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{{Short description|Indian poet, | {{Short description|Indian writer, poet, and Independence activist}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | ||
{{indian name|Subramaniyan|Chinnaswami}} | |||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = Subramania Bharati | |||
| name = Subramania | | image = Subramanya_Bharathi.jpg | ||
| caption = Subramania Bharati | |||
| image = | | citizenship = [[India|Indian]] | ||
| caption = Subramania | |||
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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1882|12|11}} | | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1882|12|11}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Ettayapuram]], [[ | | birth_place = [[Ettayapuram]], [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br/>{{small|(present-day [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}} | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1921|09|11|1882|11}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1921|09|11|1882|11}} | ||
| death_place = [[Madras]], | | death_place = [[Madras]], Madras Presidency, British India<br/>{{small|(present-day Tamil Nadu, India)}} | ||
| other_names = Bharatiyar, Subbaiah, Sakthi Dasan, Mahakavi, Mundasu Kavignar, Veera Kavi | |||
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Writer]]|[[Poet]]|[[Composer]]|[[Journalist]]|[[Teacher]]|[[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence Activist]]|[[Social reformer]]|[[Polyglot]]}} | |||
| other_names = | |||
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| movement = [[Indian independence movement]] | | movement = [[Indian independence movement]] | ||
| spouse = Chellamma | | spouse = Chellamma (m. 1896–1921) | ||
| children = 2 | | children = 2 | ||
| family = [[Rajkumar Bharathi]] (great-grandson) | |||
| signature = Subramanya Bharathi Signature.jpg | | signature = Subramanya Bharathi Signature.jpg | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Subramania Bharathi''' | '''Subramania Bharati'''{{efn|Birth name: Chinnaswami Subramaniyan, person's given name is Subramaniyan and father's given name is Chinnaswami. C. Subramaniyan by the prevalent [[Patronymic#India|patronymic initials as prefix]] naming system in Tamil Nadu and it is Subramaniyan Chinnaswami by the [[Patronymic#India|patronymic suffix]] naming system. Bharathi is a conferred title meaning blessed by the goddess of learning. His name became C. Subramania Bharathi and he is also widely known mononymously as Bharathi. In this article, the subject is referred to using his title Bharathi because the subject is generally mentioned by his title.}} (Born '''Chinnaswami Subramaniyan'''; 11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921) was an Indian writer, poet, composer, journalist, teacher, Indian independence activist, social reformer and polyglot. He was bestowed the title ''Bharati'' for his poetry and was a pioneer of modern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetry. He is popularly known by his title ''Bharati'' or ''Bharathiyar'' and also by the other title "Mahakavi Bharati" ("the great poet Bharati"). His works included patriotic songs composed during the [[Indian Independence movement]]. He fought for the [[emancipation of women], and advocated reforms of the society and religion. | ||
Born in [[Ettayapuram]] of [[Tirunelveli district]] (present-day [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]) in 1882, | Born in [[Ettayapuram]] of [[Tirunelveli district]] (present-day [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]) in 1882, Bharati had his early education in [[Tirunelveli]]. He later lived in [[Varanasi]] for sometime where he was exposed to Hindu theology and new languages. He worked as a journalist with many newspapers, including ''[[Swadesamitran]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''Bala Bharata'', ''Vijaya'', ''Chakravarthini'' and ''India''. He considered [[Sister Nivedita]], a disciple of [[Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]], as his guru. | ||
In 1908, the [[British Raj|British Government]] issued an arrest warrant for Bharathi which pushed him to live in exile in the [[French India|French]]-controlled [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] for about ten years until 1918. He was attacked by an [[Indian elephant]] at [[Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai|Thiruvallikeni Parthasarathy Temple]] whom he fed daily and died a few months later on 11 September 1921. | |||
Bharthi was well-versed in several languages and had a passion for Tamil. His works covered political, social and spiritual themes. Songs and poems composed by Bharthi are used in Tamil literature, music and daily life. His works include ''[[Panjali Sabatham]]'', ''Kannan Paatu'', ''Kuyil Paatu'', ''Paapa Paatu'', ''Chinnanchriu Kiliye'', ''Vinayagar Nanmanimalai'' and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] translations of [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Yoga Sutra]]'' and ''[[Bhagavat Gita]]''. Bharathi was the first poet whose literature was nationalized in 1949. | |||
