Arihant-class submarine: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Class of Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines}}
{{Short description|Class of Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines}}
{{good article}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
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{{Infobox ship class overview
{{Infobox ship class overview
| Name = ''Arihant''
| Name = ''Arihant''
| Builders = Navy Shipbuilding Centre, [[Visakhapatnam]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/contract-worker-killed-in-accident-at-navy-ship-building-centre/article5764589.ece|title=Contract worker killed in accident at navy ship building centre|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 March 2016|date=8 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314121922/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/contract-worker-killed-in-accident-at-navy-ship-building-centre/article5764589.ece|archive-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>
| Builders = Navy Shipbuilding Centre, [[Visakhapatnam]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/contract-worker-killed-in-accident-at-navy-ship-building-centre/article5764589.ece|title=Contract worker killed in accident at navy ship building centre|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 March 2016|date=8 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314121922/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/contract-worker-killed-in-accident-at-navy-ship-building-centre/article5764589.ece|archive-date=14 March 2014}}</ref>
| Operators = {{navy|India}}
| Operators = {{navy|India}}
| Class after = {{sclass|S5|submarine|3}}
| Class after = {{sclass|S5|submarine|3}}
| In commission range = 2016{{ndash}}present
| In commission range = 2016{{ndash}}present
| Total ships building = 2<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/why-india-needs-both-nuclear-and-conventional-submarines/|title=Why India needs submarines|newspaper=The Diplomat|access-date=17 May 2016|date=May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517064847/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/why-india-needs-both-nuclear-and-conventional-submarines/|archive-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>
| Total ships building = 2<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/why-india-needs-both-nuclear-and-conventional-submarines/|title=Why India needs submarines|newspaper=The Diplomat|access-date=17 May 2016|date=May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517064847/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/why-india-needs-both-nuclear-and-conventional-submarines/|archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref>
| Total ships planned = 4
| Total ships planned = 4
| Total ships completed = 2
| Total ships completed = 2
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| Total ships retired =  
| Total ships retired =  
| Total ships preserved =  
| Total ships preserved =  
| Cost = {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=r}} per submarine<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|access-date=11 December 2017|work=[[India Today]]|date=7 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|archive-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>
| Cost = {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=r}} per submarine<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|access-date=11 December 2017|work=[[India Today]]|date=7 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
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| Header caption =  
| Header caption =  
| Ship type = [[Nuclear submarine|Nuclear powered]] [[ballistic missile submarine]]
| Ship type = [[Nuclear submarine|Nuclear powered]] [[ballistic missile submarine]]
| Ship displacement = *[[INS Arihant|''Arihant'']] & [[INS Arighat|''Arighat'']]: {{convert|6000|t|abbr=on}} surfaced<ref name=dna-launch>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-reaches-milestone-with-launch-of-n-powered-submarine_1277227|title=India reaches milestone with launch of n-powered submarine|newspaper=DNA|date=26 July 2007|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>
| Ship displacement = *[[INS Arihant|''Arihant'']] & [[INS Arighat|''Arighat'']]: {{convert|6000|t|abbr=on}} surfaced<ref name=dna-launch>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-reaches-milestone-with-launch-of-n-powered-submarine_1277227|title=India reaches milestone with launch of n-powered submarine|newspaper=DNA|date=26 July 2007|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>
* S4 & S4*: {{convert|7000|t|abbr=on}}<ref name="India Today3" />
* S4 & S4*: {{convert|7000|t|abbr=on}}<ref name="India Today3" />
| Ship length = Arihant & Arighat: {{convert|111|m|abbr=on}};<ref name="NuclearArm" />  
| Ship length = Arihant & Arighat: {{convert|111|m|abbr=on}};<ref name="NuclearArm" />  
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| Ship deck clearance =  
| Ship deck clearance =  
| Ship power =  
| Ship power =  
| Ship propulsion = *1 x CLWR-B1 [[pressurized water reactor]]<ref name="CLWR-B1">{{cite news |title=Founder's Day Speech, Director, BARC |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/presentations/fddir18.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=Bhabha Atmoic Research Centre |date=30 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="clwr_barc">{{cite journal |title=DAE (Excellence in Science, Engineering & Technology) Awards 2010 |journal=BARC Newsletter |date=Sep–Oct 2011 |issue=322 |page=33 |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2011/2011091009.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=toi-ntriad/> (83 MW)
| Ship propulsion = *1 x CLWR-B1 [[pressurized water reactor]]<ref name="CLWR-B1">{{cite news |title=Founder's Day Speech, Director, BARC |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/presentations/fddir18.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=Bhabha Atmoic Research Centre |date=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="clwr_barc">{{cite journal |title=DAE (Excellence in Science, Engineering & Technology) Awards 2010 |journal=BARC Newsletter |date=Sep–Oct 2011 |issue=322 |page=33 |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2011/2011091009.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=toi-ntriad/> (83 MW)
* 1 × [[propeller shaft|shaft]]
* 1 × [[propeller shaft|shaft]]
| Ship speed = *''Surfaced:'' {{convert|12|-|15|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
| Ship speed = *''Surfaced:'' {{convert|12|-|15|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
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| Ship EW =  
| Ship EW =  
| Ship armament = *[[INS Arihant|''Arihant'']] & [[INS Arighat|''Arighat'']]: 12 × [[Sagarika (missile)|K15]] [[SLBM]] ({{cvt|750|km|disp=or}} range) or 4 × [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] SLBM ({{cvt|3500|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name=toi-ntriad/><ref name="India Today3" />
| Ship armament = *[[INS Arihant|''Arihant'']] & [[INS Arighat|''Arighat'']]: 12 × [[Sagarika (missile)|K15]] [[SLBM]] ({{cvt|750|km|disp=or}} range) or 4 × [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] SLBM ({{cvt|3500|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name=toi-ntriad/><ref name="India Today3" />
* S4 & S4*: 24 × [[Sagarika (missile)|K15]] [[SLBM]] ({{cvt|750|km|disp=or}} range) or 8 × [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] SLBM ({{cvt|3500|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name="India Today3" /> or 8 × [[K-5 (SLBM)|K-5]] SLBM ({{cvt|5000-6000|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name="THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS">{{cite news |title =DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html |publisher = THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS |access-date= 15 December 2022}}</ref>
* S4 & S4*: 24 × [[Sagarika (missile)|K15]] [[SLBM]] ({{cvt|750|km|disp=or}} range) or 8 × [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] SLBM ({{cvt|3500|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name="India Today3" /> or 8 × [[K-5 (SLBM)|K-5]] SLBM ({{cvt|5000-6000|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name="THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS">{{cite news |title =DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html |publisher = THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS |access-date= 15 December 2018}}</ref>
* 6 × 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes – est 30 charges (torpedoes, cruise missiles or mines)<ref>{{cite web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv-specs.htm|title=Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=globalsecurity.org|date=27 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829062226/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv-specs.htm|archive-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>
* 6 × 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes – est 30 charges (torpedoes, cruise missiles or mines)<ref>{{cite web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv-specs.htm|title=Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=globalsecurity.org|date=27 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829062226/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv-specs.htm|archive-date=29 August 2011}}</ref>
| Ship notes =  
| Ship notes =  
}}
}}
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The '''''Arihant''-class''' ({{trans|'Slayer of Enemies'}} in [[Sanskrit]]) is a class of [[India]]n [[nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] [[ballistic missile submarine]]s being built for the [[Indian Navy]]. They were developed under the {{INRConvert|900|b|lk=r}} ''Advanced Technology Vessel'' (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.<ref name="India Today"/> These vessels are classified as ''''strategic strike nuclear submarines'''' by India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1551894|title=Prime Minister felicitates crew of INS Arihant on completion of Nuclear Triad|date=5 November 2018|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-arihant-completes-indias-nuclear-triad-pm-modi-felicitates-crew/articleshow/66509959.cms?from=mdr|title=INS Arihant completes India's nuclear triad, PM Modi felicitates crew|date=2018-11-06|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>
The '''''Arihant''-class''' ({{trans|'Slayer of Enemies'}} in [[Sanskrit]]) is a class of [[India]]n [[nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] [[ballistic missile submarine]]s being built for the [[Indian Navy]]. They were developed under the {{INRConvert|900|b|lk=r}} ''Advanced Technology Vessel'' (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.<ref name="India Today"/> These vessels are classified as ''''strategic strike nuclear submarines'''' by India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1551894|title=Prime Minister felicitates crew of INS Arihant on completion of Nuclear Triad|date=5 November 2018|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-arihant-completes-indias-nuclear-triad-pm-modi-felicitates-crew/articleshow/66509959.cms?from=mdr|title=INS Arihant completes India's nuclear triad, PM Modi felicitates crew|date=2018-11-06|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>


