]]s of [[History of India|Ancient Indian Civilisation]] have been carved out of locally available stones. The [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]] was constructed from Indian marble. Some of the rock-cut structures include | India's history, dating back to [[32nd century BC|3200 BC]] has been influenced considerably by the disposition, development and use of stones and other construction materials. [[Dimension stone]]s have also left deep imprints on the architectural heritage of the country. Innumerable [[temple]]s, [[fort]]s and [[palace]]s of [[History of India|Ancient Indian Civilisation]] have been carved out of locally available stones. The [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]] was constructed from Indian marble. Some of the rock-cut structures include [[Khajuraho|Khajuraho Temple]], [[Elephanta Caves]], Lomesh rishi caves, Ellora caves and [[Konark|Konark Temple]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Besides, all major [[Archaeological Survey of India|archeological excavations]] have revealed exquisitely carved [[statuette]]s and [[Stone carving|carvings]] in stone. Ancient [[Buddhist]] [[monument]]s like the [[Sanchi Stupa]] of 3rd century BC have also been carved out of stone. | ||
This tradition of Stone Architecture has continued to the present era, with most of the important modern buildings in India like the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Presidential House]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] made from high quality [[sandstone]] of [[Rajasthan]]. The [[Bahá'í House of Worship]] of [[New Delhi]] stands testimony to the relevance of marble in modern [[Indian architecture]]. | This tradition of Stone Architecture has continued to the present era, with most of the important modern buildings in India like the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Presidential House]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] made from high quality [[sandstone]] of [[Rajasthan]]. The [[Bahá'í House of Worship]] of [[New Delhi]] stands testimony to the relevance of marble in modern [[Indian architecture]]. | ||
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Stones are still the mainstays of [[Civil engineering|civil construction]] in India, with stones being used extensively in [[public building]]s, [[hotel]]s, and temples. It is increasingly being used in homes, with the use of stones now penetrating amongst the growing [[middle class]] of India. | Stones are still the mainstays of [[Civil engineering|civil construction]] in India, with stones being used extensively in [[public building]]s, [[hotel]]s, and temples. It is increasingly being used in homes, with the use of stones now penetrating amongst the growing [[middle class]] of India. | ||
The success of commercial stone industry solely depends upon defects in rock/stone. Natural defects in | The success of commercial stone industry solely depends upon defects in rock/stone. Natural defects in ornamental/commercial [[List of rock types|rock deposits]] adversely affect the quality of rock deposit. Detection of natural defects in decorative and dimensional stone industry play vital role in the [[quality assessment]]. | ||
India is pioneer in | India is pioneer in exploration and mining of commercial rock deposits and in establishing a firm base for stone industry. India, with an estimated resource of about 1,690 million cubic metres, comprising over 160 shades of Dimension Stone Granites (DSG), accounts for about 205 of the world resources. Of the 300 varieties being traded in the world market, nearly half of them are from India. Commercially viable granite and other rock deposits are reported from [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], and others. | ||
==Deposits== | ==Deposits== | ||
===Marble=== | ===Marble=== | ||
Marble was used for building tombs, temples and palaces. For a time it was considered as ''Royal Stone''. It is, however, now used in hotels and homes too. There are many varieties.<ref>{{cite news|title= | Marble was used for building tombs, temples and palaces. For a time it was considered as ''Royal Stone''. It is, however, now used in hotels and homes too. There are many varieties.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kota stone,Cotta stone, distributors of Stones|url=https://www.kotastonesupplier.com/|location=Rajasthan, India}}</ref> | ||