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==Early life== | |||
[[File:Subramanya Bharathi with his wife Chellamma.jpg|thumb|left|Subramanya Bharathi with his wife Chellamma]] | |||
Subramaniyan was born on 11 December 1882 in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] Iyer family in the town of [[Ettayapuram]] in [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Madras Presidency]] (present day [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]) to Chinnaswami Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal. He was called as Subbaiah by his parents.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|last=Kasi Viswanathan|first=Muralidharan|title=In Memory of Bharathi|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-54125178|lang=ta|work=[[BBC|BBC Tamil]]|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130131334/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-54125178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AwAQAAIAAJ|title=Tamil Nadu State Thoothukudi District · Volume 1|year=2007|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|page=168}}</ref> His mother died in 1887 when he was five years old and he was brought up by his father and his grandmother.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="TVU">{{cite web|title=Subramanya Bharathi biography|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/c011/c0111/html/c0111111.htm|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012124420/https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/c011/c0111/html/c0111111.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Subramaniyan's father wanted him to learn [[English language|English]] and [[Maths]] and become an [[engineer]].<ref name="life">{{cite book|title=Panchali's Pledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NA4AgAAQBAJ|last1=Bharati|first1=Subramania|last2=Rajagopalan|first2=Usha|year=2013|publisher=[[Hachette UK]]|isbn=978-9-350-09530-0|page=1|access-date=8 December 2018|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174601/https://books.google.com/books?id=1NA4AgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> From a young age, Subramaniyan was inclined towards music and poetry. At the age of 11, he was given the title of "Bharathi" (meaning blessed by the goddess of learning [[Saraswati]]) for his excellence in poetry. In 1897, at the age of 15, he married Chellamma, who was then seven years old. His father died when he was sixteen.<ref name="TVU"/> After the death of his father, he wrote a letter to the Raja of Ettayapuram, requesting for financial assistance. He was granted a job in the court of Ettayapuram, which he left after a while and went to [[Varanasi]]. During his stay in Varanasi, he was exposed to [[Hinduism|Hindu spirituality]] and nationalism and learned new languages such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]. He also changed his outward appearance, growing a beard and started wearing a turban.<ref name="BBC"/> | |||
[[File: | == Literary life and independence activism == | ||
[[File:பாரதி, அபூர்வ புகைப்படம் (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Bharathi in the 1900s]] | |||
Bharathi returned to Ettayapuram during 1901 and served as the chief court poet of the Raja of Ettayapuram. He served as a Tamil teacher from August to November 1904 in Sethupathy High School in [[Madurai]].<ref name="life"/> During this period, Bharathi understood the need to be well-informed of the world outside and took interest in the world of [[journalism]] and the print media. In the same year, Bharathi joined as an assistant editor at ''[[Swadesamitran]]'', a Tamil daily.<ref name="BBC"/> In December 1905, he attended a session of [[Indian National Congress]] in Varanasi. On his journey back home, he met [[Sister Nivedita]], who was Swami [[Vivekananda]]'s spiritual heir. She inspired Bharathi to recognize the rights and privilege of women.<ref name="BBC"/> Bharathi considered her as an embodiment of [[Hindu]] goddess [[Parvati|Shakti]] and considered Nivedita as his [[Guru]]. He later attended the Indian National Congress session in [[Calcutta]] held under [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], which demanded [[Swaraj]] and boycott of British goods.<ref name="life"/> | |||
[[File:Newspaper INDIA Bharathiyar.jpg|upright|thumb|left|A weekly newspaper edited by Bharathi in 1907]] | |||