The lead vessel of the class, {{ship|INS|Arihant}} was launched in 2009, and after extensive sea trials, was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsx.com/national/43966-what-is-ins-arihant |title=What is INS Arihant? |website=NewsX |date=17 October 2016 |author=Ashish Singh |access-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027175800/http://www.newsx.com/national/43966-what-is-ins-arihant |archive-date=27 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Arihant_ready">{{Cite news|title=India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready or operations, passes deep sea tests|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 February 2016|access-date=23 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224044357/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>
The lead vessel of the class, {{ship|INS|Arihant}} was launched in 2009, and after extensive sea trials, was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsx.com/national/43966-what-is-ins-arihant |title=What is INS Arihant? |website=NewsX |date=17 October 2016 |author=Ashish Singh |access-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027175800/http://www.newsx.com/national/43966-what-is-ins-arihant |archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Arihant_ready">{{Cite news|title=India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready or operations, passes deep sea tests|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 February 2016|access-date=23 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224044357/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|archive-date=24 February 2016}}</ref>
''Arihant'' holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]].<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|title=Indian-built Arihant nuclear submarine activated|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23648310|access-date=12 October 2013|work=[[BBC]]|date=10 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012083819/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23648310|archive-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
''Arihant'' holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]].<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|title=Indian-built Arihant nuclear submarine activated|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23648310|access-date=12 October 2013|work=[[BBC]]|date=10 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012083819/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23648310|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
In December 1971, during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[U.S. President|US President]] [[Richard Nixon]] sent a [[carrier battle group]] named [[Task Force 74]], led by the nuclear-powered {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} into the international waters of the [[Bay of Bengal]] in a show of force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041|title=1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy|website=in.rbth.com|access-date=2016-04-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/us-fleet-in-bay-of-bengal-a-game-of-deception|title=US Fleet in Bay of Bengal: A game of deception|date=2013-12-15|website=The Daily Star|access-date=2016-04-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504233140/http://www.thedailystar.net/news/us-fleet-in-bay-of-bengal-a-game-of-deception|archive-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which ''Enterprise'' would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict. In response, the [[Soviet Union]] sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from [[Vladivostok]] to trail the US task force.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rakesh|last=Krishnan Simha|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html|title=US-Soviet Actions in 1971 Indo-Pakistani War|publisher=Indrus.in|date=20 December 2011|access-date=22 April 2013|work=indrus.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408214434/http://indrus.in/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html|archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=idr-arihant>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/2010/02/arihant-the-annihilator.html|title=Arihant: the annihilator|work=Indian Defence Review|date=25 October 2010|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> Following the 1974 [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).<ref>{{cite news|first=Premvir|last=Das|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/premvir-das-ins-arihant-a-watershed-moment-109073000008_1.html|title=Project 932|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=30 July 2009|access-date=24 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510021601/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/premvir-das-ins-arihant-a-watershed-moment-109073000008_1.html|archive-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
In December 1971, during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[U.S. President|US President]] [[Richard Nixon]] sent a [[carrier battle group]] named [[Task Force 74]], led by the nuclear-powered {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} into the international waters of the [[Bay of Bengal]] in a show of force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041|title=1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy|website=in.rbth.com|access-date=2016-04-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/us-fleet-in-bay-of-bengal-a-game-of-deception|title=US Fleet in Bay of Bengal: A game of deception|date=2013-12-15|website=The Daily Star|access-date=2016-04-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504233140/http://www.thedailystar.net/news/us-fleet-in-bay-of-bengal-a-game-of-deception|archive-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which ''Enterprise'' would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict. In response, the [[Soviet Union]] sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from [[Vladivostok]] to trail the US task force.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rakesh|last=Krishnan Simha|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html|title=US-Soviet Actions in 1971 Indo-Pakistani War|publisher=Indrus.in|date=20 December 2011|access-date=22 April 2013|work=indrus.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408214434/http://indrus.in/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html|archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=idr-arihant>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/2010/02/arihant-the-annihilator.html|title=Arihant: the annihilator|work=Indian Defence Review|date=25 October 2010|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> Following the 1974 [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).<ref>{{cite news|first=Premvir|last=Das|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/premvir-das-ins-arihant-a-watershed-moment-109073000008_1.html|title=Project 932|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=30 July 2009|access-date=24 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510021601/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/premvir-das-ins-arihant-a-watershed-moment-109073000008_1.html|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>


