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{{ | {{Short description|Indian poet and author (1934–2009)}} | ||
{{Redirect|Madhavikutty|the 1973 film|Madhavikutty (film)}} | |||
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{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | ||
| image = kamala das.jpg | |||
| image = | | pseudonym = Madhavikutty | ||
| | |||
| birth_name = Kamala | | birth_name = Kamala | ||
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|03|31}} | | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|03|31}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Ponnani taluk]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]) | | birth_place = [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Ponnani taluk]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]) | ||
| occupation = Poet, novelist, [[short story writer]] | | occupation = Poet, novelist, [[short story writer]] | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|05|31|1934|03|31}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|05|31|1934|03|31}} | ||
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India | | death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India | ||
| resting_place = [[Palayam Juma Masjid]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India | | resting_place = [[Palayam Juma Masjid]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India | ||
| genre = Poetry, novel, short story, memoirs | | genre = Poetry, novel, short story, memoirs | ||
| notableworks = ''[[Ente Katha]]'' | | notableworks = {{ubl|''[[Ente Katha]]''|''[[My Story (Das book)|My Story]]''|''The Descendants''}} | ||
| movement = | | movement = | ||
| influences = | | influences = | ||
| spouse = | | spouse = K.Madhav Das | ||
| children = {{Plainlist | | | children = {{Plainlist | | ||
* [[Madhav Das Nalapat]] | * [[Madhav Das Nalapat]] | ||
* Chinnen Das | * Chinnen Das | ||
* Jayasurya Das}} | * Jayasurya Das}} | ||
| | | parents = {{Plainlist | | ||
* [[Balamani Amma]] (mother) | * [[Balamani Amma]] (mother) | ||
* V. M. Nair (father)}} | * V. M. Nair (father)}} | ||
| awards = [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]], [[Vayalar Award]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], Asan World Prize, Asian Poetry Prize, Kent Award | | awards = [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]], [[Vayalar Award]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], Asan World Prize, Asian Poetry Prize, Kent Award | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kamala | '''Kamala Surayya ''' (born '''Kamala'''; 31 March 1934 – 31 May 2009), popularly known by her one-time pen name '''Madhavikutty''' and married name '''Kamala Das''', was an Indian poet in [[English language|English]] as well as an author in [[Malayalam]] from [[Kerala]], India. Her popularity in Kerala is based chiefly on her short stories and autobiography, while her oeuvre in English, written under the name Kamala Das, is noted for the poems and explicit autobiography. She was also a widely read columnist and wrote on diverse topics including women's issues, child care, politics, etc. Her liberal treatment of female sexuality, marked her as an [[Iconoclasm|iconoclast]] in popular culture of her generation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jul/19inter.htm | title=The Rediff Interview/ Kamala Suraiya | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=19 July 2000 | access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at [[Jehangir Hospital]] in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news |date=31 May 2009 |title=Writer Kamala Das passes away |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/writer-kamala-das-passes-away/story-AH37lEGeghWFsO4QaJRwfM.html |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> | ||
==Early life and childhood== | |||
Kamala Das was born in [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Ponnani taluk]], [[Malabar District]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]) on 31 March 1934, to V. M. Nair, a managing editor of the widely circulated Malayalam daily ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', and [[Balamani Amma|Nalapat Balamani Amma]], a renowned [[Malayali]] poet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Kamala Das? Why is the Google Doodle dedicated to her today? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/who-is-kamala-das-why-is-the-google-doodle-dedicated-to-her-today-1158899-2018-02-01 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> | |||
She spent her childhood between [[Calcutta]], where her father was employed as a senior officer in the Walford Transport Company that sold [[Bentley]] and [[Rolls-Royce (car)|Rolls-Royce]] automobiles, and the [[Nalapat]] ancestral home in [[Punnayurkulam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirur |first=Simrin |date=2019-03-31 |title=Remembering Kamala Das, feminist Indian writer who chose a ‘stern husband' in Islam |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/remembering-kamala-das-feminist-indian-writer-who-chose-a-stern-husband-in-islam/214761/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><!-- Her husband often played a fatherly role for both Kamala and her sons. More info needed re husband and son--> | |||
Like her mother Balamani Amma, Kamala Das also excelled in writing. Her love of poetry began at an early age through the influence of her great uncle, [[Nalapat Narayana Menon]], a prominent writer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-31 |title=Ten years after her death, writer Kamala Surayya rests in a deserted grave |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ten-years-after-her-death-writer-kamala-surayya-rests-deserted-grave-102779 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> | |||
Like her mother Balamani Amma, Kamala Das also excelled in writing. Her love of poetry began at an early age through the influence of her great uncle, [[Nalapat Narayana Menon]], a prominent writer | |||
At the age of 15, she married bank officer Madhav Das, who encouraged her writing interests, and she started writing and publishing both in English and in Malayalam. Calcutta in the 1960s was a tumultuous time for the arts, and Kamala Das was one of the many voices that came up and started appearing in cult anthologies along with a generation of Indian English poets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/nandy-1977-strangertime-anthology-of.html|title=Book Excerptise: strangertime: an anthology of Indian Poetry in English by Pritish Nandy (ed)|website=cse.iitk.ac.in|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> English was the language she chose for all six of her published poetry collections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/03/poem-of-the-week-someone-elses-song-by-kamala-das|title=Poem of the week: Someone Else's Song by Kamala Das|last=Rumens|first=Carol|date=2015-08-03|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> | At the age of 15, she married bank officer Madhav Das, who encouraged her writing interests, and she started writing and publishing both in English and in Malayalam. Calcutta in the 1960s was a tumultuous time for the arts, and Kamala Das was one of the many voices that came up and started appearing in cult anthologies along with a generation of Indian English poets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/nandy-1977-strangertime-anthology-of.html|title=Book Excerptise: strangertime: an anthology of Indian Poetry in English by Pritish Nandy (ed)|website=cse.iitk.ac.in|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> English was the language she chose for all six of her published poetry collections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/03/poem-of-the-week-someone-elses-song-by-kamala-das|title=Poem of the week: Someone Else's Song by Kamala Das|last=Rumens|first=Carol|date=2015-08-03|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> | ||
==Literary career== | ==Literary career== | ||
She was | She was known for her several Malayalam short stories as well as poems written in English. Kamala Das was also a [[syndicated columnist]]. She once claimed that "poetry does not sell in this country [India]", but her forthright columns, which sounded off on everything from women's issues and child care to politics, were popular. Kamala Das was a [[Confessional poetry|confessional]] poet whose poems have often been considered at par with those of [[Anne Sexton]] and [[Robert Lowell]]. | ||
Kamala Das' first book of poetry, ''Summer in Calcutta'' was a breath of fresh air in Indian English poetry. She wrote chiefly of love, | Kamala Das' first book of poetry, ''Summer in Calcutta'' was a breath of fresh air in [[Indian poetry in English|Indian English poetry]]. She wrote chiefly of love, betrayal, and the consequent anguish. Das abandoned the certainties offered by an archaic, and somewhat sterile, [[aestheticism]] for an independence of mind and body at a time when Indian poets were still governed by "19th-century diction, sentiment and romanticised love."<ref name=times> | ||