By April 1907, he started editing the Tamil weekly ''India'' and the English newspaper ''Bala Bharatham'' along with [[M.P.T. Acharya]].<ref name="BBC"/> These newspapers served as a means of expressing Bharathi's creativity and he continued to write poems in these editions. His writings included diverse topics ranging from nationalism to contemplations on the relationship between God and Man. He also wrote on the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian]] and [[French Revolution]]s.<ref name="Univ">{{cite book|title=Indian Literature: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2005|isbn=9788131705209|pages=125–126|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174600/https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== | [[File:1909magazine vijaya.jpg|upright|thumb|Cover page of the 1909 magazine ''Vijaya'', published first from [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]]] | ||
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Bharathi participated in the Indian National Congress meeting held in [[Surat]] in 1907 along with [[V.O. Chidambaram Pillai]] and Mandayam Srinivachariar.<ref name="BBC"/> The meeting deepened the divisions within the Congress with a section preferring armed resistance. This section was primarily led by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], which was supported by Bharathi, Chidambaram Pillai and Varathachariyar.<ref name="life"/> In 1908, the British instituted a case against Chidambaram Pillai. In the same year, the proprietor of the journal ''India'' in which Bharathi was writing, was arrested in [[Madras]].<ref name="BBC"/> Faced with the prospect of an imminent arrest, Bharathi escaped to [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], which was under the [[French India|French]] rule.<ref>{{cite news|title=On the streets where Bharati walked|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-the-streets-where-bharati-walked/article5455980.ece|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625165123/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-the-streets-where-bharati-walked/article5455980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bharati's Tamil daily Vijaya traced in Paris|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500201100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121180131/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500201100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 December 2004}}</ref> | |||
| | [[File:BHARATHIYAR MUSEUM.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The house in which Bharathi lived in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]]] | ||
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}} | In Pondicherry, Bharathi edited and published the weekly journal ''India'', a Tamil daily ''Vijaya'', an English monthly ''Bala Bharatham'' and a local weekly ''Suryodayam''. The British tried to ban Bharathi's publications and the newspapers ''India'' and ''Vijaya'' were banned in British India in 1909.<ref name="life"/> During his exile, Bharathi had the opportunity to meet other revolutionary leaders of the [[Indian Independence movement]] like [[Aurobindo]], [[Lajpat Rai]] and [[Varahaneri Venkatesa Subrahmanya Iyer|V. V. Subrahmanya Iyer]], who had also sought asylum under the French. Bharathi assisted Aurobindo in publishing the journals ''[[Arya (journal)|Arya]]'' and ''Karma Yogi''.<ref name="Univ"/> He also started learning [[Veda|Vedic literature]]. Three of his greatest works namely, ''Kuyil Pattu'', ''[[Panjali Sabatham]]'' and ''Kannan Pattu'' were composed during 1912. He also translated Vedic hymns, [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Yoga Sutra]]'' and ''[[Bhagavat Gita]]'' to [[Tamil language]].<ref name="life"/> | ||
When Bharathi entered the British India near [[Cuddalore]] in November 1918, he was arrested.<ref name="BBC"/> He was imprisoned in the Central prison in Cuddalore for three weeks from 20 November to 14 December. He was released after the intervention of [[Annie Besant]] and [[C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar]]. He was stricken by poverty and ill health during this period. In the following year, Bharathi met [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] for the first time. He resumed editing ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' in 1920 from [[Madras]].<ref name="Lal">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4190|last=Lal|first=Mohan|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1992|isbn=978-8-126-01221-3|pages=4191–3}}</ref> | |||
== Death == | |||
