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{{about|the town|the 1974 nuclear tests|Pokhran-I|the 1998 nuclear tests|Pokhran-II}} | {{about|the town|the 1974 nuclear tests|Pokhran-I|the 1998 nuclear tests|Pokhran-II}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=July | {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement <!--See [[ | {{Infobox settlement <!--See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]]--> | ||
| name = | | name = Pokhran | ||
|native_name_lang= Rajasthani | | native_name_lang = Rajasthani | ||
|other_name= | | other_name = | ||
| settlement_type = | | settlement_type = [[Village]] | ||
| image_skyline=Pokhran Fort.JPG | | image_skyline = Pokhran Fort.JPG | ||
|image_alt= | | image_alt = | ||
|image_caption=Pokhran Fort | | image_caption = Pokhran Fort in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] | ||
|nickname= | | nickname = | ||
| image_map = | | image_map = | ||
|map_alt= | | map_alt = | ||
|map_caption= | | map_caption = | ||
| pushpin_map=India Rajasthan#India | | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India | ||
|pushpin_label_position=right | | pushpin_label_position = right | ||
|pushpin_map_alt= | | pushpin_map_alt = | ||
|pushpin_map_caption= | | pushpin_map_caption = | ||
|coordinates = {{coord|26.92|N|71.92|E|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{coord|26.92|N|71.92|E|display=inline,title}} | ||
|subdivision_type=State | | subdivision_type = State | ||
| subdivision_name={{flag|India}} | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
|subdivision_type1=[[States and territories of India|State]] | | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | ||
|subdivision_type2=[[List of districts of India|District]] | | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | ||
| subdivision_name1=[[Rajasthan]] | | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]] | ||
| subdivision_name2=[[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] | | subdivision_name2 = [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] | ||
|established_title=<!--default="Established"--> | | established_title = <!--default="Established"--> | ||
| established_date= | | established_date = | ||
| founder= | | founder = | ||
|named_for= | | named_for = | ||
| government_type= | | government_type = | ||
|governing_body= | | governing_body = | ||
| unit_pref = Metric | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
|area_footnotes= | | area_footnotes = | ||
| area_total_km2= | | area_total_km2 = | ||
|area_rank= | | area_rank = | ||
|elevation_footnotes= | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| elevation_m=233 | | elevation_m = 233 | ||
| population_total=28457 | | population_total = 28457 | ||
|population_as_of=2011 | | population_as_of = 2011 | ||
|population_footnotes= | | population_footnotes = | ||
|population_density_km2=auto | | population_density_km2 = auto | ||
|population_rank= | | population_rank = | ||
| population_demonym= | | population_demonym = | ||
| demographics_type1=Languages | | demographics_type1 = Languages | ||
|demographics1_title1=Official | | demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
|utc_offset1=+5:30 | | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | ||
| postal_code_type=<!--[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]--> | | postal_code_type = <!--[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]--> | ||
|postal_code= | | postal_code = | ||
| registration_plate = | | registration_plate = | ||
| website = | | website = | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
|demographics1_info1=[[Hindi language|Hindi]] | | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] | ||
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] | |||
| leader_name1 = [[Saleh Mohhamad]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Pokhran''' is a village and a [[municipality]] located in the [[Jaisalmer district]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It is a remote location in the [[Thar Desert]] region and served as the | '''Pokhran''' is a [[village]] and a [[municipality]] located, outside of [[Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer city]] in the [[Jaisalmer district]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It is a remote location in the [[Thar Desert]] region and served as the site for India's first underground [[nuclear weapon]] test. | ||
[[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] is [[Saleh Mohammad (Indian politician)|Saleh Mohammad]] | |||
== Geography == | == Geography == | ||
Surrounded by rocks, sand and five [[salt]] ranges, its [[Hindi language|Hindi]] name | Surrounded by rocks, sand and five [[salt]] ranges, its [[Hindi language|Hindi]] name "Pokhran" (पोखरण) means "five salt-ranges". It is located en route between [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Jodhpur]] or [[Bikaner]] at {{coord|27.095|N|71.753|E|}} and has an average [[elevation]] of 233 metres (764 feet). | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Fort | === Fort Pokhran === | ||
Fort Pokhran, the 14th century citadel also known as "Balagarh", stands amidst the [[Thar Desert]]. This monument is the premier fort of the chief of the | Fort Pokhran, the 14th century citadel also known as "Balagarh", stands amidst the [[Thar Desert]]. This monument is the premier fort of the chief of the Champawats, one of the clan of [[Rathores]] of the state of [[Marwar]]-[[Jodhpur]]. Fort Pokhran is open for visitors and is being currently run as heritage hotel by the royal family of Pokhran. | ||
=== | === Sati Mata Memorial === | ||
On the outskirts of the town, the Satiyo Deval [[Sati Mata Memorial]], a royal cenotaph, is freely accessible. | |||