The [[Indian Navy]]'s ''Advanced Technology Vessel'' project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/index.html|title=India's SNS Project Report|publisher=Fas.org|access-date=24 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023210937/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/index.html|archive-date=23 October 2022}}</ref> Then [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[George Fernandes]] confirmed the project in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980519/13950884.html|title=George defends position on China|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=19 May 1998|access-date=24 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998]] at [[Pokhran Test Range]] and the Indian pledge of [[no first use]], the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's [[nuclear triad]].<ref name=gs-atv>{{cite web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|title=Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226032637/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm| archive-date= 26 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=dna-induction>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_first-indigenous-nuclear-sub-is-inducted-into-the-navy_1277218|title=First indigenous nuclear sub is inducted into the navy|newspaper=DNA|date=26 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729054243/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_first-indigenous-nuclear-sub-is-inducted-into-the-navy_1277218|archive-date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/16josy4.htm|title=India's nuclear sub still a distant dream|work=[[Rediff]]|date=16 February 2001|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022063031/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/16josy4.htm|archive-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
The [[Indian Navy]]'s ''Advanced Technology Vessel'' project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/index.html|title=India's SNS Project Report|publisher=Fas.org|access-date=24 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023210937/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/index.html|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> Then [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[George Fernandes]] confirmed the project in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980519/13950884.html|title=George defends position on China|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=19 May 1998|access-date=24 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998]] at [[Pokhran Test Range]] and the Indian pledge of [[no first use]], the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's [[nuclear triad]].<ref name=gs-atv>{{cite web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|title=Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226032637/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm| archive-date= 26 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=dna-induction>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_first-indigenous-nuclear-sub-is-inducted-into-the-navy_1277218|title=First indigenous nuclear sub is inducted into the navy|newspaper=DNA|date=26 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729054243/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_first-indigenous-nuclear-sub-is-inducted-into-the-navy_1277218|archive-date=29 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/16josy4.htm|title=India's nuclear sub still a distant dream|work=[[Rediff]]|date=16 February 2001|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022063031/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/16josy4.htm|archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
The ''Arihant''-class submarines are nuclear powered [[ballistic missile submarine]]s built under the ''[[Advanced Technology Vessel]]'' (ATV) project.<ref name="domain-b.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html|title=Indian indigenous nuclear sub to be unveiled on 26 July: report|publisher=domain-b.com|date=16 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921135024/http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html|archive-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idINISL35153320090212|title=India nuclear sub project near completion|work=[[Reuters]]|date=12 February 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="launch1">{{cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3097464|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104175719/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3097464|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end|date=16 July 2009|work=[[MSN]]|access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="launch2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071958490500.htm|title=Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=19 July 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722084642/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071958490500.htm|archive-date=22 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Hari|last=Sud|url=http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/08/14/indias_nuclear_submarine_and_the_indian_ocean/7676/|title=India's nuclear submarine and the Indian Ocean|publisher=upiasia.com|date=14 August 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728133202/http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/08/14/indias_nuclear_submarine_and_the_indian_ocean/7676/|archive-date=28 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2009/07/31/indias-nuclear-submarine-dream-still-miles-to-go/|work=[[Reuters]]|title=India's nuclear submarine dream, still miles to go|date=31 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525082031/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2009/07/31/indias-nuclear-submarine-dream-still-miles-to-go|archive-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.<ref name=it-finaltest>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Final+test+of+K-15+ballistic+missile+on+Tuesday/1/5002.html|title=Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday|date=25 February 2008|access-date=24 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921085654/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Final%20test%20of%20K-15%20ballistic%20missile%20on%20Tuesday/1/5002.html|archive-date=21 September 2022}}</ref> The submarines are {{convert|111|m|abbr=on|}} [[Length overall|long]] with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|11|m|abbr=on}}, a [[Draught (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|15|m|abbr=on|}}, displacement of {{convert|6000|t}}.<ref name="NuclearArm">{{cite magazine|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|date=15 August 2009|title=Nuclear Arm|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2617/stories/20090828261702500.htm|magazine=The Frontline|volume=26|issue=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526061306/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2617/stories/20090828261702500.htm|archive-date=26 May 2013|access-date=2 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.<ref name="navaltech">{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/|title=SSBN Arihant Class Submarine, India|publisher=naval-technology.com|access-date=22 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502115614/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class|archive-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 MW [[pressurised water reactor]] and can achieve a maximum speed of {{convert|12|-|15|kn|km/h}} when surfaced and {{convert|24|kn|km/h}} when submerged.<ref name="navaltech"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/#:~:text=Arihant%20design,up%20to%2024kt%20when%20submerged.|title = Arihant Class Submarine - Naval Technology}}</ref>
The ''Arihant''-class submarines are nuclear powered [[ballistic missile submarine]]s built under the ''[[Advanced Technology Vessel]]'' (ATV) project.<ref name="domain-b.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html|title=Indian indigenous nuclear sub to be unveiled on 26 July: report|publisher=domain-b.com|date=16 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921135024/http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html|archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idINISL35153320090212|title=India nuclear sub project near completion|work=[[Reuters]]|date=12 February 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="launch1">{{cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3097464|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104175719/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3097464|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end|date=16 July 2009|work=[[MSN]]|access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="launch2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071958490500.htm|title=Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=19 July 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722084642/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071958490500.htm|archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Hari|last=Sud|url=http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/08/14/indias_nuclear_submarine_and_the_indian_ocean/7676/|title=India's nuclear submarine and the Indian Ocean|publisher=upiasia.com|date=14 August 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728133202/http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/08/14/indias_nuclear_submarine_and_the_indian_ocean/7676/|archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2009/07/31/indias-nuclear-submarine-dream-still-miles-to-go/|work=[[Reuters]]|title=India's nuclear submarine dream, still miles to go|date=31 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525082031/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2009/07/31/indias-nuclear-submarine-dream-still-miles-to-go|archive-date=25 May 2011}}</ref> They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.<ref name=it-finaltest>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Final+test+of+K-15+ballistic+missile+on+Tuesday/1/5002.html|title=Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday|date=25 February 2008|access-date=24 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921085654/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Final%20test%20of%20K-15%20ballistic%20missile%20on%20Tuesday/1/5002.html|archive-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> The submarines are {{convert|111|m|abbr=on|}} [[Length overall|long]] with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|11|m|abbr=on}}, a [[Draught (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|15|m|abbr=on|}}, displacement of {{convert|6000|t}}.<ref name="NuclearArm">{{cite magazine|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|date=15 August 2009|title=Nuclear Arm|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2617/stories/20090828261702500.htm|magazine=The Frontline|volume=26|issue=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526061306/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2617/stories/20090828261702500.htm|archive-date=26 May 2013|access-date=2 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.<ref name="navaltech">{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/|title=SSBN Arihant Class Submarine, India|publisher=naval-technology.com|access-date=22 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502115614/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 MW [[pressurised water reactor]] and can achieve a maximum speed of {{convert|12|-|15|kn|km/h}} when surfaced and {{convert|24|kn|km/h}} when submerged.<ref name="navaltech"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/#:~:text=Arihant%20design,up%20to%2024kt%20when%20submerged.|title = Arihant Class Submarine - Naval Technology}}</ref>
[[File:B05 SLBM.jpg|left|180px|thumb|[[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika SLBM]]]]
[[File:B05 SLBM.jpg|left|180px|thumb|[[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika SLBM]]]]
The submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve [[Sagarika (missile)|K-15 Sagarika]] missiles with one warhead each (with a range of {{convert|750|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}) or four [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] missiles (with a range of {{convert|3500|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name=it-undersea>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/The+secret+undersea+weapon/1/3659.html|title=The secret undersea weapon|work=[[India Today]]|date=17 January 2008|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231120048/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/The%20secret%20undersea%20weapon/1/3659.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/how-india-s-pride-ins-arihant-was-built-113081100745_1.html|title=How Indias pride INS Arihant was built|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=12 August 2013|last1=Malhotra|first1=Jyoti}}</ref><ref name=it-secretk>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/the-secret-k-missile-family/1/120488.html|work=[[India Today]]|title=The secret 'K' missile family|date=20 November 2010|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807075726/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/the-secret-k-missile-family/1/120488.html|archive-date=7 August 2022}}</ref> The third and fourth submarines will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles.<ref name="India Today3">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=7 December 2017|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|archive-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> The Indian Navy will train on {{INS|Chakra|2011|6}}, an Akula-class submarine leased from Russia in 2012.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|title=Arihant – Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=Global Security|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110182851/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|archive-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=it-setsail>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/leased-russian-n-submarine-to-set-sail-for-india-this-month-end/1/164449.html|title=Leased Russian n-submarine to set sail for India this month end|date=15 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105102758/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/leased-russian-n-submarine-to-set-sail-for-india-this-month-end/1/164449.html|archive-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
The submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve [[Sagarika (missile)|K-15 Sagarika]] missiles with one warhead each (with a range of {{convert|750|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}) or four [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] missiles (with a range of {{convert|3500|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name=it-undersea>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/The+secret+undersea+weapon/1/3659.html|title=The secret undersea weapon|work=[[India Today]]|date=17 January 2008|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231120048/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/The%20secret%20undersea%20weapon/1/3659.html|archive-date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/how-india-s-pride-ins-arihant-was-built-113081100745_1.html|title=How Indias pride INS Arihant was built|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=12 August 2013|last1=Malhotra|first1=Jyoti}}</ref><ref name=it-secretk>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/the-secret-k-missile-family/1/120488.html|work=[[India Today]]|title=The secret 'K' missile family|date=20 November 2010|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807075726/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/the-secret-k-missile-family/1/120488.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The third and fourth submarines will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles.<ref name="India Today3">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=7 December 2017|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> The Indian Navy will train on {{INS|Chakra|2011|6}}, an Akula-class submarine leased from Russia in 2012.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|title=Arihant – Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=Global Security|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110182851/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=it-setsail>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/leased-russian-n-submarine-to-set-sail-for-india-this-month-end/1/164449.html|title=Leased Russian n-submarine to set sail for India this month end|date=15 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105102758/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/leased-russian-n-submarine-to-set-sail-for-india-this-month-end/1/164449.html|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref>