Bharathi was badly affected by the imprisonments and struggled from ill health. In 1920, a general amnesty was issued which finally removed restrictions on his movements. He delivered his last speech at Karungalpalayam Library in [[Erode]] on the topic ''Man is Immortal''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/15/stories/2008041554140500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415224901/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/15/stories/2008041554140500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2008|title= Last speech delivered in Erode|date=15 April 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> He was struck by a temple [[Indian elephant|elephant]] named Lavanya at the [[Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai|Thiruvallikeni Parthasarathy Temple]] whom he used to feed often. When he fed a coconut to the elephant, the elephant attacked him. Although he survived the incident, his health deteriorated. A few months later, he died in the early morning on 11 September 1921. Though Bharathi was considered a great poet and nationalist, it was recorded that only 14 people attended his funeral.<ref name="BBC"/> | |||
== Literary work == | |||
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Bharathi | Bharathi was one of the pioneers of modern Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Changing society and modern Tamil literature|journal=Tamil Issue|jstor=40874190|volume=4|issue=3/4|pages=21–36|year=1968|last1=Annamalai|first1=E.}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> He is known by the nickname "Mahakavi" ("The Great Poet").<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress Veteran reenacts Bharathis escape to Pondy|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Congress-veteran-re-enacts-Bharatis-escape-to-Pondy/articleshow/53879675.cms|access-date=29 January 2021|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402032748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/congress-veteran-re-enacts-bharatis-escape-to-pondy/articleshow/53879675.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Bharathi used simple words and rhythms, unlike the previous century works in Tamil, which had complex vocabulary. He also proposed novel ideas and techniques in his poems. He used a [[Metre (poetry)|metre]] called ''Nondi Chindu'' in most of his works, which was earlier used by Gopalakrisnha Bharathiar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA379|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=379|editor=George, K.M.|year=1992|location=New Delhi|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174507/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA379#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Bharathi's poetry expressed | Bharathi's poetry expressed progressive and reformist ideals. His poetry was a forerunner to modern Tamil poetry in different aspects and combined classical and contemporary elements. He penned thousands of verses on diverse topics like Indian Nationalism, love, children, nature, glory of the Tamil language, and odes to prominent freedom fighters. He fought for the [[emancipation of women]], against [[child marriage]], vehemently opposed the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], and stood for reforming society and religion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Knowing Subramania Bharati beyond his turban colour|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/knowing-subramania-bharati-beyond-his-turban-colour/cid/1691909|access-date=1 June 2020|work=Telegraph India|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226214328/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/knowing-subramania-bharati-beyond-his-turban-colour/cid/1691909|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raman|first=Aroon|date=21 December 2009|title=All too human at the core|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/All-too-human-at-the-core/article16854491.ece|access-date=11 December 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210213417/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/All-too-human-at-the-core/article16854491.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His poems were the first to be nationalized in India in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bharathi-the-first-poet-whose-works-were-nationalised/article7490803.ece|title=Bharathi, the first poet whose works were nationalised|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 August 2015|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> | ||
He | His works include ''[[Panjali Sabatham]]'', ''Kannan Paatu'', ''Kuyil Paatu'', ''Paapa Paatu'', ''Chinnanchriu Kiliye'' and ''Vinayagar Nanmanimalai''. He also translated [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Yoga Sutra]]'' and ''[[Bhagavat Gita]]'' to Tamil.<ref name="life"/> Apart from this he also wrote various patriotic songs, religious verses, short stories and translations of speeches of reformist leaders.<ref name="Lal"/> | ||
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== Legacy == | |||
[[File:EttayapuramBharathiHouse.png|thumb|Bharathi's house in [[Ettayapuram]]]] | |||