{{cite news | {{cite news | ||
| title = Lalit Shakya: Indian poet and writer | | title = Lalit Shakya: Indian poet and writer | ||
| Line 64: | Line 53: | ||
| last=Booth | | last=Booth | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Her second book of poetry, ''The Descendants'' was even more explicit, urging women to: | Her second book of poetry, ''The Descendants'' was even more explicit, urging women to: | ||
:Gift him what makes you woman, the scent of | :{{Poem quote|text=Gift him what makes you woman, the scent of | ||
Long hair, the musk of sweat between the breasts, | |||
The warm shock of menstrual blood, and all your | |||
Endless female hungers ...|sign=Kamala Das|title="The Looking Glass"|source=The Descendants}} | |||
This directness of her voice led to comparisons with [[Marguerite Duras]] and [[Sylvia Plath]]<ref name=times/> | This directness of her voice led to comparisons with [[Marguerite Duras]] and [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="times" /> At the age of 42, she published a daring autobiography, ''[[My Story (Das book)|My Story]]''; it was originally written in Malayalam (titled ''[[Ente Katha]]'') and later she translated it into English. Later she admitted that much of the autobiography had fictional elements.<ref> | ||
At the age of 42, she published a daring autobiography, ''[[My Story (Das book)|My Story]]''; it was originally written in Malayalam (titled ''[[Ente Katha]]'') and later she translated it into English. Later she admitted that much of the autobiography had fictional elements.<ref> | |||
{{cite news | {{cite news | ||
| title = Obituary: Kamala Das – Indian writer and poet who inspired women struggling to be free of domestic oppression | | title = Obituary: Kamala Das – Indian writer and poet who inspired women struggling to be free of domestic oppression | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
{{Quote box | |||
| quote = Some people told me that writing an autobiography like this, with absolute honesty, keeping nothing to oneself, is like doing a striptease. True, maybe. I, will, firstly, strip myself of clothes and ornaments. Then I intend to peel off this light brown skin and shatter my bones. At last, I hope you will be able to see my homeless, orphan, intensely beautiful soul, deep within the bone, deep down under, beneath even the marrow, in a fourth dimension ... | |||
| author = - excerpts from the translation of Kamala Das' autobiography in Malayalam, Ente Katha | |||
| source = | |||
}} | |||
"An Introduction" is very bold poem in which Das expresses her femininity, individuality, and true feelings about men.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=Analysis of An Introduction by Kamala Das |url=https://poemotopia.com/kamala-das/an-introduction/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=Poemotopia.com}}</ref> This autobiographical poem is written in the colloquial style. She presents her feelings and thoughts in a bold manner. She realises her identity and understands that it is the need of every woman to raise a voice in this male-dominated society. The poet longs for love that is the result of her loneliness and frustration. | |||
The poem "A Hot Noon in Malabar" is about climate, surrounding in a town in Malabar. The people may be annoyed by the heat, dust and noise but she likes it. She longs for the hot noon in Malabar because she associates it with the wild men, wild thoughts and wild love. It is a torture for her to be away from Malabar. | The poem "A Hot Noon in Malabar" is about climate, surrounding in a town in Malabar. The people may be annoyed by the heat, dust and noise but she likes it. She longs for the hot noon in Malabar because she associates it with the wild men, wild thoughts and wild love. It is a torture for her to be away from Malabar. | ||
Kamala Das is essentially known for her bold and frank expression. The prominent features of her poetry are an acute obsession with love and the use of confession. The main theme of her poetry is based upon freedom, love and protection. She wrote on a diverse range of topics, often disparate- from the story of a poor old servant, about the sexual disposition of upper-middle-class women living near a metropolitan city or in the middle of the ghetto. Some of her better-known stories include ''Pakshiyude Manam'', ''Neypayasam'', ''Thanuppu'', and ''Chandana Marangal''. She wrote a few novels, out of which ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam'', which was received favourably by the | In "My Mother at Sixty-Six," Das explores the irony in mother-daughter relationship, and includes the themes of aging, growing-up, separation and love.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=Analysis of My Mother at Sixty-Six by Kamala Das |url=https://poemotopia.com/kamala-das/my-mother-at-sixty-six/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=Poemotopia.com}}</ref> "Dance of Eunuchs" is another fine poem in which Das sympathises with eunuchs. It has an autobiographical tone. The eunuchs dance in the heat of the sun. Their costumes, makeup and their passion with which they dance suggest the female delicacy. Their outward appearance and joy is contrasted with their inward sadness. Actually, there is no joy in their heart, they cannot even dream of happiness. In the poem "A Request," Das realises that her life is meaningless. She is alone and her colourless life is designed of crumbling patterns. | ||
Kamala Das is essentially known for her bold and frank expression. The prominent features of her poetry are an acute obsession with love and the use of confession. The main theme of her poetry is based upon freedom, love and protection. She wrote on a diverse range of topics, often disparate - from the story of a poor old servant, about the sexual disposition of upper-middle-class women living near a metropolitan city or in the middle of the ghetto. Some of her better-known stories include ''Pakshiyude Manam'', ''Neypayasam'', ''Thanuppu'', and ''Chandana Marangal''. She wrote a few novels, out of which ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam'', which was received favourably by the general readers, as well as, the critics, stands out. | |||
She travelled extensively to read poetry to Germany's [[University of Duisburg-Essen]], [[University of Bonn]] and [[University of Duisburg]] universities, Adelaide Writer's Festival, [[Frankfurt Book Fair]], [[University of Kingston]], [[Jamaica]], Singapore, and South Bank Festival (London), [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]] (Montreal, Canada), etc. Her works are available in French, Spanish, Russian, German and Japanese. | She travelled extensively to read poetry to Germany's [[University of Duisburg-Essen]], [[University of Bonn]] and [[University of Duisburg]] universities, Adelaide Writer's Festival, [[Frankfurt Book Fair]], [[University of Kingston]], [[Jamaica]], Singapore, and South Bank Festival (London), [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]] (Montreal, Canada), etc. Her works are available in French, Spanish, Russian, German and Japanese. | ||
She has also held positions as Vice-chairperson in [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], chairperson in Kerala Forestry Board, President of the Kerala Children's Film Society, editor of ''Poet'' magazine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/31270799.cms|title=Love and longing in Kerala|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> and poetry editor of ''[[Illustrated Weekly of India]]''. | |||
She has also held positions as Vice-chairperson in [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], chairperson in Kerala Forestry Board, President of the Kerala Children's Film Society, editor of ''Poet'' magazine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/31270799.cms|title=Love and longing in Kerala|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> and | |||
Although occasionally seen as an attention-grabber in her early years,<ref name=hindu> | Although occasionally seen as an attention-grabber in her early years,<ref name=hindu>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080626082233/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/06/stories/1306078m.htm The histrionics of Kamala Das]}} [[The Hindu]], 6 February 2000</ref> she is now seen as one of the most formative influences on Indian English poetry. In 2009, [[The Times]] called her "the mother of modern English Indian poetry".<ref name="times" /> | ||