* [[Makrana]]: Makrana is the source of the marble used in the Taj Mahal. It is situated at a distance of 60 km from Kishangarh and falls in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan. The region has various mining ranges, mainly Doongri, Devi, Ulodi, Saabwali, Gulabi, Kumari, Neharkhan, Matabhar, Matabhar kumari, Chuck doongri, Chosira and Pahar Kua amongst others. | * [[Makrana]]: Makrana is the source of the marble used in the Taj Mahal. It is situated at a distance of 60 km from Kishangarh and falls in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan. The region has various mining ranges, mainly Doongri, Devi, Ulodi, Saabwali, Gulabi, Kumari, Neharkhan, Matabhar, Matabhar kumari, Chuck doongri, Chosira and Pahar Kua amongst others. | ||
* | * Rajnagar Marble: World's largest marble-producing area, with over 2,000 gang saw units located in the nearby town of [[Udaipur]] to process the material produced. Agaria is a variety of this area, with numerous other varieties and patterns, primarily in white base. The marble is [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomitic]] and often has [[quartz]] intrusions. | ||
* | * Andhi Marble: Located near the capital city of the state of [[Jaipur]] (also known as the 'Pink City'), it is dolomitic marble with intrusions of [[tremolite]], and is commonly known by the name of pista (pistachio) marble, because of the green coloured tremolite against an off-white background. One of the famous varieties of this area was known as Indo-Italian, owing to its resemblance with Satvario Marble. Most of the mining of this famous field is now banned by the [[Supreme Court of India]] because of the vicinity of the area to the [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]]. | ||
* | * Salumber Marble: Also known as [[Onyx|Onyx Marble]], it has thick bands of green and pink hint. A resemblance to Onyx Marble from [[Pakistan]] gives it this name. This is also highly dolomitic. | ||
* | * Yellow Marble: Jaisalmer stone is found in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. Though not been [[Metamorphosis|metamorphosed]] and hence is still a [[limestone]], it is known as Yellow Marble in trade circles. It is mined in the [[Jaisalmer District]]. | ||
* Bidasar: These are ultra basic rocks in shades of brown and green colour found in [[Rajasthan]]. The criss-cross linear pattern given it a remarkable resemblance to a photograph of dense forest. These are also known as forest green/brown or fancy green/brown. | * Bidasar: These are ultra basic rocks in shades of brown and green colour found in [[Rajasthan]]. The criss-cross linear pattern given it a remarkable resemblance to a photograph of dense forest. These are also known as forest green/brown or fancy green/brown. | ||
* [[Morwad]]: Kishangarh Marble | * [[Morwad]]: Kishangarh Marble | ||
* Gujarat - | * Gujarat - AmbaJi White Marble: It can be compared with [[Makrana|Makarana Marble]]. It is highly calcic and is produced in a town called [[Ambaji]] (famous for its temple of [[Durga|Durga Devi]]). The marble has a very soft and waxy look and is often used by sculptors. | ||
*Rajasthan - | *Rajasthan - Abu Black: This is one of the rare black textured marble available. Only produced in the mines of Abu road, this black textured stone is a decorative marble used in temples and sculptures. | ||
* Madhya Pradesh - | * Madhya Pradesh - Katni Range: It is famous for its beige-colored marble, which is dolomitic but highly [[crystalline]], with very fine grain size and some quartz intrusions. The marble accepts polish. Another variety in the same range is red/maroon-colored marble. | ||
*'Jabalpur range' contains white dolomitic marble. It is | *'Jabalpur range' contains white dolomitic marble. Dolomitic marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when dolomite is subjected to high temperatures and pressures. Dolomite is a mineral composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate. When dolomite undergoes metamorphism, it recrystallizes into marble. And this newly formed marble is called dolomite marble.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stonesmentor.com/dolomitic-marble/ | title=Dolomitic marble Properties, Advantages and Drawbacks | date=21 September 2022 }}</ref> It is often used as dolomite lumps for chemical and industrial uses. | ||
* | *Indian Green Marble: It is found in Rajasthan, India; Indian Green Marble's most quarries are situated in Kesariyaji, which is 60 km far from Udaipur, Rajasthan India. This Indian green marble is known by name all over the world. In Europe, people know Indian green marble as a Verde Guatemala. Many varieties are available in Indian green marble. Indian Green Marble is exported to Africa, Europe, Australia, the Middle East, and many Asian countries. It is found in [[Rishabhdeo]] town of [[Udaipur District]] state Rajasthan of India. | ||