The last years of his life were spent in a house in [[Triplicane|Thiruvallikeni]] in Chennai. The house was bought and renovated by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in 1993 and named "Bharathi Illam" (Home of Bharathi).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QITEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bha%E2%88%92rathi+Illam&pg=PT60|title=A Madras Mystery|author=Rangarajan|date=11 January 2021|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-637-14757-3|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903201957/https://books.google.com/books?id=5QITEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bha%E2%88%92rathi+Illam&pg=PT60|url-status=live}}</ref> The house in which he was born in Ettayapuram and the house where he lived in Puducherry are maintained as memorial houses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://art.py.gov.in/mahakavi-bharathiyar-museum|title=Mahakavi Bharatiyar museum|publisher=Government of Puducherry|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716172741/https://art.py.gov.in/mahakavi-bharathiyar-museum|url-status=live}}</ref> A statue of Bharathi, a memorial complex and a photo exhibition related to his life history are on display at Etayapuram, his birthplace.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://tnrajbhavantour.tn.gov.in/tnrb-website-archive/PressReleases/2021/PR131221-1.pdf|title=Hon'ble Governor of Tamil Nadu Thiru. R.N.Ravi, visited Mahakavi Subrmania Bharathiyar Memorial and Bharathiyar's house at Ettayapuram today|publisher=[[Raj Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan]]|date=13 February 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607160925/https://tnrajbhavantour.tn.gov.in/tnrb-website-archive/PressReleases/2021/PR131221-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
{| | In 1960, [[India Post]] issued a commemorative stamp on Bharati.<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's who on Indian Stamps|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|author=Sushma Suresh|page=47}}</ref> The [[Subramanyam Bharti Award]] was constituted in 1987 to award contributions to literature. The award is conferred annually by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://alumni.iiit.ac.in/newsroom/news/Prof-Nand-Kishore-Acharya-Presented-Prestigious-Literary-Award-Maharana-Kumbha-Samman-2012|title=Prof. Nand Kishore Acharya Presented Prestigious Literary Award Maharana Kumbha Samman 2012|date=1 February 2012|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]]}}</ref> In 2021, Government of Tamil Nadu instituted a yearly "Bharati young poet Award".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-poets-death-anniversary-declared-as-mahakavi-day-in-tamil-nadu-2536735|title=Poet Subramania Bharati's Death Anniversary Declared As "Mahakavi" Day In Tamil Nadu|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607160924/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-poets-death-anniversary-declared-as-mahakavi-day-in-tamil-nadu-2536735|url-status=live}}</ref> Statutes of Bharathi include the [[Indian Parliament]] and [[Marina Beach]] facade in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/our%20parliament/List%20of%20Statues%20and%20Portraits.htm|title=Portraits and statues in Parliament of India|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326224149/https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/our%20parliament/List%20of%20Statues%20and%20Portraits.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Roads are named after him include Bharathiar road in Coimbatore and Subramaniam Bharti Marg in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Free-helmet-distribution-disrupts-vehicle-movement-on-crucial-traffic-island/articleshow/49237568.cms|title=Free helmet distribution|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2015|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810213838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Free-helmet-distribution-disrupts-vehicle-movement-on-crucial-traffic-island/articleshow/49237568.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/drunk-car-driver-rams-53-year-old-traffic-cop-fractures-his-leg/|title=Subramaniam Bharti Marg|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 October 2015|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006051648/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/drunk-car-driver-rams-53-year-old-traffic-cop-fractures-his-leg/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several educational institutions are named after him including [[Bharathiar University]], a [[State university (India)|state university]], which was established in 1982 at [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Universities, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&pg=PA114|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2006|last1=Gupta|first1=Ameeta |last2=Kumar|first2=Ashish |isbn=978-8-126-90607-9|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Activities: School|url=http://www.sevalaya.org/activities/|publisher=Sevalaya|access-date=23 December 2013|archive-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205093155/http://www.sevalaya.org/activities/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 September 2021, on the 100th death anniversary of Bharati, then Indian [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced the establishment of a Subramania Bharathi chair of Tamil Studies at the [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-announces-chair-at-bhu-in-honour-of-tamil-poet-subramania-bharati-101631345149470.html|title=PM Modi announces chair at BHU in honor of Tamil poet Subramania Bharti|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/tamilnadu/tamil-seat-in-banaras-hindu-university-in-the-name-of-bharati-says-prime-minister-modi|title=Tamil seat in Banaras Hindu university in the name of Bharti says prime minister Modi|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/pm-announces-subramania-bharati-chair-on-tamil-studies-at-bhu-know-who-mahakavi-bharati-4191263.html|title=PM announces Subramania Bharti chair on Tamil studies at BHU|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[News 18]]}}</ref> | ||
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Bharathi | == In popular culture == | ||
A [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] titled ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' was made in the year 2000 on the life of the poet by [[Gnana Rajasekaran]], which won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news|title=SA women 'swoon' over Sanjay|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-177276773.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610170958/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-177276773.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2014|date=30 March 2008|access-date=30 November 2013|work=Sunday Tribune|location=South Africa}}</ref> The movie ''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]'' based on the life of V. O. Chidambaram Pillai also chronicles the life of Bharathi. The [[Musical ensemble|musical duo]] [[Hiphop Tamizha]] use a caricature of Bharati as a part of their [[logo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guindytimes.com/articles/english-pesnalum-tamizhan-da-a-hip-hop-tamizha-exclusive|title=English Pesnalum Tamizhan Da – A Hip Hop Tamizha Exclusive|last=Akshaya Raju|date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128051344/http://www.guindytimes.com/articles/english-pesnalum-tamizhan-da-a-hip-hop-tamizha-exclusive|archive-date=28 November 2014|access-date=28 November 2014|newspaper=Guindy Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/kollywood-gets-a-new-music-director-164016.html|title=Kollywood Gets A New Music Director!|last=Avinash Gopinath|date=11 November 2014|work=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=23 November 2014|archive-date=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121104510/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/kollywood-gets-a-new-music-director-164016.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the poems written by Bharati are used in various films in the form of songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/08/07/filmy-ripples-mahakavi-bharathiyars-works-in-tamil-film-music/|title=Filmy Ripples – Mahakavi Bharathiyar's works in Tamil Film Music|date=7 August 2017|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223171426/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/08/07/filmy-ripples-mahakavi-bharathiyars-works-in-tamil-film-music/|url-status=live}}</ref> Phrases or lines from his poems are also used as film titles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ner-konda-paarvai-subramania-bharatis-line-poem-becomes-title-ajith-starrer-793206|title=Ner Konda Paarvai : Subramania Bharati's line from a poem becomes the title of Ajith-starrer|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 March 2019|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191050/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ner-konda-paarvai-subramania-bharatis-line-poem-becomes-title-ajith-starrer-793206|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/bharathi-references-in-tamil-cinema|title=Bharathi references in Tami cinema|work=[[Vikatan]]|date=11 December 2019 |access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=15 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315113426/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/bharathi-references-in-tamil-cinema|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[wikisource:ta:ஆசிரியர்:பாரதியார்|Subramaniya Bharathi's works at Wikisource Tamil]] | |||
== Notes == | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
== | |||
{ | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist | {{Reflist}} | ||
}} | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