The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and it's K-4 can target all of Pakistan.<ref name=nathan/> The K-4 may also be capable of targeting [[Beijing]], but would need to be in the northern most waters of [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=nathan/> Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.<ref name=nathan>{{cite journal|title=The Arihant-Class SSBN and the Advent of Sea-Based Nuclear Forces in India, China, and Pakistan|author=Nathan Powell|journal=Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative|page=141-142}}</ref>
The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and it's K-4 can target all of Pakistan.<ref name=nathan/> The K-4 may also be capable of targeting [[Beijing]], but would need to be in the northern most waters of [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=nathan/> Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.<ref name=nathan>{{cite journal|title=The Arihant-Class SSBN and the Advent of Sea-Based Nuclear Forces in India, China, and Pakistan|author=Nathan Powell|journal=Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative|page=141-142}}</ref>


==Development==
==Development==
The submarines are powered by a [[pressurised water reactor]] with [[highly enriched uranium]] fuel.<ref name=toi-20090717>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-17/india/28203215_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-atv-project-ins-arihant|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Rajat|last=Pandit|title=India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine|date=17 July 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/seta/2009/11/05/stories/2009110551721200.htm|title=High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 November 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105132403/http://www.hindu.com/seta/2009/11/05/stories/2009110551721200.htm|archive-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) at the [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] (IGCAR) in [[Kalpakkam]].<ref name=hindu-indiandesign>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081655260900.htm|title=INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|location=Chennai, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> It included a {{convert|42|m|ft|adj=on}} section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp|title=Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother|work=Telegraph India|date=3 August 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|location=Calcutta, India|first=G.C.|last=Shekhar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp|archive-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.<ref name=idr-arihant/> Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for ''Arihant''.<ref name="pwr_1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm |title=PWR building shows indigenous capability |first=T.S. |last=Subramanian |date=2 August 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 March 2016 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808043941/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm |archive-date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="pwr_2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5721403d-8f66-43e2-92c4-4f3148032565&Headline=Arihant+propulsion+reactor+unveiled|title=Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled|first=M.R.|last=Venkatesh|date=2 August 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/nstl.html|title=Naval Research Board|publisher=DRDO|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316234337/http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/nstl.html|archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.<ref name=idr-arihant/> The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at [[Kalpakkam]] by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.<ref name="India Today3" />
The submarines are powered by a [[pressurised water reactor]] with [[highly enriched uranium]] fuel.<ref name=toi-20090717>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-17/india/28203215_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-atv-project-ins-arihant|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Rajat|last=Pandit|title=India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine|date=17 July 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/seta/2009/11/05/stories/2009110551721200.htm|title=High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 November 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105132403/http://www.hindu.com/seta/2009/11/05/stories/2009110551721200.htm|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) at the [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] (IGCAR) in [[Kalpakkam]].<ref name=hindu-indiandesign>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081655260900.htm|title=INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|location=Chennai, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> It included a {{convert|42|m|ft|adj=on}} section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp|title=Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother|work=Telegraph India|date=3 August 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|location=Calcutta, India|first=G.C.|last=Shekhar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp|archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.<ref name=idr-arihant/> Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for ''Arihant''.<ref name="pwr_1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm |title=PWR building shows indigenous capability |first=T.S. |last=Subramanian |date=2 August 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 March 2016 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808043941/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm |archive-date=8 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="pwr_2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5721403d-8f66-43e2-92c4-4f3148032565&Headline=Arihant+propulsion+reactor+unveiled|title=Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled|first=M.R.|last=Venkatesh|date=2 August 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/nstl.html|title=Naval Research Board|publisher=DRDO|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316234337/http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/nstl.html|archive-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.<ref name=idr-arihant/> The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at [[Kalpakkam]] by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.<ref name="India Today3" />