===Granite=== | ===Granite=== | ||
India has varieties of granite in over 250 shades. As of 2005, Granite reserves in India was 37,426 million cubic | India has varieties of granite in over 250 shades. As of 2005, Granite reserves in India was 37,426 million cubic meters and ranked fifth in the export of processed product. Resources are found in Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibm.nic.in/imyb2010_granite.pdf|title=Granite - Indian Minerals yearbook - 2010|publisher=Indian Bureau of Mines|access-date=11 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903112706/http://ibm.nic.in/imyb2010_granite.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ||
===Sandstone=== | ===Sandstone=== | ||
[[Sandstone]] reserves in [[India]] are found over the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]]. Over 90[[%]] of the deposits of [[sandstone]] are in [[Rajasthan]], spread over the districts of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Jodhpur]], | [[Sandstone]] reserves in [[India]] are found over the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]]. Over 90[[%]] of the deposits of [[sandstone]] are in [[Rajasthan]], spread over the districts of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Jodhpur]], Sawai-Madhopur, [[Bundi]], [[Chittorgarh]], [[Bikaner]], [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]], [[Pali district|Pali]], [[Shivpuri]], [[Khatu]] and [[Jaisalmer]]. | ||
India is among the leading countries when it comes to mining and export of sandstone. Sandstone from India is available in different [[color]]s for interior as well as exterior use. Sandstone products from India include names like Tint Mint, White Mint, Mint Fossils, Modak, Agra Red, Rainbow Sandstone, Raj Green, Teak, Buff Brown, Dhoplur Chocolate, Beige, Dholpur Pink, Lalitpur Pink, Mandana Red, Jodhpur pink, Jodhpur red, and Jaisalmer yellow. | India is among the leading countries when it comes to mining and export of sandstone. Sandstone from India is available in different [[color]]s for interior as well as exterior use. Sandstone products from India include names like Tint Mint, White Mint, Mint Fossils, Modak, Agra Red, Rainbow Sandstone, Raj Green, Teak, Buff Brown, Dhoplur Chocolate, Beige, Dholpur Pink, Lalitpur Pink, Mandana Red, Jodhpur pink, Jodhpur red, and Jaisalmer yellow. | ||
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[[Slate]] reserves in India are found in [[Rajasthan]][[Haryana|, Behror, Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Deposits in Rajasthan are spread over the districts of [[Alwar district|Alwar]], [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]], [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Tonk district|Tonk]], [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]], [[Pali district|Pali]], [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]], [[Churu district|Churu]], and [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]. | [[Slate]] reserves in India are found in [[Rajasthan]][[Haryana|, Behror, Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Deposits in Rajasthan are spread over the districts of [[Alwar district|Alwar]], [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]], [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Tonk district|Tonk]], [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]], [[Pali district|Pali]], [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]], [[Churu district|Churu]], and [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]. | ||
Few important names in slate are Jak Black, Silver Shine, Silver grey, Panther, Deoli Green, Peacock, Peacock Multi, Kund Black, Kund Multi and so on. Being to some extent fragile in nature, it is good for interior use only and can be used in even as | Few important names in slate are Jak Black, Silver Shine, Silver grey, Panther, Deoli Green, Peacock, Peacock Multi, Kund Black, Kund Multi, and so on. Being to some extent fragile in nature, it is good for interior use only and can be used in even as a washboard. | ||
===Flaggy limestone=== | ===Flaggy limestone=== | ||
Kotastone of Kota district and Yellow Limestone of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan are the prime [[limestone]] occurrences in India. Other deposits include the Shahabad Stone of [[Gulbarga]] and the Belgaum districts of [[Karnataka]], Kadappa Stone of [[Kadapa]], [[Kurnool]] and the [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] & [[Guntur]] districts of Andhra Pradesh, Milliolitic Limestone from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] Region, [[Gujarat]], and 'Yellow Limestone' of [[Kutch]] district of Gujarat, amongst others. | |||