Her last book titled ''The Kept Woman and Other Stories,'' featuring translation of her short stories, was published posthumously.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/thus-spake-das/article852444.ece|title=Thus spake Das|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|date=2010-10-27|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> | Her last book titled ''The Kept Woman and Other Stories,'' featuring translation of her short stories, was published posthumously.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/thus-spake-das/article852444.ece|title=Thus spake Das|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|date=2010-10-27|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> Kamala Das is best remembered for her controversial writings where she openly talks about the restriction imposed on women. She is known for her rebellious nature against the patriarchal conventions.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/kamala-das|title=Kamala Das|first=Shahnaz|last=Habib|magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref> | ||
Kamala Das is | |||
==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
Kamala married Madhav Das at the age of | Kamala married Madhav Das at the age of 16. The couple had three sons: [[M D Nalapat]], Chinen Das and Jayasurya Das.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kamala-Das-passes-away/articleshow/4599921.cms|title=Kamala Das passes away|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> Her husband who happened to be bisexual later on in their marriage life, predeceased her in 1992, after 43 years of marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/she-lived-her-life-her-way-kamala-das-son-opens-about-his-fearless-mother-76068|title='She lived her life her way': Kamala Das' son opens up about his fearless mother|date=7 February 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref> [[Madhav Das Nalapat]], her eldest son, is married to Princess Thiruvathira Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi (daughter of Princess Pooyam Thirunal Gouri Parvati Bayi and Sri Chembrol Raja Raja Varma Avargal) from the [[Travancore]] Royal House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmi Bayi, Author at Open The Magazine |url=https://openthemagazine.com/author/lakshmi-bayi/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> He holds the [[UNESCO]] Peace Chair and is a professor of [[geopolitics]] at the [[Manipal University]]. He had been a resident editor of ''[[The Times of India]]''. Kamala Surayya converted to Islam in 1999 and announced that she planned to marry her Muslim lover, but she never remarried.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/14kamala.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: When the temptress dons the purdah...|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Kamla Das |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/kamala-das |magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> | ||
On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in [[Pune]], after a long battle with [[pneumonia]]. Her body was flown to her home state of Kerala. She was interred at the [[Palayam Juma Masjid]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] with full state honour.<ref>{{cite news | On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in [[Pune]], after a long battle with [[pneumonia]]. Her body was flown to her home state of Kerala. She was interred at the [[Palayam Juma Masjid]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] with full state honour.<ref>{{cite news | ||
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===Politics=== | ===Politics=== | ||
Though never politically active before, she launched a national political party, Lok Seva Party, aiming at the promotion of secularism and providing asylum to orphaned mothers. In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian Parliament elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/noted-writer-kamala-das-suraiya-passes-away_535736.html | title=Noted writer Kamala Das Suraiya passes away | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=31 May 2009 | access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> | Though never politically active before, she launched a national political party, Lok Seva Party, aiming at the promotion of secularism and providing asylum to orphaned mothers. In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian Parliament elections from [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Trivandrum constituency]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/noted-writer-kamala-das-suraiya-passes-away_535736.html | title=Noted writer Kamala Das Suraiya passes away | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=31 May 2009 | access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> She contested as an independent candidate and received only 1786 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/poll.php4?year=1984&no=20 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results-- Kerala 1984: 20. TRIVANDRUM |publisher=[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref> She was depressed after the results and was advised to rest at her sister's house in [[Anaimalai Hills|Anamalai hills]]. She wrote the ''Anamalai Poems'' during this period. She wrote over twenty poems in this series, but only eleven have been published: eight of them in ''Indian Literature'' journal by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] (1985) and an additional three of them in the book ''The Best of Kamala Das'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002198949402900105 |title=Text as History, History as Text: A Reading of Kamala Das's Anamalai Poems |journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature |pages=47–54 |author=P.P. Raveendran |date=1994 |volume=29 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/002198949402900105|s2cid=161788549 }}</ref> | ||
===Conversion to Islam=== | ===Conversion to Islam=== | ||
She was born in a conservative Hindu [[Nair]] (Nalapat) family having royal ancestry.<ref>Untying and retying the text: an analysis of Kamala Das's My story, by Ikbala Kaura, 1990. p.188</ref> She converted to Islam on December | She was born in a conservative Hindu [[Nair]] (Nalapat) family, and married to Aristrocratic [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon]] family (Kalipurayath) which is having royal ancestry.<ref>Untying and retying the text: an analysis of Kamala Das's My story, by Ikbala Kaura, 1990. p.188</ref> She converted to Islam on 11 December 1999, at the age of 65 and assumed the name Kamala Surayya.<ref>George Iype (14 December 1999). [http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/14kamala.htm "When the temptress dons the purdah"]. Rediff. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</ref><ref name="tehelka1">{{Cite web |url=http://tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub181210He_asked.asp |title=Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly News Magazine |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216235705/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub181210He_asked.asp |archive-date=16 December 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | ||
===Legacy=== | ===Legacy=== | ||
A biopic on her titled [[Aami]] directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]], released on 9 February 2018. | * On 1 February 2018, [[Google Doodle]] by artist Manjit Thapp celebrates the work she left behind, which provides a window into the world of an engrossing woman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/celebrating-kamala-das|title=Celebrating Kamala Das|website=www.google.com}}</ref> | ||
* A biopic on her titled ''[[Aami]]'' directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]], released on 9 February 2018. | |||
==Awards and | ==Awards and Other Recognitions== | ||
Kamala Das has received many awards for her literary contribution, including: | Kamala Das has received many awards for her literary contribution, including: | ||
* 1963: PEN Asian Poetry Prize | * 1963: PEN Asian Poetry Prize | ||
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* 1997: [[Vayalar Award]] – ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam''<ref name=LiteraryAwards/> | * 1997: [[Vayalar Award]] – ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam''<ref name=LiteraryAwards/> | ||
* 1998: Asian Poetry Prize<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaonline.in/about/personalities/writersandpoets/kamala-das|title=Awards and achievements of Kamala Das|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> | * 1998: Asian Poetry Prize<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaonline.in/about/personalities/writersandpoets/kamala-das|title=Awards and achievements of Kamala Das|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> | ||
* 2002: [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram|Ezhuthachan Award]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Writer-Kamala-Surayiya-receives-Ezhuthachan-prize/articleshow/32767867.cms |title=Writer Kamala Surayiya receives Ezhuthachan prize |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> | |||