In 2007, then finance minister [[P. Chidambaram]], who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Hence the ATV project team tweaked the Arihant design by adding a 10-metre-long section for four more [[K-4 (missile)|K-4]] SLBMs to be integrated into the boat codenamed S4. After it became evident that the larger [[S5-class submarine|S5 class]] of SSBNs will take more time to develop, an additional unit, codenamed S4*, was sanctioned in 2012 to ensure that the production line doesn't go idle.<ref name="India Today3" />
In 2007, then finance minister [[P. Chidambaram]], who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Hence the ATV project team tweaked the Arihant design by adding a 10-metre-long section for four more [[K-4 (missile)|K-4]] SLBMs to be integrated into the boat codenamed S4. After it became evident that the larger [[S5-class submarine|S5 class]] of SSBNs will take more time to develop, an additional unit, codenamed S4*, was sanctioned in 2012 to ensure that the production line doesn't go idle.<ref name="India Today3" />


The detailed engineering of the design was implemented{{when|date=April 2021}} at [[Larsen & Toubro]]'s submarine design centre at their [[Hazira]] shipbuilding facility.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_PRS/PDF/L&TPressRelease-Jul26-2009.pdf|title=Larsen and Toubro's Contribution to Arihant-class submarine|date=26 July 2009|access-date=17 March 2022}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Tata Power SED]] built the control systems for the submarine.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's first Indigenous nuclear submarine |url=http://www.jeywin.com/blog/arihant-–-india’s-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine/|publisher=Jeywin|access-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217054406/http://www.jeywin.com/blog/arihant-%E2%80%93-india%E2%80%99s-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine/|archive-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by [[Walchandnagar Industries]].<ref name=dna-ppp>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435|title=Private sector played a major role in Arihant|newspaper=DNA|date=27 April 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916225008/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435|archive-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> The lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/27/stories/2009072755801000.htm|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Nuclear submarine Arihant to be fitted with K-15 ballistic missiles|date=27 July 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> The propulsion and power systems were tested with high-pressure steam trials followed by harbor-acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths.<ref name=toi-homemade>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-03/india/28110779_1_ins-arihant-nuclear-powered-attack-submarines-technology-vessel|title=Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 December 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> INS ''Arihant''{{'}}s reactor went [[Criticality (status)|critical]] for the first time on 10 August 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/k15-all-set-to-join-arihant/article4242325.ece|title=K-15 all set to join Arihant|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 December 2012|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011505/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/k15-all-set-to-join-arihant/article4242325.ece|archive-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> On 13 December 2014, the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-nuclear-submarine-arihant-flagged-off-for-sea-trials/articleshow/45526418.cms|title=India's nuclear submarine Arihant flagged off for sea trials|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 December 2014|access-date=15 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|title=INS Arihant sails out of harbour|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2014|access-date=15 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
The detailed engineering of the design was implemented{{when|date=April 2021}} at [[Larsen & Toubro]]'s submarine design centre at their [[Hazira]] shipbuilding facility.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_PRS/PDF/L&TPressRelease-Jul26-2009.pdf|title=Larsen and Toubro's Contribution to Arihant-class submarine|date=26 July 2009|access-date=17 March 2016}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Tata Power SED]] built the control systems for the submarine.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's first Indigenous nuclear submarine |url=http://www.jeywin.com/blog/arihant-–-india’s-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine/|publisher=Jeywin|access-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217054406/http://www.jeywin.com/blog/arihant-%E2%80%93-india%E2%80%99s-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine/|archive-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by [[Walchandnagar Industries]].<ref name=dna-ppp>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435|title=Private sector played a major role in Arihant|newspaper=DNA|date=27 April 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916225008/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435|archive-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> The lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/27/stories/2009072755801000.htm|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Nuclear submarine Arihant to be fitted with K-15 ballistic missiles|date=27 July 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The propulsion and power systems were tested with high-pressure steam trials followed by harbor-acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths.<ref name=toi-homemade>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-03/india/28110779_1_ins-arihant-nuclear-powered-attack-submarines-technology-vessel|title=Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 December 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> INS ''Arihant''{{'}}s reactor went [[Criticality (status)|critical]] for the first time on 10 August 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/k15-all-set-to-join-arihant/article4242325.ece|title=K-15 all set to join Arihant|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 December 2012|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011505/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/k15-all-set-to-join-arihant/article4242325.ece|archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> On 13 December 2014, the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-nuclear-submarine-arihant-flagged-off-for-sea-trials/articleshow/45526418.cms|title=India's nuclear submarine Arihant flagged off for sea trials|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 December 2014|access-date=15 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|title=INS Arihant sails out of harbour|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2014|access-date=15 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>