====Limestone deposits==== | ====Limestone deposits==== | ||
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana put together possess 32% of the country's total reserves of limestone. | Andhra Pradesh and Telangana put, together, possess 32% of the country's total reserves of limestone. World-renowned Narzi limestone is available in Kadapa district. Commercial grade limestone deposits are being exploited from [[Bethamcherla]], [[Macherla]], Neereducherla, [[Tandur]], ((shahabad)), Mudimanikyam of [[Kurnool]], [[Guntur]], [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]], [[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]], and [[Nalgonda]] districts are widely used in our country for paneling, and flooring purposes. Sullavai limestone of Karminagar and [[Warangal]] districts, massive limestones of Mudimanikyam, [[Nalgonda]] districts. Total India's limestones are estimated about 93,623 million tonnes. Limestones are extensively utilized for the manufacturing of [[cement]] and also building stones, particularly flooring, and roofing. | ||
===Other dimensional stones=== | ===Other dimensional stones=== | ||
There are some other dimensional stones being quarried and used in consumption, in addition to the dimensional stones already detailed above. [[Laterite]] bricks are quarried in huge quantities and are | There are some other dimensional stones being quarried and used in consumption, in addition to the dimensional stones already detailed above. [[Laterite]] bricks are quarried in huge quantities and are utilized as bricks in the construction of houses and for [[sidewalk|pavement]]s in the states of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], and in other parts of coastal states. The [[Felspar|felspathic]] sandstone occurring with the [[coal]] seams as overburden is also used as building stone. The huge deposits of [[basalt]] in the states of [[Maharashtra]], Karnataka, and [[Gujarat]] have been used as building stones since ancient times. Other quartzitic bands, occurring with [[phyllite]]s and [[schist]]s, are also utilized for building purposes. Khondelites from the Eastern coast are being used widely in [[sculpture]]s and as a building material. [[Felsite]] from Karnataka is being extensively used as a dimensional stone as well. India also contains many stones which are semiprecious like zoisite, apophyllite, cavansite, muscovite mica, almandine, etc. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Stones Of India}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Stones Of India}} | ||
[[Category:Stone (material)]] | [[Category:Stone (material)]] | ||
[[Category:Architecture | [[Category:Architecture in India]] | ||
[[Category:Geology of India]] | [[Category:Geology of India]] | ||
[[Category:Mining in India]] | [[Category:Mining in India]] | ||
[[Category:Kishangarh]] | [[Category:Kishangarh]] | ||
Revision as of 19:38, 21 June 2023
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India possesses a wide spectrum of dimensional stones that include granite, marble, sandstone, limestone, slate, and quartzite, in various parts of the country.
The stone industry in India has evolved into the production and manufacturing of blocks, flooring slabs, structural slabs, monuments, tomb stones, sculptures, cobbles, pebbles and landscape garden stones.
Tradition of stones
India's history, dating back to 3200 BC has been influenced considerably by the disposition, development and use of stones and other construction materials. Dimension stones have also left deep imprints on the architectural heritage of the country. Innumerable temples, forts and palaces of Ancient Indian Civilisation have been carved out of locally available stones. The Taj Mahal at Agra was constructed from Indian marble. Some of the rock-cut structures include Khajuraho Temple, Elephanta Caves, Lomesh rishi caves, Ellora caves and Konark Temple.[citation needed] Besides, all major archeological excavations have revealed exquisitely carved statuettes and carvings in stone. Ancient Buddhist monuments like the Sanchi Stupa of 3rd century BC have also been carved out of stone.
This tradition of Stone Architecture has continued to the present era, with most of the important modern buildings in India like the Presidential House, Parliament House, and Supreme Court made from high quality sandstone of Rajasthan. The Bahá'í House of Worship of New Delhi stands testimony to the relevance of marble in modern Indian architecture.