* 2006: Honorary [[D.Litt]] by [[University of Calicut]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|title=Honorary degree by Calicut University|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107134605/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * 2006: Honorary [[D.Litt]] by [[University of Calicut]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|title=Honorary degree by Calicut University|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107134605/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
* 2006: [[Muttathu Varkey Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524212356/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm|url-status=dead|title=Literary Awards – official website of Onformation and Public Relation Department|archive-date=24 May 2007}}</ref> | * 2006: [[Muttathu Varkey Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524212356/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm|url-status=dead|title=Literary Awards – official website of Onformation and Public Relation Department|archive-date=24 May 2007}}</ref> | ||
==Books== | ==Books== | ||
===English=== | ===English=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Year | |||
! Title | |||
! Publisher | |||
|-style="background:#BEBEBE" | |||
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center"|'''Poetry''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1964 | |||
| ''The Sirens'' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1965 | |||
| ''Summer in Calcutta'' | |||
| New Delhi: Everest Press | |||
|- | |||
| 1965 | |||
| ''An Introduction'' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1967 | |||
| ''The Descendants'' | |||
| Calcutta: Writer's Workshop | |||
|- | |||
| 1973 | |||
| ''The Old Playhouse and Other Poems'' | |||
| Madras: [[Orient Longman]] | |||
|- | |||
| 1977 | |||
| ''The Stranger Time'' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1979 | |||
| ''Tonight, This Savage Rite''<br><small>(with Pritish Nandy)</small> | |||
| New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann | |||
|- | |||
| 1984 | |||
| ''Collected Poems Vol. 1'' | |||
| Published by the author | |||
|- | |||
| 1985 | |||
| ''The Anamalai Poems'' | |||
| ''Indian Literature''<br><small>(New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi)</small> | |||
|- | |||
| 1991 | |||
| ''The Best of Kamala Das'' | |||
| Calicut: Bodhi | |||
|- | |||
| 1996 | |||
| ''Only the Soul Knows How to Sing'' | |||
| Kottayam: [[DC Books]] | |||
|-style="background:#BEBEBE" | |||
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center"|'''Novel''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1976 | |||
| ''Alphabet of Lust'' | |||
| New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks | |||
|-style="background:#BEBEBE" | |||
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center"|'''Autobiography''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1976 | |||
| ''[[My Story (Das book)|My Story]]'' | |||
| New Delhi: Sterling Publishers | |||
|-style="background:#BEBEBE" | |||
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center"|'''Short story collections''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1977 | |||
| ''A Doll for the Child Prostitute'' | |||
| New Delhi: India Paperbacks | |||
|- | |||
| 1992 | |||
| ''Padmavati the Harlot and Other Stories'' | |||
| New Delhi: Sterling Publishers | |||
|} | |||
===Malayalam=== | ===Malayalam=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Year | |||
! Title | |||
! Publisher | |||
!! style=width:20em | Notes | |||
|-style="background:#BEBEBE" | |||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:center"|'''Short story collections''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1955 | |||
| ''Mathilukal'' | |||
| Calicut: [[Mathrubhumi]] | |||
| Collection of 9 stories; written under the name Nalappatt Kamala | |||
|- | |||
| 1958 | |||
| ''Pathu Kathakal'' | |||
| Kottayam: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]] | |||
| Collection of 10 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1960 | |||
| ''Naricheerukal Parakkumbol'' | |||
| Cochin: Sahithya Parishath | |||
| Collection of 11 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1962 | |||
| ''Tharishunilam'' | |||
| Cochin: Sahithya Parishath | |||
| Collection of 12 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1963 | |||
| ''Ente Snehitha Aruna'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Collection of 9 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1964 | |||
| ''Chuvanna Pavada'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Collection of 9 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1964 | |||
| ''Pakshiyude Manam'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Collection of 9 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1967 | |||
| ''Thanuppu'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Collection of 19 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1969 | |||
| ''Rajavinte Premabhajanam'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Collection of 14 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1971 | |||
| ''Premathinte Vilapakavyam'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Collection of 13 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1982 | |||
| ''Madhavikuttiyude Kathakal'' | |||
| Kottayam: [[DC Books]] | |||
| Collection of 36 stories<br>With an introduction by Kalarcode Vasudevan Nair | |||
|- | |||
| 1985 | |||
| ''Madhavikuttiyude Kathakal'' | |||
| Calicut: Mathrubhumi | |||
| Collection of 36 stories<br>With an introduction by M. Rajeev Kumar | |||
|- | |||
| 1990 | |||
| ''Palayanam'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1991 | |||
| ''Swathanthrya Samara Senaniyude Makal'' | |||
| Calicut: Poorna | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1994 | |||
| ''Nashtapetta Neelambari'' | |||
| Kasargod: Kalakshetram | |||
| Collection of 13 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1994 | |||
| ''Ennennum Thara'' | |||
| Trivandrum: Neruda | |||
| Includes a study by M. Rajeev Kumar titled ''Neermathalathinte Ormaykk'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1996 | |||
| ''Chekkerunna Pakshikal'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Collection of 13 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1998 | |||
| ''Madhavikuttiyude Premakathakal'' | |||
| Calicut: Olive | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1999 | |||
| ''Ente Cherukathakal'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Collection of 13 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1999 | |||
| ''Veendum Chila Kathakal'' | |||
| Trivandrum: Prabhath | |||
| Collection of 9 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 2002 | |||
| ''Malayalathinte Suvarna Kathakal'' | |||
| Thrissur: Green Books | |||
| Collection of 20 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 1999 | |||
| ''Ente Priyapetta Kathakal'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Collection of 19 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 2004 | |||
| ''Peeditharude Kathakal'' | |||
| Trivandrum: Prabhath | |||
| Collection of 20 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 2004 | |||
| ''Madhavikuttyde Sthreekal'' | |||
| Calicut: Mathrubhumi | |||
| Collection of 20 stories | |||
|- | |||
| 2005 | |||
| ''Unmakkathakal'' | |||
| Alleppey: Unma Pub. | |||
| | |||
|-style="background:#BEBEBE" | |||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:center"|'''Novels''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1977 | |||
| ''Madhavikuttiyude Moonnu Novelukal'' | |||
| Trivandrum: Navadhara | |||
| Collection of the short novels ''Rugminikkoru Pavakkutty, Rohini'' and ''Avasanathe Athithi'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1978 | |||
| ''Manasi'' | |||
| Trivandrum: Prabhatham | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1983 | |||
| ''Manomi'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1988 | |||
| ''Chandanamarangal'' | |||
| Kottayam: Current Books | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| 1989 | |||
| ''Kadal Mayooram'' | |||
| Kottayam: Current | |||
| Short novel | |||
|- | |||
| 1999 | |||
| ''Amavasi'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| co-authored with [[K. L. Mohanavarma]] | |||
|- | |||
| 2000 | |||
| ''Kavadam'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| co-authored with Sulochana Nalapat | |||
|- | |||
| 2000 | |||
| ''Madhavikkuttiyude Pranaya Novelukal'' | |||
| Calicut: Lipi | |||
| Collection of 6 novels: ''Parunthukal, Atharinte Manam, Aattukattil, Rathriyude Padavinyasam, Kadal Mayooram, Rohini'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2005 | |||
| ''Vandikkalakal'' | |||
| Calicut: Mathrubhumi | |||
| | |||
|-style="background:#BEBEBE" | |||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:center"|'''Memoirs/Autobiography/Essays''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1973 | |||
| ''[[Ente Katha]]'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Autobiography | |||
|- | |||
| 1984 | |||
| ''Irupathiyonnam Nottandilekk'' | |||
| Kottayam: SPCS | |||
| Collection of 9 essays | |||
|- | |||
| 1986 | |||
| ''Bhayam Ente Nishavasthram'' | |||