==Ships in class==
==Ships in class==
[[File:Arihant 1.svg|thumb|right|Conceptual drawing of INS ''Arihant'']]
[[File:Arihant 1.svg|thumb|right|Conceptual drawing of INS ''Arihant'']]
Four boats of this class are planned.<ref name="India Today3" /> The first boat of<ref name="toi-ntriad">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/india/30580966_1_ins-arihant-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine-akula-ii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326102050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/india/30580966_1_ins-arihant-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine-akula-ii|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2013|title = India to achieve N-arm triad in February|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 January 2012|access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref> the class, {{INS|Arihant}}, was commissioned in August 2016.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-complete-N-triad-with-Arihant-commissioning/articleshow/54907081.cms|title=India set to complete N-triad with Arihant commissioning|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-10-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020071532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-complete-N-triad-with-Arihant-commissioning/articleshow/54907081.cms|archive-date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/satisfied-with-nuclear-sub-arihant-trials-navy-chief/74351.html|title=Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief|newspaper=Tribune India|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110613/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/satisfied-with-nuclear-sub-arihant-trials-navy-chief/74351.html|archive-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> The first four vessels are expected to be commissioned by 2025. In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and the second boat, {{INS|Arighat}} whose [[sea trial]]s which started in 2017, is now completed and is scheduled to be commissioned in August, 2022 along with [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]].<ref name="India Today"/> The final two ships INS Aridhaman and S4* in the class are expected to be larger, displacing over 1,000 tonnes more than the ''Arihant''<ref name="India Today3" /> and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 8 K4 or K5 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS ''Arihant''. INS Aridhaman was launched in November 2021 and expected to be commission in 2024<ref name="India Today3" /><ref name="THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS">{{cite news |title =DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html |publisher = THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS |access-date= 15 December 2022}}</ref>
Four boats of this class are planned.<ref name="India Today3" /> The first boat of<ref name="toi-ntriad">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/india/30580966_1_ins-arihant-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine-akula-ii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326102050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/india/30580966_1_ins-arihant-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine-akula-ii|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2013|title = India to achieve N-arm triad in February|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 January 2012|access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> the class, {{INS|Arihant}}, was commissioned in August 2016.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-complete-N-triad-with-Arihant-commissioning/articleshow/54907081.cms|title=India set to complete N-triad with Arihant commissioning|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-10-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020071532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-complete-N-triad-with-Arihant-commissioning/articleshow/54907081.cms|archive-date=20 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/satisfied-with-nuclear-sub-arihant-trials-navy-chief/74351.html|title=Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief|newspaper=Tribune India|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110613/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/satisfied-with-nuclear-sub-arihant-trials-navy-chief/74351.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The first four vessels are expected to be commissioned by 2025. In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and the second boat, {{INS|Arighat}} whose [[sea trial]]s which started in 2017, is now completed and is scheduled to be commissioned in August, 2022 along with [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]].<ref name="India Today"/> The final two ships INS Aridhaman and S4* in the class are expected to be larger, displacing over 1,000 tonnes more than the ''Arihant''<ref name="India Today3" /> and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 8 K4 or K5 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS ''Arihant''. INS Aridhaman was launched in November 2021 and expected to be commission in 2024<ref name="India Today3" /><ref name="THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS">{{cite news |title =DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html |publisher = THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS |access-date= 15 December 2018}}</ref>


{{as of|2022}}, a larger follow on class to the ''Arihant'' class, designated by the codename [[S5-class submarine|S5]], was planned,<ref name="India Today3" /> with three boats of the class projected.<ref name="India Today3" /> Missile capacity is expected to be 12 to 16 LRBMs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|title= Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-04-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408232833/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/|title=India's Undersea Deterrent|last=Diplomat|first=Saurav Jha, The|website=The Diplomat|access-date=2016-04-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408081504/https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/|archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=10 December 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|archive-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
{{as of|2017}}, a larger follow on class to the ''Arihant'' class, designated by the codename [[S5-class submarine|S5]], was planned,<ref name="India Today3" /> with three boats of the class projected.<ref name="India Today3" /> Missile capacity is expected to be 12 to 16 LRBMs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|title= Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-04-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408232833/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/|title=India's Undersea Deterrent|last=Diplomat|first=Saurav Jha, The|website=The Diplomat|access-date=2016-04-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408081504/https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/|archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=10 December 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|archive-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| 2004<ref name="jfs-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017|date=2016|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631855|page=336|edition=119th|chapter=India}}</ref>
| 2004<ref name="jfs-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017|date=2016|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631855|page=336|edition=119th|chapter=India}}</ref>
| 26 July 2009
| 26 July 2009
| 13 December 2014<ref name="INS Arihant sails out of harbour">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|title=INS Arihant sails out of harbor|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2014|access-date=22 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
| 13 December 2014<ref name="INS Arihant sails out of harbour">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|title=INS Arihant sails out of harbor|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2014|access-date=22 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>
|23 February 2016<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|title=India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|access-date=2021-09-09}}</ref>
|23 February 2016<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|title=India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|access-date=2021-09-09}}</ref>
| August 2016
| August 2016
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| 6,000 tonnes
| 6,000 tonnes
| 2009<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| 2009<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| 19 November 2017<ref name="bigger_nuclear_sub">{{Cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar|last2=Joseph|first2=Josy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece|title=A bigger nuclear submarine is coming|date=2017-10-15|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201420/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece|archive-date=3 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|url=http://www.janes.com/article/76315/india-quietly-launches-second-ssbn|title=India quietly launches second SSBN|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=2017-12-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031838/http://www.janes.com/article/76315/india-quietly-launches-second-ssbn|archive-date=12 December 2017|access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>
| 19 November 2017<ref name="bigger_nuclear_sub">{{Cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar|last2=Joseph|first2=Josy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece|title=A bigger nuclear submarine is coming|date=2017-10-15|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201420/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|url=http://www.janes.com/article/76315/india-quietly-launches-second-ssbn|title=India quietly launches second SSBN|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=2017-12-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031838/http://www.janes.com/article/76315/india-quietly-launches-second-ssbn|archive-date=12 December 2017|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>
|8 January 2017<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Dinakar Peri & Josy|date=2018-01-08|title=INS Arihant left crippled after 'accident' 10 months ago|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-left-crippled-after-accident-10-months-ago/article22392049.ece|access-date=2021-09-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|8 January 2017<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Dinakar Peri & Josy|date=2018-01-08|title=INS Arihant left crippled after 'accident' 10 months ago|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-left-crippled-after-accident-10-months-ago/article22392049.ece|access-date=2021-09-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|March 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikrant, nuclear submarine commissioning to ring in 75th Independence anniversary celebrations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india-today-insight/story/vikrant-nuclear-submarine-commissioning-to-ring-in-75th-independence-anniversary-celebrations-1838057-2021-08-08|access-date=2021-09-09|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|March 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikrant, nuclear submarine commissioning to ring in 75th Independence anniversary celebrations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india-today-insight/story/vikrant-nuclear-submarine-commissioning-to-ring-in-75th-independence-anniversary-celebrations-1838057-2021-08-08|access-date=2021-09-09|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
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| Fitting out<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|title=Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 June 2016|date=9 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>
| Fitting out<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|title=Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 June 2016|date=9 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>
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Revision as of 22:35, 27 September 2022