The famous, touristic city and fort of [[Jaisalmer]] is a couple of hours away by road. | The famous, touristic city and fort of [[Jaisalmer]] is a couple of hours away by road. | ||
=== Former rulers === | === Former rulers === | ||
* Seat of Chief of the | * Seat of Chief of the Champawats, a sub-clan of [[Rathore]]s of the state of [[Marwar]]-[[Jodhpur]]. | ||
* [[Bhawani Singh (politician)|Bhawani Singh of Pokhran]] (b. 1911) was the last [[jagirdar]] of Pokhran before Indian independence. He was Sessions Judge and was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]], the Lower house of [[Indian parliament]] from [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]]-[[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]] constituency, after getting elected | * [[Bhawani Singh (politician)|Bhawani Singh of Pokhran]] (b. 1911) was the last [[jagirdar]] of Pokhran before Indian independence. He was Sessions Judge and was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]], the Lower house of [[Indian parliament]] from [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]]-[[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]] constituency, after getting elected as an Independent candidate in the [[1952 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Pokhran (thikana) Genealogy | url = http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pokhran.html | access-date = 2014-06-24 | first = Henry | last = Soszynski | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170614/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pokhran.html | archive-date = 22 December 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=lok>{{cite web | title = Members Bioprofile: First Lok Sabha | url = http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/623.htm | publisher = [[Lok Sabha]] website | access-date = 2014-06-24 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140624083100/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/623.htm | archive-date = 2014-06-24 }}</ref> | ||
== Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||
| Line 79: | Line 83: | ||
<!--Linked from [[Pokhran Test Range]]--> | <!--Linked from [[Pokhran Test Range]]--> | ||
{{Infobox military test site | {{Infobox military test site | ||
| name = Pokhran Test Range (PTR) | | name = Pokhran Test Range (PTR) | ||
| nearest_town=[[Jaisalmer]] |country=India | | nearest_town = [[Jaisalmer]] | ||
| image= |caption= | | country = India | ||
| map= | | image = | ||
| type = [[Nuclear testing|Nuclear test site]] | | caption = | ||
| coordinates = {{coord|27.095|N|71.753|E|display=inline}} | | map = | ||
| operator = {{Army|India}} | | map_caption = | ||
| status = active | | type = [[Nuclear testing|Nuclear test site]] | ||
| dates = 1970–{{small|present}} | | coordinates = {{coord|27.095|N|71.753|E|display=inline}} | ||
| operator = {{Army|India}} | |||
| status = active | |||
| dates = 1970–{{small|present}} | |||
| nuclear_tests = 6 | | nuclear_tests = 6 | ||
| subcritical_tests = not known | | subcritical_tests = not known | ||
| Line 96: | Line 103: | ||
===Pokhran-I=== | ===Pokhran-I=== | ||
{{main|Smiling Buddha}} | {{main|Smiling Buddha}} | ||
The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] designated the test "Pokhran-I", but it is also known as "Smiling Buddha". It was India's first successful [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]] [[Nuclear weapons testing|test]] on 18 May 1974.<ref name="Nuclear files archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|title=1974 Nuclear files|last=FIles|work=Nuclear Age Peace Foundation|publisher=Nuclear files archives|access-date=14 January | The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] designated the test "Pokhran-I", but it is also known as "Smiling Buddha". It was India's first successful [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]] [[Nuclear weapons testing|test]] on 18 May 1974.<ref name="Nuclear files archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|title=1974 Nuclear files|last=FIles|work=Nuclear Age Peace Foundation|publisher=Nuclear files archives|access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref><ref name= "Smiling Buddha">{{cite web| url= http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html| work = India's Nuclear Weapons Program | title = Smiling Buddha, 1974|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive}}</ref> The bomb was detonated on the [[:Category:Indian Army bases|army base]] [[#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]] (PTR), in [[Rajasthan]], by the [[Indian Army]] under the supervision of several key Indian generals. | ||
===Pokhran-II=== | ===Pokhran-II=== | ||
| Line 105: | Line 112: | ||
*[[Bhaniyana]] | *[[Bhaniyana]] | ||
*[[Jajwala Mata Temple]] | *[[Jajwala Mata Temple]] | ||
* [[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]] | *''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]'' – a 2018 [[Bollywood]] movie. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 06:24, 3 November 2022
Pokhran | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Pokhran  Pokhran | |
| Coordinates: 26°55′N 71°55′E / 26.92°N 71.92°E | |
| State |  India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Jaisalmer |
| Government | |
| Elevation | 233 m (764 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 28,457 |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Hindi, Rajasthani |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
Pokhran is a village and a municipality located, outside of Jaisalmer city in the Jaisalmer district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is a remote location in the Thar Desert region and served as the site for India's first underground nuclear weapon test.