| Calicut: Mathrubhumi | |||
| Collection of poems, stories and notes<br>Written under the name Kamala Das<br>With illustrations by A. S. Nair | |||
|- | |||
| 1987 | |||
| ''Balyakala Smaranakal'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Childhood memories | |||
|- | |||
| 1989 | |||
| ''Varshangalkku Mumbu'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Memoirs | |||
|- | |||
| 1992 | |||
| ''Diarykurippukal'' | |||
| Thrissur: Current Books | |||
| Memoirs | |||
|- | |||
| 1992 | |||
| ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Autobiographical | |||
|- | |||
| 1997 | |||
| ''Ottayadipatha'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Memoirs | |||
|- | |||
| 1999 | |||
| ''Ente Pathakal'' | |||
| Trivandrum: Prabhath | |||
| Collection of 50 essays | |||
|- | |||
| 2001 | |||
| ''Snehathinte Swargavathilukal'' | |||
| Calicut: Papppiyon | |||
| Collection of 43 essays/memoirs | |||
|- | |||
| 2005 | |||
| ''Pranayathinte Album'' | |||
| Calicut: Olive | |||
| Selected love quotes<br>ed. Arshad Bathery | |||
|- | |||
| 2019 | |||
| ''Ottayadipathayum Vishadam Pookkunna Marangalum'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Collection of ''Ottayadi Patha'', ''Vishadam Pookkunna Marangal'', ''Bhayam Ente Nishavasthram'' and ''Diarykurippukal'' | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| ''Vishadam Pookkunna Marangal'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Memoirs | |||
|-style="background:#BEBEBE" | |||
| colspan=4 style="text-align:center"|'''Translations''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1986 | |||
| ''Ente Kavitha'' | |||
| Pandalam: Pusthaka Prasadha<br>Sangham | |||
| Translated by [[K. P. Nirmal Kumar]], K. V. Thampi, Cherukunnam Purushothaman, G. Dileepan | |||
|- | |||
| 1991 | |||
| ''Kamala Dasinte Thiranjedutha Kavithakal'' | |||
| Kottayam: DC Books | |||
| Translated by Abraham | |||
|- | |||
| 2004 | |||
| ''Madhuvidhuvinu Sesham'' | |||
| Alleppey: Fabian Books | |||
| Translation of 43 poems<br>New edition of ''Ente Kavitha'' | |||
|} | |||
== Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies == | == Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies == | ||
* ''Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets'' (1976) ed. by [[R. Parthasarathy]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten 20th Century Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/parthasarathy-1976-ten-20th-century.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |publisher=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> | * ''Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets'' (1976) ed. by [[R. Parthasarathy]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten 20th Century Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/parthasarathy-1976-ten-20th-century.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |publisher=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> | ||
* ''The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets'' (1992) ed. by [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/mehrotra-1993-oxford-india-anthology.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |publisher=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920815-book-review-twelve-modern-indian-poets-by-arvind-krishna-mehrotra-766731-2013-01-03 |website=indiatoday.in |publisher=indiatoday.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> | * ''The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets'' (1992) ed. by [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/mehrotra-1993-oxford-india-anthology.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |publisher=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920815-book-review-twelve-modern-indian-poets-by-arvind-krishna-mehrotra-766731-2013-01-03 |website=indiatoday.in |publisher=indiatoday.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> | ||
* ''The Golden Treasure of [[Writers Workshop]] Poetry'' (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by [[Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite | * ''The Golden Treasure of [[Writers Workshop]] Poetry'' (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by [[Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rubana Huq, ed. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry. Kolkata: Writers Workshop, 2008. 410pp. ISBN 978-81-8157-801-3 |url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/82/67 |journal=Asiatic |date=15 June 2009 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=126–129 |access-date=4 September 2018|last1=Mandal |first1=Somdatta }}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also this== | ||
{{portal|Poetry}} | {{portal|Poetry}} | ||
* [[Indian English literature]] | * [[Indian English literature]] | ||
* [[List of Indian writers|Indian Writer]] | |||
* [[List of Indian poets|Indian Poets]] | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
# [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/6643/kamala-ignited-soul.html The Ignited Soul by Shreekumar Varma] | # [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/6643/kamala-ignited-soul.html The Ignited Soul by Shreekumar Varma] | ||
# Manohar, D. Murali. Kamala Das: Treatment of Love in Her Poetry.indear Kumar Gulbarga: JIWE, 1999. | # Manohar, D. Murali. Kamala Das: Treatment of Love in Her Poetry.indear Kumar Gulbarga: JIWE, 1999. | ||
# "Cheated and Exploited: Women in Kamala | # "Cheated and Exploited: Women in Kamala Das's Short Stories", In Mohan G Ramanan and P. Sailaja (eds.). English and the Indian Short Story. New Delhi: Orient Longman (2000).117–123 | ||
# "Man-Woman Relationship with Respect to the Treatment of Love in Kamala Das' Poetry". Contemporary Literary Criticism Vol. 191. Ed. Tom Burns and Jeffrey W. Hunter. Detroit: Thomson-Gale, 2004. 44–60. | # "Man-Woman Relationship with Respect to the Treatment of Love in Kamala Das' Poetry". Contemporary Literary Criticism Vol. 191. Ed. Tom Burns and Jeffrey W. Hunter. Detroit: Thomson-Gale, 2004. 44–60. | ||
# "Individuality | # "Individuality in Kamala Das and in Her Poetry". ''English Poetry in India: A Secular Viewpoint''. Eds. PCK Prem and D.C.Chambial. Jaipur: Aavishkar, 2011. 65–73. | ||
# "Meet the Writer: Kamala Das", POETCRIT XVI: 1 (January 2003): 83–98. | # "Meet the Writer: Kamala Das", POETCRIT XVI: 1 (January 2003): 83–98. | ||
| Line 233: | Line 503: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [ | * [https://archive.org/details/dni.ncaa.SAK-136-AC/SAK-136-AC_SIDE_A.mp3 "Meet the Author: Kamala Das"]. [[Sahitya Akademi]] (Audio). | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820100956/http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/writings/other/kamala.htm "From Kamala Das to Dashi: Doing the right thing for wrong reasons?" by Dr Mohammad Omar Farooq] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820100956/http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/writings/other/kamala.htm "From Kamala Das to Dashi: Doing the right thing for wrong reasons?" by Dr Mohammad Omar Farooq] | ||
* [http://www.littlemag.com/family/kamala.html Translation of ''Neypayasam''] | * [http://www.littlemag.com/family/kamala.html Translation of ''Neypayasam''] | ||
* [https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/10/das-kamala/ Eroticism and feminism in Das' writings] | * [https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/10/das-kamala/ Eroticism and feminism in Das' writings] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070910214654/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/06/stories/1306078m.htm The histrionics of Kamala Das] | * {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070910214654/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/06/stories/1306078m.htm The histrionics of Kamala Das]}} | ||
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/16varsha.htm Varsha Bhosle on Kamala Das' conversion to Islam] | |||
* [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200906021241.htm Funeral] | * [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200906021241.htm Funeral] | ||
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/5446382/Kamala-Suraiyya.html Kamala Suraiyya] – Daily Telegraph obituary | * [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/5446382/Kamala-Suraiyya.html Kamala Suraiyya] – Daily Telegraph obituary | ||
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{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}} | {{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}} | ||
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}} | {{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}} | ||
{{Vayalar Awards}} | |||
{{authority control}} | {{authority control}} | ||
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry|Books}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Surayya, Kamala}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Surayya, Kamala}} | ||