Stones are still the mainstays of civil construction in India, with stones being used extensively in public buildings, hotels, and temples. It is increasingly being used in homes, with the use of stones now penetrating amongst the growing middle class of India.
The success of commercial stone industry solely depends upon defects in rock/stone. Natural defects in ornamental/commercial rock deposits adversely affect the quality of rock deposit. Detection of natural defects in decorative and dimensional stone industry play vital role in the quality assessment.
India is pioneer in exploration and mining of commercial rock deposits and in establishing a firm base for stone industry. India, with an estimated resource of about 1,690 million cubic metres, comprising over 160 shades of Dimension Stone Granites (DSG), accounts for about 205 of the world resources. Of the 300 varieties being traded in the world market, nearly half of them are from India. Commercially viable granite and other rock deposits are reported from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, and others.
Deposits
Marble
Marble was used for building tombs, temples and palaces. For a time it was considered as Royal Stone. It is, however, now used in hotels and homes too. There are many varieties.[1]
- Makrana: Makrana is the source of the marble used in the Taj Mahal. It is situated at a distance of 60 km from Kishangarh and falls in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan. The region has various mining ranges, mainly Doongri, Devi, Ulodi, Saabwali, Gulabi, Kumari, Neharkhan, Matabhar, Matabhar kumari, Chuck doongri, Chosira and Pahar Kua amongst others.
- Rajnagar Marble: World's largest marble-producing area, with over 2,000 gang saw units located in the nearby town of Udaipur to process the material produced. Agaria is a variety of this area, with numerous other varieties and patterns, primarily in white base. The marble is dolomitic and often has quartz intrusions.
- Andhi Marble: Located near the capital city of the state of Jaipur (also known as the 'Pink City'), it is dolomitic marble with intrusions of tremolite, and is commonly known by the name of pista (pistachio) marble, because of the green coloured tremolite against an off-white background. One of the famous varieties of this area was known as Indo-Italian, owing to its resemblance with Satvario Marble. Most of the mining of this famous field is now banned by the Supreme Court of India because of the vicinity of the area to the Sariska Tiger Reserve.
- Salumber Marble: Also known as Onyx Marble, it has thick bands of green and pink hint. A resemblance to Onyx Marble from Pakistan gives it this name. This is also highly dolomitic.
- Yellow Marble: Jaisalmer stone is found in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. Though not been metamorphosed and hence is still a limestone, it is known as Yellow Marble in trade circles. It is mined in the Jaisalmer District.
- Bidasar: These are ultra basic rocks in shades of brown and green colour found in Rajasthan. The criss-cross linear pattern given it a remarkable resemblance to a photograph of dense forest. These are also known as forest green/brown or fancy green/brown.
- Morwad: Kishangarh Marble
- Gujarat - AmbaJi White Marble: It can be compared with Makarana Marble. It is highly calcic and is produced in a town called Ambaji (famous for its temple of Durga Devi). The marble has a very soft and waxy look and is often used by sculptors.
- Rajasthan - Abu Black: This is one of the rare black textured marble available. Only produced in the mines of Abu road, this black textured stone is a decorative marble used in temples and sculptures.
- Madhya Pradesh - Katni Range: It is famous for its beige-colored marble, which is dolomitic but highly crystalline, with very fine grain size and some quartz intrusions. The marble accepts polish. Another variety in the same range is red/maroon-colored marble.
- 'Jabalpur range' contains white dolomitic marble. Dolomitic marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when dolomite is subjected to high temperatures and pressures. Dolomite is a mineral composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate. When dolomite undergoes metamorphism, it recrystallizes into marble. And this newly formed marble is called dolomite marble.[2] It is often used as dolomite lumps for chemical and industrial uses.