Member of the Legislative Assembly is Saleh Mohammad
Geography
Surrounded by rocks, sand and five salt ranges, its Hindi name "Pokhran" (पोखरण) means "five salt-ranges". It is located en route between Jaisalmer and Jodhpur or Bikaner at 27°05′42″N 71°45′11″E / 27.095°N 71.753°E and has an average elevation of 233 metres (764 feet).
History
Fort Pokhran
Fort Pokhran, the 14th century citadel also known as "Balagarh", stands amidst the Thar Desert. This monument is the premier fort of the chief of the Champawats, one of the clan of Rathores of the state of Marwar-Jodhpur. Fort Pokhran is open for visitors and is being currently run as heritage hotel by the royal family of Pokhran.
Sati Mata Memorial
On the outskirts of the town, the Satiyo Deval Sati Mata Memorial, a royal cenotaph, is freely accessible.
The famous, touristic city and fort of Jaisalmer is a couple of hours away by road.
Former rulers
- Seat of Chief of the Champawats, a sub-clan of Rathores of the state of Marwar-Jodhpur.
- Bhawani Singh of Pokhran (b. 1911) was the last jagirdar of Pokhran before Indian independence. He was Sessions Judge and was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha, the Lower house of Indian parliament from Barmer-Jalore constituency, after getting elected as an Independent candidate in the 1952 Indian general election.[1][2]
Demographics
According to 2011 Indian census,[3] Pokhran had a population of 28457. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Pokhran has an average literacy rate of 56%, lower than the national average of 74.0%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 41%. In Pokhran, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Pokhran Nuclear Test Range
Template:Infobox military test site
The Pokhran Test Range, a key component of India's nuclear programme, is located in the municipality. The Indian Nuclear Test Site is located 45 km north-west of Pokhran town and 4 km north of Khetolai village.[4] The test range was built by the Indian Army Corps of Engineers and is under the control of Indian Army. It was built sometime before May 1974, when, following authorization given to the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, it hosted the detonation of India's first nuclear device.
Pokhran-I
The Ministry of External Affairs designated the test "Pokhran-I", but it is also known as "Smiling Buddha". It was India's first successful nuclear bomb test on 18 May 1974.[5][6] The bomb was detonated on the army base Pokhran Test Range (PTR), in Rajasthan, by the Indian Army under the supervision of several key Indian generals.
Pokhran-II
On 11 and 13 May 1998, twenty-four years after Pokhran-I, the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) conducted five further nuclear tests, dubbed "Pokhran-II", at the Pokhran range. Four AEC devices and, under the codename Shakti, a thermonuclear device were tested.
See also
- Bhaniyana
- Jajwala Mata Temple
- Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran – a 2018 Bollywood movie.
References
- ↑ Soszynski, Henry. "Pokhran (thikana) Genealogy". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
- ↑ "Members Bioprofile: First Lok Sabha". Lok Sabha website. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
- ↑ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
- ↑ Forty years after Pokhran nuclear tests, villagers complain of frequent cancer deaths, Scroll.in, 18 May 2014
- ↑ FIles. "1974 Nuclear files". Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Nuclear files archives. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ↑ "Smiling Buddha, 1974". India's Nuclear Weapons Program. Nuclear Weapon Archive.