*{{cite book|title=Fire In The Soul: The Life And Times of Subramania Bharati |oclc=339 }} | *{{cite book|title=Fire In The Soul: The Life And Times of Subramania Bharati|oclc=339 }} | ||
* [http://www.cssscal.org/pdf/Annual_report_2015-16.pdf “Subramania Barati and Tamil Modernism”] | * [http://www.cssscal.org/pdf/Annual_report_2015-16.pdf “Subramania Barati and Tamil Modernism”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912063302/https://www.cssscal.org/pdf/Annual_report_2015-16.pdf|date=12 September 2021 }} | ||
* [https://www.academia.edu/38522940/ACLA_2019_-_Fictionalizing_an_Untold_History_The_Recent_Cases_of_Mexico_and_Italy_ "Fictionalizing an Untold History"] | * [https://www.academia.edu/38522940/ACLA_2019_-_Fictionalizing_an_Untold_History_The_Recent_Cases_of_Mexico_and_Italy_ "Fictionalizing an Untold History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926044848/https://www.academia.edu/38522940/ACLA_2019_-_Fictionalizing_an_Untold_History_The_Recent_Cases_of_Mexico_and_Italy_|date=26 September 2019 }} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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{{Commons category|Subramanya Bharathi}} | {{Commons category|Subramanya Bharathi}} | ||
{{Wikisource|ta:ஆசிரியர்:பாரதியார்| | |||
{{Wikiquote}} | {{wikiquote|Subramanya Bharathi}} | ||
* [ | |||
* [http://www.mahakavibharathiyar.info | {{Wikisource|ta:ஆசிரியர்:பாரதியார்|சுப்பிரமணிய பாரதி}} | ||
* [https://dheivegam.com/bharathiyar- | |||
{{Wikiquote|ta:சுப்பிரமணிய பாரதியார்|சுப்பிரமணிய பாரதி}} | |||
* {{Librivox author |id=8754}} | * [https://www.projectmadurai.org/index.html Works by Bharathi at the open access repository: Project Madurai] | ||
* Long list of [http://www.mahakavibharathiyar.info/b_paadalgal.htm works by Bharathi] on the left side menu, some songs have audio files | |||
* [https://dheivegam.com/tamil-kavithaigal/bharathiyar-kavithaigal/ Songs by Mahakavi Bharathiyar] | |||
* {{Librivox author|id=8754}} | |||
{{Indian independence movement}} | {{Indian independence movement}} | ||
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[[Category:Indian autobiographers]] | [[Category:Indian autobiographers]] | ||
[[Category:Indian male poets]] | [[Category:Indian male poets]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Deaths due to elephant attacks]] | ||
[[Category:Indian social reformers]] | [[Category:Indian social reformers]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:43, 29 March 2026
Subramania Bharati | |
|---|---|
 Subramania Bharati | |
| Born | 11 December 1882 Ettayapuram, Tirunelveli district, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, India) |
| Died | 11 September 1921 (aged 38) |
| Other names | Bharatiyar, Subbaiah, Sakthi Dasan, Mahakavi, Mundasu Kavignar, Veera Kavi |
| Citizenship | Indian |
| Occupation | |
| Movement | Indian independence movement |
| Spouse(s) | Chellamma (m. 1896–1921) |
| Children | 2 |
| Family | Rajkumar Bharathi (great-grandson) |
| Signature | |
 | |
Subramania Bharati[lower-alpha 1] (Born Chinnaswami Subramaniyan; 11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921) was an Indian writer, poet, composer, journalist, teacher, Indian independence activist, social reformer and polyglot. He was bestowed the title Bharati for his poetry and was a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry. He is popularly known by his title Bharati or Bharathiyar and also by the other title "Mahakavi Bharati" ("the great poet Bharati"). His works included patriotic songs composed during the Indian Independence movement. He fought for the [[emancipation of women], and advocated reforms of the society and religion.
Born in Ettayapuram of Tirunelveli district (present-day Thoothukudi) in 1882, Bharati had his early education in Tirunelveli. He later lived in Varanasi for sometime where he was exposed to Hindu theology and new languages. He worked as a journalist with many newspapers, including Swadesamitran, The Hindu, Bala Bharata, Vijaya, Chakravarthini and India. He considered Sister Nivedita, a disciple of Swami Vivekananda, as his guru.
In 1908, the British Government issued an arrest warrant for Bharathi which pushed him to live in exile in the French-controlled Pondicherry for about ten years until 1918. He was attacked by an Indian elephant at Thiruvallikeni Parthasarathy Temple whom he fed daily and died a few months later on 11 September 1921.
Bharthi was well-versed in several languages and had a passion for Tamil. His works covered political, social and spiritual themes. Songs and poems composed by Bharthi are used in Tamil literature, music and daily life. His works include Panjali Sabatham, Kannan Paatu, Kuyil Paatu, Paapa Paatu, Chinnanchriu Kiliye, Vinayagar Nanmanimalai and Tamil translations of Patanjali's Yoga Sutra and Bhagavat Gita. Bharathi was the first poet whose literature was nationalized in 1949.