- Indian Green Marble: It is found in Rajasthan, India; Indian Green Marble's most quarries are situated in Kesariyaji, which is 60 km far from Udaipur, Rajasthan India. This Indian green marble is known by name all over the world. In Europe, people know Indian green marble as a Verde Guatemala. Many varieties are available in Indian green marble. Indian Green Marble is exported to Africa, Europe, Australia, the Middle East, and many Asian countries. It is found in Rishabhdeo town of Udaipur District state Rajasthan of India.
Granite
India has varieties of granite in over 250 shades. As of 2005, Granite reserves in India was 37,426 million cubic meters and ranked fifth in the export of processed product. Resources are found in Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.[3]
Sandstone
Sandstone reserves in India are found over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Over 90% of the deposits of sandstone are in Rajasthan, spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, Sawai-Madhopur, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali, Shivpuri, Khatu and Jaisalmer.
India is among the leading countries when it comes to mining and export of sandstone. Sandstone from India is available in different colors for interior as well as exterior use. Sandstone products from India include names like Tint Mint, White Mint, Mint Fossils, Modak, Agra Red, Rainbow Sandstone, Raj Green, Teak, Buff Brown, Dhoplur Chocolate, Beige, Dholpur Pink, Lalitpur Pink, Mandana Red, Jodhpur pink, Jodhpur red, and Jaisalmer yellow.
Slate
Slate reserves in India are found in Rajasthan, Behror, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. Deposits in Rajasthan are spread over the districts of Alwar, Ajmer, Bharatpur, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Pali, Udaipur, Churu, and Chittorgarh.
Few important names in slate are Jak Black, Silver Shine, Silver grey, Panther, Deoli Green, Peacock, Peacock Multi, Kund Black, Kund Multi, and so on. Being to some extent fragile in nature, it is good for interior use only and can be used in even as a washboard.
Flaggy limestone
Kotastone of Kota district and Yellow Limestone of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan are the prime limestone occurrences in India. Other deposits include the Shahabad Stone of Gulbarga and the Belgaum districts of Karnataka, Kadappa Stone of Kadapa, Kurnool and the Anantapur & Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh, Milliolitic Limestone from Saurashtra Region, Gujarat, and 'Yellow Limestone' of Kutch district of Gujarat, amongst others.
Limestone deposits
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana put, together, possess 32% of the country's total reserves of limestone. World-renowned Narzi limestone is available in Kadapa district. Commercial grade limestone deposits are being exploited from Bethamcherla, Macherla, Neereducherla, Tandur, ((shahabad)), Mudimanikyam of Kurnool, Guntur, Anantapur, Rangareddy, and Nalgonda districts are widely used in our country for paneling, and flooring purposes. Sullavai limestone of Karminagar and Warangal districts, massive limestones of Mudimanikyam, Nalgonda districts. Total India's limestones are estimated about 93,623 million tonnes. Limestones are extensively utilized for the manufacturing of cement and also building stones, particularly flooring, and roofing.
Other dimensional stones
There are some other dimensional stones being quarried and used in consumption, in addition to the dimensional stones already detailed above. Laterite bricks are quarried in huge quantities and are utilized as bricks in the construction of houses and for pavements in the states of Orissa, Karnataka, Goa, and in other parts of coastal states. The felspathic sandstone occurring with the coal seams as overburden is also used as building stone. The huge deposits of basalt in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat have been used as building stones since ancient times. Other quartzitic bands, occurring with phyllites and schists, are also utilized for building purposes. Khondelites from the Eastern coast are being used widely in sculptures and as a building material. Felsite from Karnataka is being extensively used as a dimensional stone as well. India also contains many stones which are semiprecious like zoisite, apophyllite, cavansite, muscovite mica, almandine, etc.
See also
References
- ↑ "Kota stone,Cotta stone, distributors of Stones". Rajasthan, India.
- ↑ "Dolomitic marble Properties, Advantages and Drawbacks". 21 September 2022.
- ↑ "Granite - Indian Minerals yearbook - 2010" (PDF). Indian Bureau of Mines. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