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[[Category:2009 deaths]] | [[Category:2009 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Indian women novelists]] | [[Category:Indian women novelists]] | ||
[[Category:Indian Muslims]] | [[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]] | ||
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]] | [[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]] | ||
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]] | [[Category:Malayalam-language writers]] | ||
| Line 263: | Line 536: | ||
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]] | [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]] | ||
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]] | [[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]] | ||
[[Category:English-language poets from India]] | [[Category:English-language poets from India]] | ||
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni]] | [[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni]] | ||
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[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]] | ||
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]] | [[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]] | ||
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]] | |||
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]] | [[Category:Women writers from Kerala]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]] | [[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]] | ||
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]] | [[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]] | ||
Revision as of 13:08, 22 July 2023
Kamala Surayya | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Kamala 31 March 1934 Punnayurkulam, Ponnani taluk, Malabar District, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Thrissur district, Kerala, India) |
| Died | 31 May 2009 (aged 75) Pune, Maharashtra, India |
| Resting place | Palayam Juma Masjid, Thiruvananthapuram, India |
| Pen name | Madhavikutty |
| Occupation | Poet, novelist, short story writer |
| Genre | Poetry, novel, short story, memoirs |
| Notable works |
|
| Notable awards | Ezhuthachan Puraskaram, Vayalar Award, Sahitya Akademi Award, Asan World Prize, Asian Poetry Prize, Kent Award |
| Spouse | K.Madhav Das |
| Children |
|
| Parents |
|
Kamala Surayya (born Kamala; 31 March 1934 – 31 May 2009), popularly known by her one-time pen name Madhavikutty and married name Kamala Das, was an Indian poet in English as well as an author in Malayalam from Kerala, India. Her popularity in Kerala is based chiefly on her short stories and autobiography, while her oeuvre in English, written under the name Kamala Das, is noted for the poems and explicit autobiography. She was also a widely read columnist and wrote on diverse topics including women's issues, child care, politics, etc. Her liberal treatment of female sexuality, marked her as an iconoclast in popular culture of her generation.[1] On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at Jehangir Hospital in Pune.[2]
Early life and childhood
Kamala Das was born in Punnayurkulam, Ponnani taluk, Malabar District, British India (present-day Thrissur district, Kerala, India) on 31 March 1934, to V. M. Nair, a managing editor of the widely circulated Malayalam daily Mathrubhumi, and Nalapat Balamani Amma, a renowned Malayali poet.[3]
She spent her childhood between Calcutta, where her father was employed as a senior officer in the Walford Transport Company that sold Bentley and Rolls-Royce automobiles, and the Nalapat ancestral home in Punnayurkulam.[4]
Like her mother Balamani Amma, Kamala Das also excelled in writing. Her love of poetry began at an early age through the influence of her great uncle, Nalapat Narayana Menon, a prominent writer.[5]
At the age of 15, she married bank officer Madhav Das, who encouraged her writing interests, and she started writing and publishing both in English and in Malayalam. Calcutta in the 1960s was a tumultuous time for the arts, and Kamala Das was one of the many voices that came up and started appearing in cult anthologies along with a generation of Indian English poets.[6] English was the language she chose for all six of her published poetry collections.[7]
Literary career
She was known for her several Malayalam short stories as well as poems written in English. Kamala Das was also a syndicated columnist. She once claimed that "poetry does not sell in this country [India]", but her forthright columns, which sounded off on everything from women's issues and child care to politics, were popular. Kamala Das was a confessional poet whose poems have often been considered at par with those of Anne Sexton and Robert Lowell.
Kamala Das' first book of poetry, Summer in Calcutta was a breath of fresh air in Indian English poetry. She wrote chiefly of love, betrayal, and the consequent anguish. Das abandoned the certainties offered by an archaic, and somewhat sterile, aestheticism for an independence of mind and body at a time when Indian poets were still governed by "19th-century diction, sentiment and romanticised love."[8]
Her second book of poetry, The Descendants was even more explicit, urging women to:
Gift him what makes you woman, the scent of
Long hair, the musk of sweat between the breasts,
The warm shock of menstrual blood, and all your
Endless female hungers ...
— Kamala Das, "The Looking Glass", The Descendants
This directness of her voice led to comparisons with Marguerite Duras and Sylvia Plath.[8] At the age of 42, she published a daring autobiography, My Story; it was originally written in Malayalam (titled Ente Katha) and later she translated it into English. Later she admitted that much of the autobiography had fictional elements.[9]
Some people told me that writing an autobiography like this, with absolute honesty, keeping nothing to oneself, is like doing a striptease. True, maybe. I, will, firstly, strip myself of clothes and ornaments. Then I intend to peel off this light brown skin and shatter my bones. At last, I hope you will be able to see my homeless, orphan, intensely beautiful soul, deep within the bone, deep down under, beneath even the marrow, in a fourth dimension ...
- excerpts from the translation of Kamala Das' autobiography in Malayalam, Ente Katha
"An Introduction" is very bold poem in which Das expresses her femininity, individuality, and true feelings about men.[10] This autobiographical poem is written in the colloquial style. She presents her feelings and thoughts in a bold manner. She realises her identity and understands that it is the need of every woman to raise a voice in this male-dominated society. The poet longs for love that is the result of her loneliness and frustration.
The poem "A Hot Noon in Malabar" is about climate, surrounding in a town in Malabar. The people may be annoyed by the heat, dust and noise but she likes it. She longs for the hot noon in Malabar because she associates it with the wild men, wild thoughts and wild love. It is a torture for her to be away from Malabar.
In "My Mother at Sixty-Six," Das explores the irony in mother-daughter relationship, and includes the themes of aging, growing-up, separation and love.[11] "Dance of Eunuchs" is another fine poem in which Das sympathises with eunuchs. It has an autobiographical tone. The eunuchs dance in the heat of the sun. Their costumes, makeup and their passion with which they dance suggest the female delicacy. Their outward appearance and joy is contrasted with their inward sadness. Actually, there is no joy in their heart, they cannot even dream of happiness. In the poem "A Request," Das realises that her life is meaningless. She is alone and her colourless life is designed of crumbling patterns.
Kamala Das is essentially known for her bold and frank expression. The prominent features of her poetry are an acute obsession with love and the use of confession. The main theme of her poetry is based upon freedom, love and protection. She wrote on a diverse range of topics, often disparate - from the story of a poor old servant, about the sexual disposition of upper-middle-class women living near a metropolitan city or in the middle of the ghetto. Some of her better-known stories include Pakshiyude Manam, Neypayasam, Thanuppu, and Chandana Marangal. She wrote a few novels, out of which Neermathalam Pootha Kalam, which was received favourably by the general readers, as well as, the critics, stands out.
She travelled extensively to read poetry to Germany's University of Duisburg-Essen, University of Bonn and University of Duisburg universities, Adelaide Writer's Festival, Frankfurt Book Fair, University of Kingston, Jamaica, Singapore, and South Bank Festival (London), Concordia University (Montreal, Canada), etc. Her works are available in French, Spanish, Russian, German and Japanese.
She has also held positions as Vice-chairperson in Kerala Sahitya Akademi, chairperson in Kerala Forestry Board, President of the Kerala Children's Film Society, editor of Poet magazine[12] and poetry editor of Illustrated Weekly of India.