INS Arihant, lead vessel of the class
Class overview
Name: Arihant
Builders: Navy Shipbuilding Centre, Visakhapatnam[1]
Operators:  Indian Navy
Succeeded by: -class submarine
Cost: ₹40 billion (US$560 million) per submarine[2]
In commission: 2016–present
Planned: 4
Building: 2[3]
Completed: 2
Active: 2
General characteristics
Type: Nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine
Displacement:
  • Arihant & Arighat: 6,000 t (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons) surfaced[4]
  • S4 & S4*: 7,000 t (6,900 long tons; 7,700 short tons)[5]
Length:

Arihant & Arighat: 111 m (364 ft);[6]

S-4: 130 m (430 ft)[6][7]
Beam: 11 m (36 ft)[6]
Draft: 15 m (49 ft)[6]
Propulsion:
Speed:
  • Surfaced: 12–15 kn (22–28 km/h)
  • Submerged: 24 kn (44 km/h)
Range: Unlimited except by food supplies
Test depth: 300 m (980 ft)
Complement: 95
Sensors and
processing systems:		 USHUS sonar
Armament:
  • Arihant & Arighat: 12 × K15 SLBM (750 km or 470 mi range) or 4 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or 2,200 mi range)[10][5]
  • S4 & S4*: 24 × K15 SLBM (750 km or 470 mi range) or 8 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or 2,200 mi range)[5] or 8 × K-5 SLBM (5,000–6,000 km or 3,100–3,700 mi range)[11]
  • 6 × 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes – est 30 charges (torpedoes, cruise missiles or mines)[12]

The Arihant-class (transl. 'Slayer of Enemies' in Sanskrit) is a class of Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the Indian Navy. They were developed under the ₹900 billion (US$13 billion) Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.[2] These vessels are classified as 'strategic strike nuclear submarines' by India.[13][14]

The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant was launched in 2009, and after extensive sea trials, was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.[15][16][17] Arihant holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[18]

History

In December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74, led by the nuclear-powered Template:USS into the international waters of the Bay of Bengal in a show of force.[19][20] Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which Enterprise would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict. In response, the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force.[21] The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[22] Following the 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).[23]

The Indian Navy's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.[24] Then Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in 1998.[25] The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 at Pokhran Test Range and the Indian pledge of no first use, the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's nuclear triad.[26][27][28]

Description

The Arihant-class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project.[29][30][31][32][33][34] They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.[35] The submarines are 111 m (364 ft) long with a beam of 11 m (36 ft), a draught of 15 m (49 ft), displacement of 6,000 tonnes (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons).[6] The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.[36] The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 MW pressurised water reactor and can achieve a maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) when surfaced and 24 knots (44 km/h) when submerged.[36][37]

Sagarika SLBM

The submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve K-15 Sagarika missiles with one warhead each (with a range of 750 km or 470 mi) or four K-4 missiles (with a range of 3,500 km or 2,200 mi).[38][39][40] The third and fourth submarines will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles.[5] The Indian Navy will train on INS Chakra, an Akula-class submarine leased from Russia in 2012.[41][42]

The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and it's K-4 can target all of Pakistan.[43] The K-4 may also be capable of targeting Beijing, but would need to be in the northern most waters of Bay of Bengal.[43] Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.[43]

Development

The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel.[44][45] The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam.[46] It included a 42-metre (138 ft) section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.[47] The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.[22] Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant.[48][49] The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in Visakhapatnam.[50] Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.[22] The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at Kalpakkam by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.[5]

In 2007, then finance minister P. Chidambaram, who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Hence the ATV project team tweaked the Arihant design by adding a 10-metre-long section for four more K-4 SLBMs to be integrated into the boat codenamed S4. After it became evident that the larger S5 class of SSBNs will take more time to develop, an additional unit, codenamed S4*, was sanctioned in 2012 to ensure that the production line doesn't go idle.[5]

The detailed engineering of the design was implemented[when?] at Larsen & Toubro's submarine design centre at their Hazira shipbuilding facility.[51] Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine.[52] The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries.[53] The lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009.[54] The propulsion and power systems were tested with high-pressure steam trials followed by harbor-acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths.[55] INS Arihant's reactor went critical for the first time on 10 August 2013.[56] On 13 December 2014, the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials.[57][58]

Ships in class

Conceptual drawing of INS Arihant

Four boats of this class are planned.[5] The first boat of[10] the class, INS Arihant, was commissioned in August 2016.[15][59] The first four vessels are expected to be commissioned by 2025. In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and the second boat, INS Arighat whose sea trials which started in 2017, is now completed and is scheduled to be commissioned in August, 2022 along with INS Vikrant.[2] The final two ships INS Aridhaman and S4* in the class are expected to be larger, displacing over 1,000 tonnes more than the Arihant[5] and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 8 K4 or K5 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS Arihant. INS Aridhaman was launched in November 2021 and expected to be commission in 2024[5][11]

As of 2017, a larger follow on class to the Arihant class, designated by the codename S5, was planned,[5] with three boats of the class projected.[5] Missile capacity is expected to be 12 to 16 LRBMs.[60][61][62]

Name Pennant Displacement (surfaced) Laid down Launch Sea Trials Begins Sea Trials Completed Commission Status
INS Arihant (S2)[5][63] SSBN 80[64] 6,000 tonnes 2004[65] 26 July 2009 13 December 2014[66] 23 February 2016[67] August 2016 In service[16]
INS Arighat (S3)[5][68] SSBN 81 6,000 tonnes 2009[65] 19 November 2017[69][70] 8 January 2017[71] March 2021[72] August 2022 (est.) [2][73] Sea trials completed[5]
INS Aridhaman (S4)[61] 7,000 tonnes 23 November 2021[74] 2024 (est.)[73] Fitting out[75]
S4* (codename)[61] 7,000 tonnes 2023 (est.) 2025 (est.) [73] Under construction