Although occasionally seen as an attention-grabber in her early years,[13] she is now seen as one of the most formative influences on Indian English poetry. In 2009, The Times called her "the mother of modern English Indian poetry".[8]
Her last book titled The Kept Woman and Other Stories, featuring translation of her short stories, was published posthumously.[14] Kamala Das is best remembered for her controversial writings where she openly talks about the restriction imposed on women. She is known for her rebellious nature against the patriarchal conventions.[15]
Personal life
Kamala married Madhav Das at the age of 16. The couple had three sons: M D Nalapat, Chinen Das and Jayasurya Das.[16] Her husband who happened to be bisexual later on in their marriage life, predeceased her in 1992, after 43 years of marriage.[17] Madhav Das Nalapat, her eldest son, is married to Princess Thiruvathira Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi (daughter of Princess Pooyam Thirunal Gouri Parvati Bayi and Sri Chembrol Raja Raja Varma Avargal) from the Travancore Royal House.[18] He holds the UNESCO Peace Chair and is a professor of geopolitics at the Manipal University. He had been a resident editor of The Times of India. Kamala Surayya converted to Islam in 1999 and announced that she planned to marry her Muslim lover, but she never remarried.[19][20]
On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in Pune, after a long battle with pneumonia. Her body was flown to her home state of Kerala. She was interred at the Palayam Juma Masjid at Thiruvananthapuram with full state honour.[21][22]
Politics
Though never politically active before, she launched a national political party, Lok Seva Party, aiming at the promotion of secularism and providing asylum to orphaned mothers. In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian Parliament elections from Trivandrum constituency.[23] She contested as an independent candidate and received only 1786 votes.[24] She was depressed after the results and was advised to rest at her sister's house in Anamalai hills. She wrote the Anamalai Poems during this period. She wrote over twenty poems in this series, but only eleven have been published: eight of them in Indian Literature journal by the Sahitya Akademi (1985) and an additional three of them in the book The Best of Kamala Das (1991).[25]
Conversion to Islam
She was born in a conservative Hindu Nair (Nalapat) family, and married to Aristrocratic Menon family (Kalipurayath) which is having royal ancestry.[26] She converted to Islam on 11 December 1999, at the age of 65 and assumed the name Kamala Surayya.[27][28]
Legacy
- On 1 February 2018, Google Doodle by artist Manjit Thapp celebrates the work she left behind, which provides a window into the world of an engrossing woman.[29]
- A biopic on her titled Aami directed by Kamal, released on 9 February 2018.
Awards and Other Recognitions
Kamala Das has received many awards for her literary contribution, including:
- 1963: PEN Asian Poetry Prize
- 1968: Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story – Thanuppu[30]
- 1984: Shortlisted for the Nobel Prize in Literature[31]
- 1985: Kendra Sahitya Academy Award (English) – Collected Poems[32]
- 1988: Kerala State Film Award for Best Story
- 1997: Vayalar Award – Neermathalam Pootha Kalam[30]
- 1998: Asian Poetry Prize[33]
- 2002: Ezhuthachan Award[34]
- 2006: Honorary D.Litt by University of Calicut[35]
- 2006: Muttathu Varkey Award[36]
Books
English
| Year | Title | Publisher |
|---|---|---|
| Poetry | ||
| 1964 | The Sirens | |
| 1965 | Summer in Calcutta | New Delhi: Everest Press |
| 1965 | An Introduction | |
| 1967 | The Descendants | Calcutta: Writer's Workshop |
| 1973 | The Old Playhouse and Other Poems | Madras: Orient Longman |
| 1977 | The Stranger Time | |
| 1979 | Tonight, This Savage Rite (with Pritish Nandy) |
New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann |
| 1984 | Collected Poems Vol. 1 | Published by the author |
| 1985 | The Anamalai Poems | Indian Literature (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi) |
| 1991 | The Best of Kamala Das | Calicut: Bodhi |
| 1996 | Only the Soul Knows How to Sing | Kottayam: DC Books |
| Novel | ||
| 1976 | Alphabet of Lust | New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks |
| Autobiography | ||
| 1976 | My Story | New Delhi: Sterling Publishers |
| Short story collections | ||
| 1977 | A Doll for the Child Prostitute | New Delhi: India Paperbacks |
| 1992 | Padmavati the Harlot and Other Stories | New Delhi: Sterling Publishers |
Malayalam
| Year | Title | Publisher | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short story collections | |||
| 1955 | Mathilukal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Collection of 9 stories; written under the name Nalappatt Kamala |
| 1958 | Pathu Kathakal | Kottayam: SPCS | Collection of 10 stories |
| 1960 | Naricheerukal Parakkumbol | Cochin: Sahithya Parishath | Collection of 11 stories |
| 1962 | Tharishunilam | Cochin: Sahithya Parishath | Collection of 12 stories |
| 1963 | Ente Snehitha Aruna | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 9 stories |
| 1964 | Chuvanna Pavada | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 9 stories |
| 1964 | Pakshiyude Manam | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 9 stories |
| 1967 | Thanuppu | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 19 stories |
| 1969 | Rajavinte Premabhajanam | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 14 stories |
| 1971 | Premathinte Vilapakavyam | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 13 stories |
| 1982 | Madhavikuttiyude Kathakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of 36 stories With an introduction by Kalarcode Vasudevan Nair |
| 1985 | Madhavikuttiyude Kathakal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Collection of 36 stories With an introduction by M. Rajeev Kumar |
| 1990 | Palayanam | Thrissur: Current Books | |
| 1991 | Swathanthrya Samara Senaniyude Makal | Calicut: Poorna | |
| 1994 | Nashtapetta Neelambari | Kasargod: Kalakshetram | Collection of 13 stories |
| 1994 | Ennennum Thara | Trivandrum: Neruda | Includes a study by M. Rajeev Kumar titled Neermathalathinte Ormaykk |
| 1996 | Chekkerunna Pakshikal | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of 13 stories |
| 1998 | Madhavikuttiyude Premakathakal | Calicut: Olive | |
| 1999 | Ente Cherukathakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of 13 stories |
| 1999 | Veendum Chila Kathakal | Trivandrum: Prabhath | Collection of 9 stories |
| 2002 | Malayalathinte Suvarna Kathakal | Thrissur: Green Books | Collection of 20 stories |
| 1999 | Ente Priyapetta Kathakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of 19 stories |
| 2004 | Peeditharude Kathakal | Trivandrum: Prabhath | Collection of 20 stories |
| 2004 | Madhavikuttyde Sthreekal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Collection of 20 stories |
| 2005 | Unmakkathakal | Alleppey: Unma Pub. | |
| Novels | |||
| 1977 | Madhavikuttiyude Moonnu Novelukal | Trivandrum: Navadhara | Collection of the short novels Rugminikkoru Pavakkutty, Rohini and Avasanathe Athithi |
| 1978 | Manasi | Trivandrum: Prabhatham | |
| 1983 | Manomi | Thrissur: Current Books | |
| 1988 | Chandanamarangal | Kottayam: Current Books | |
| 1989 | Kadal Mayooram | Kottayam: Current | Short novel |
| 1999 | Amavasi | Kottayam: DC Books | co-authored with K. L. Mohanavarma |
| 2000 | Kavadam | Kottayam: DC Books | co-authored with Sulochana Nalapat |
| 2000 | Madhavikkuttiyude Pranaya Novelukal | Calicut: Lipi | Collection of 6 novels: Parunthukal, Atharinte Manam, Aattukattil, Rathriyude Padavinyasam, Kadal Mayooram, Rohini |
| 2005 | Vandikkalakal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | |
| Memoirs/Autobiography/Essays | |||
| 1973 | Ente Katha | Thrissur: Current Books | Autobiography |
| 1984 | Irupathiyonnam Nottandilekk | Kottayam: SPCS | Collection of 9 essays |
| 1986 | Bhayam Ente Nishavasthram | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Collection of poems, stories and notes Written under the name Kamala Das With illustrations by A. S. Nair |