Timeline

Date Event
19 May 1998 Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister George Fernandes
11 November 2003 Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical
22 September 2006 Nuclear reactor is declared operational
2007 Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes.[5]
26 July 2009 Lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant, is formally launched
2012 Additional unit S4* is cleared to avoid idling of production line.[5]
10 August 2013 Arihant's on-board nuclear reactor attains criticality
13 December 2014 INS Arihant begins extensive sea & weapons trials
25 November 2015 INS Arihant successfully test-fired dummy B5 missile
31 March 2016 INS Arihant successfully test-fired K4 missile
August 2016 INS Arihant commissioned.[15]
19 November 2017 INS Arighat launched[2]
8 January 2018 INS Arighat to begin sea trials[76]
March 2021 INS Arighat's sea trials are completed.
November 2021 S4 is speculated to be launched.[74]
2022 INS Arighat scheduled to be commissioned.[15][76]
2025 S4* is scheduled to be launched.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Contract worker killed in accident at navy ship building centre". The Hindu. 8 March 2014. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  3. ↑ "Why India needs submarines". The Diplomat. May 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  4. ↑ "India reaches milestone with launch of n-powered submarine". DNA. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 Unnithan, Sandeep (7 December 2017). "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Subramanian, T.S. (15 August 2009). "Nuclear Arm". The Frontline. Vol. 26, no. 17. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  7. ↑ "H I Sutton - Covert Shores".
  8. ↑ "Founder's Day Speech, Director, BARC" (PDF). Bhabha Atmoic Research Centre. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  9. ↑ "DAE (Excellence in Science, Engineering & Technology) Awards 2010" (PDF). BARC Newsletter (322): 33. September–October 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "India to achieve N-arm triad in February". The Times of India. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon". THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  12. ↑ Pike, John (27 July 2009). "Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  13. ↑ "Prime Minister felicitates crew of INS Arihant on completion of Nuclear Triad". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  14. ↑ "INS Arihant completes India's nuclear triad, PM Modi felicitates crew". The Economic Times. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "India set to complete N-triad with Arihant commissioning". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ashish Singh (17 October 2016). "What is INS Arihant?". NewsX. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  17. ↑ "India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready or operations, passes deep sea tests". The Economic Times. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  18. ↑ Marcus, Jonathan (10 August 2013). "Indian-built Arihant nuclear submarine activated". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  19. ↑ "1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy". in.rbth.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  20. ↑ "US Fleet in Bay of Bengal: A game of deception". The Daily Star. 15 December 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  21. ↑ Krishnan Simha, Rakesh (20 December 2011). "US-Soviet Actions in 1971 Indo-Pakistani War". indrus.in. Indrus.in. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Arihant: the annihilator". Indian Defence Review. 25 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  23. ↑ Das, Premvir (30 July 2009). "Project 932". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  24. ↑ "India's SNS Project Report". Fas.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  25. ↑ "George defends position on China". Indian Express. 19 May 1998. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  26. ↑ Pike, John. "Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  27. ↑ "First indigenous nuclear sub is inducted into the navy". DNA. 26 July 2009. Archived from the original on 29 July 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  28. ↑ "India's nuclear sub still a distant dream". Rediff. 16 February 2001. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  29. ↑ "Indian indigenous nuclear sub to be unveiled on 26 July: report". domain-b.com. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  30. ↑ "India nuclear sub project near completion". Reuters. 12 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  31. ↑ "PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end". MSN. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  32. ↑ "Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 19 July 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  33. ↑ Sud, Hari (14 August 2009). "India's nuclear submarine and the Indian Ocean". upiasia.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  34. ↑ "India's nuclear submarine dream, still miles to go". Reuters. 31 July 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  35. ↑ "Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday". 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "SSBN Arihant Class Submarine, India". naval-technology.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  37. ↑ "Arihant Class Submarine - Naval Technology".
  38. ↑ "The secret undersea weapon". India Today. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  39. ↑ Malhotra, Jyoti (12 August 2013). "How Indias pride INS Arihant was built". Business Standard India.
  40. ↑ "The secret 'K' missile family". India Today. 20 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  41. ↑ "Arihant – Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  42. ↑ "Leased Russian n-submarine to set sail for India this month end". 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Nathan Powell. "The Arihant-Class SSBN and the Advent of Sea-Based Nuclear Forces in India, China, and Pakistan". Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative: 141-142.
  44. ↑ Pandit, Rajat (17 July 2009). "India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  45. ↑ "High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 5 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  46. ↑ "INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 16 August 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  47. ↑ Shekhar, G.C. (3 August 2009). "Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother". Telegraph India. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  48. ↑ Subramanian, T.S. (2 August 2009). "PWR building shows indigenous capability". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  49. ↑ Venkatesh, M.R. (2 August 2009). "Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 March 2016.[dead link]
  50. ↑ "Naval Research Board". DRDO. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  51. ↑ "Larsen and Toubro's Contribution to Arihant-class submarine" (PDF) (Press release). 26 July 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2016.[permanent dead link]
  52. ↑ "India's first Indigenous nuclear submarine". Jeywin. Retrieved 24 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  53. ↑ "Private sector played a major role in Arihant". DNA. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  54. ↑ "Nuclear submarine Arihant to be fitted with K-15 ballistic missiles". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  55. ↑ "Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years". The Times of India. 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  56. ↑ "K-15 all set to join Arihant". The Hindu. 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  57. ↑ "India's nuclear submarine Arihant flagged off for sea trials". The Economic Times. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  58. ↑ "INS Arihant sails out of harbour". The Hindu. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  59. ↑ "Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief". Tribune India. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  60. ↑ "Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Diplomat, Saurav Jha, The. "India's Undersea Deterrent". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ↑ Unnithan, Sandeep (10 December 2017). "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  63. ↑ Anandan, S. (20 December 2014). "INS Arihant may be of limited utility". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  64. ↑ "20 years after Pokhran II, India makes giant nuclear leap". hindustantimes.com/. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Commodore Stephen Saunders, ed. (2016). "India". Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017 (119th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 336. ISBN 978-0710631855.
  66. ↑ "INS Arihant sails out of harbor". The Hindu. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  67. ↑ Pubby, Manu. "India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests". The Economic Times. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  68. ↑ "India's Nuclear Triad is now Fully Operational". Vivekananda International Foundation. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  69. ↑ Peri, Dinakar; Joseph, Josy (15 October 2017). "A bigger nuclear submarine is coming". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  70. ↑ Bedi, Rahul (11 December 2017). "India quietly launches second SSBN". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  71. ↑ Joseph, Dinakar Peri & Josy (8 January 2018). "INS Arihant left crippled after 'accident' 10 months ago". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  72. ↑ "Vikrant, nuclear submarine commissioning to ring in 75th Independence anniversary celebrations". India Today. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Pubby, Manu (21 February 2020). "India's Rs 1.2 lakh crore nuclear submarine project closer to realisation". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "India Quietly Launches 3rd Arihant-class Nuclear-powered Submarine, Can Carry 8 Ballistic Missiles: Report". News18. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  75. ↑ "Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine". The New Indian Express. 9 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Pubby, Manu (24 August 2017). "Exclusive: 'Aridaman', India's second nuclear-armed submarine, is ready for launch". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

External links

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