| 1987 | Balyakala Smaranakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Childhood memories |
| 1989 | Varshangalkku Mumbu | Thrissur: Current Books | Memoirs |
| 1992 | Diarykurippukal | Thrissur: Current Books | Memoirs |
| 1992 | Neermathalam Pootha Kalam | Kottayam: DC Books | Autobiographical |
| 1997 | Ottayadipatha | Kottayam: DC Books | Memoirs |
| 1999 | Ente Pathakal | Trivandrum: Prabhath | Collection of 50 essays |
| 2001 | Snehathinte Swargavathilukal | Calicut: Papppiyon | Collection of 43 essays/memoirs |
| 2005 | Pranayathinte Album | Calicut: Olive | Selected love quotes ed. Arshad Bathery |
| 2019 | Ottayadipathayum Vishadam Pookkunna Marangalum | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of Ottayadi Patha, Vishadam Pookkunna Marangal, Bhayam Ente Nishavasthram and Diarykurippukal |
| Vishadam Pookkunna Marangal | Kottayam: DC Books | Memoirs | |
| Translations | |||
| 1986 | Ente Kavitha | Pandalam: Pusthaka Prasadha Sangham |
Translated by K. P. Nirmal Kumar, K. V. Thampi, Cherukunnam Purushothaman, G. Dileepan |
| 1991 | Kamala Dasinte Thiranjedutha Kavithakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Translated by Abraham |
| 2004 | Madhuvidhuvinu Sesham | Alleppey: Fabian Books | Translation of 43 poems New edition of Ente Kavitha |
Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies
- Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets (1976) ed. by R. Parthasarathy and published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi[37]
- The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets (1992) ed. by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra and published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi[38][39]
- The Golden Treasure of Writers Workshop Poetry (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by Writers Workshop, Calcutta[40]
See also this
Further reading
- The Ignited Soul by Shreekumar Varma
- Manohar, D. Murali. Kamala Das: Treatment of Love in Her Poetry.indear Kumar Gulbarga: JIWE, 1999.
- "Cheated and Exploited: Women in Kamala Das's Short Stories", In Mohan G Ramanan and P. Sailaja (eds.). English and the Indian Short Story. New Delhi: Orient Longman (2000).117–123
- "Man-Woman Relationship with Respect to the Treatment of Love in Kamala Das' Poetry". Contemporary Literary Criticism Vol. 191. Ed. Tom Burns and Jeffrey W. Hunter. Detroit: Thomson-Gale, 2004. 44–60.
- "Individuality in Kamala Das and in Her Poetry". English Poetry in India: A Secular Viewpoint. Eds. PCK Prem and D.C.Chambial. Jaipur: Aavishkar, 2011. 65–73.
- "Meet the Writer: Kamala Das", POETCRIT XVI: 1 (January 2003): 83–98.
References
- ↑ "The Rediff Interview/ Kamala Suraiya". Rediff.com. 19 July 2000. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- ↑ "Writer Kamala Das passes away". Hindustan Times. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
- ↑ "Who is Kamala Das? Why is the Google Doodle dedicated to her today?". India Today. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ↑ Sirur, Simrin (31 March 2019). "Remembering Kamala Das, feminist Indian writer who chose a 'stern husband' in Islam". ThePrint. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ↑ "Ten years after her death, writer Kamala Surayya rests in a deserted grave". The News Minute. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ↑ "Book Excerptise: strangertime: an anthology of Indian Poetry in English by Pritish Nandy (ed)". cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ↑ Rumens, Carol (3 August 2015). "Poem of the week: Someone Else's Song by Kamala Das". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Booth, Jenny (13 June 2009). "Lalit Shakya: Indian poet and writer". The Times. London. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ↑ Shahnaz Habib (18 June 2009). "Obituary: Kamala Das – Indian writer and poet who inspired women struggling to be free of domestic oppression". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ↑ "Analysis of An Introduction by Kamala Das". Poemotopia.com. 9 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Analysis of My Mother at Sixty-Six by Kamala Das". Poemotopia.com. 9 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Love and longing in Kerala". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ↑ The histrionics of Kamala Das[usurped] The Hindu, 6 February 2000
- ↑ Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah (27 October 2010). "Thus spake Das". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ↑ Habib, Shahnaz. "Kamala Das". The New Yorker.
- ↑ "Kamala Das passes away". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ↑ "'She lived her life her way': Kamala Das' son opens up about his fearless mother". The News Minute. 7 February 2018.
- ↑ "Lakshmi Bayi, Author at Open The Magazine". Open The Magazine. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ↑ "Rediff On The NeT: When the temptress dons the purdah..." www.rediff.com.
- ↑ "Kamla Das". The New Yorker. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ↑ "Kerala pays tributes to Kamala Surayya". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ↑ "Tributes showered on Kamala Suraiya". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ↑ "Noted writer Kamala Das Suraiya passes away". Zee News. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- ↑ "Indian Parliament Election Results-- Kerala 1984: 20. TRIVANDRUM". Kerala Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ↑ P.P. Raveendran (1994). "Text as History, History as Text: A Reading of Kamala Das's Anamalai Poems". The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 29 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1177/002198949402900105. S2CID 161788549.
- ↑ Untying and retying the text: an analysis of Kamala Das's My story, by Ikbala Kaura, 1990. p.188
- ↑ George Iype (14 December 1999). "When the temptress dons the purdah". Rediff. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ↑ "Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly News Magazine". Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
- ↑ "Celebrating Kamala Das". www.google.com.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Literary Awards". kerala.gov.in. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ↑ Amar Nath Prasad, Rajiv K. Mallik (2007). Indian English Poetry and Fiction: Critical Elucidations. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 100. ISBN 978-81-7625-730-5.
- ↑ "AKADEMI AWARDS (1955-2016)". sahitya-akademi.gov.in. Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ↑ "Awards and achievements of Kamala Das". Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ↑ "Writer Kamala Surayiya receives Ezhuthachan prize". The Times of India. 1 January 2003. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ↑ "Honorary degree by Calicut University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
- ↑ "Literary Awards – official website of Onformation and Public Relation Department". Archived from the original on 24 May 2007.
- ↑ "Ten 20th Century Indian Poets". cse.iitk.ac.in. cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ↑ "The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets". cse.iitk.ac.in. cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ↑ "Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra". indiatoday.in. indiatoday.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ↑ Mandal, Somdatta (15 June 2009). "Rubana Huq, ed. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry. Kolkata: Writers Workshop, 2008. 410pp. ISBN 978-81-8157-801-3". Asiatic. 3 (1): 126–129. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
External links
- "Meet the Author: Kamala Das". Sahitya Akademi (Audio).
- "From Kamala Das to Dashi: Doing the right thing for wrong reasons?" by Dr Mohammad Omar Farooq
- Translation of Neypayasam
- Eroticism and feminism in Das' writings
- The histrionics of Kamala Das[usurped]
- Varsha Bhosle on Kamala Das' conversion to Islam
- Funeral
- Kamala Suraiyya – Daily Telegraph obituary
- Kamla Das
Template:Ezhuthachan Puraskaram Template:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