Early life[edit | edit source]
Subramaniyan was born on 11 December 1882 in a Tamil Brahmin Iyer family in the town of Ettayapuram in Tirunelveli district, Madras Presidency (present day Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu) to Chinnaswami Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal. He was called as Subbaiah by his parents.[1][2] His mother died in 1887 when he was five years old and he was brought up by his father and his grandmother.[1][3]
Subramaniyan's father wanted him to learn English and Maths and become an engineer.[4] From a young age, Subramaniyan was inclined towards music and poetry. At the age of 11, he was given the title of "Bharathi" (meaning blessed by the goddess of learning Saraswati) for his excellence in poetry. In 1897, at the age of 15, he married Chellamma, who was then seven years old. His father died when he was sixteen.[3] After the death of his father, he wrote a letter to the Raja of Ettayapuram, requesting for financial assistance. He was granted a job in the court of Ettayapuram, which he left after a while and went to Varanasi. During his stay in Varanasi, he was exposed to Hindu spirituality and nationalism and learned new languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi and English. He also changed his outward appearance, growing a beard and started wearing a turban.[1]
Literary life and independence activism[edit | edit source]
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Bharathi returned to Ettayapuram during 1901 and served as the chief court poet of the Raja of Ettayapuram. He served as a Tamil teacher from August to November 1904 in Sethupathy High School in Madurai.[4] During this period, Bharathi understood the need to be well-informed of the world outside and took interest in the world of journalism and the print media. In the same year, Bharathi joined as an assistant editor at Swadesamitran, a Tamil daily.[1] In December 1905, he attended a session of Indian National Congress in Varanasi. On his journey back home, he met Sister Nivedita, who was Swami Vivekananda's spiritual heir. She inspired Bharathi to recognize the rights and privilege of women.[1] Bharathi considered her as an embodiment of Hindu goddess Shakti and considered Nivedita as his Guru. He later attended the Indian National Congress session in Calcutta held under Dadabhai Naoroji, which demanded Swaraj and boycott of British goods.[4]
By April 1907, he started editing the Tamil weekly India and the English newspaper Bala Bharatham along with M.P.T. Acharya.[1] These newspapers served as a means of expressing Bharathi's creativity and he continued to write poems in these editions. His writings included diverse topics ranging from nationalism to contemplations on the relationship between God and Man. He also wrote on the Russian and French Revolutions.[5]
Bharathi participated in the Indian National Congress meeting held in Surat in 1907 along with V.O. Chidambaram Pillai and Mandayam Srinivachariar.[1] The meeting deepened the divisions within the Congress with a section preferring armed resistance. This section was primarily led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, which was supported by Bharathi, Chidambaram Pillai and Varathachariyar.[4] In 1908, the British instituted a case against Chidambaram Pillai. In the same year, the proprietor of the journal India in which Bharathi was writing, was arrested in Madras.[1] Faced with the prospect of an imminent arrest, Bharathi escaped to Pondicherry, which was under the French rule.[6][7]
In Pondicherry, Bharathi edited and published the weekly journal India, a Tamil daily Vijaya, an English monthly Bala Bharatham and a local weekly Suryodayam. The British tried to ban Bharathi's publications and the newspapers India and Vijaya were banned in British India in 1909.[4] During his exile, Bharathi had the opportunity to meet other revolutionary leaders of the Indian Independence movement like Aurobindo, Lajpat Rai and V. V. Subrahmanya Iyer, who had also sought asylum under the French. Bharathi assisted Aurobindo in publishing the journals Arya and Karma Yogi.[5] He also started learning Vedic literature. Three of his greatest works namely, Kuyil Pattu, Panjali Sabatham and Kannan Pattu were composed during 1912. He also translated Vedic hymns, Patanjali's Yoga Sutra and Bhagavat Gita to Tamil language.[4]
When Bharathi entered the British India near Cuddalore in November 1918, he was arrested.[1] He was imprisoned in the Central prison in Cuddalore for three weeks from 20 November to 14 December. He was released after the intervention of Annie Besant and C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar. He was stricken by poverty and ill health during this period. In the following year, Bharathi met Gandhi for the first time. He resumed editing Swadesamitran in 1920 from Madras.[8]
Death[edit | edit source]
Bharathi was badly affected by the imprisonments and struggled from ill health. In 1920, a general amnesty was issued which finally removed restrictions on his movements. He delivered his last speech at Karungalpalayam Library in Erode on the topic Man is Immortal.[9] He was struck by a temple elephant named Lavanya at the Thiruvallikeni Parthasarathy Temple whom he used to feed often. When he fed a coconut to the elephant, the elephant attacked him. Although he survived the incident, his health deteriorated. A few months later, he died in the early morning on 11 September 1921. Though Bharathi was considered a great poet and nationalist, it was recorded that only 14 people attended his funeral.[1]
Literary work[edit | edit source]
Bharathi was one of the pioneers of modern Tamil literature.[10] He is known by the nickname "Mahakavi" ("The Great Poet").[11] Bharathi used simple words and rhythms, unlike the previous century works in Tamil, which had complex vocabulary. He also proposed novel ideas and techniques in his poems. He used a metre called Nondi Chindu in most of his works, which was earlier used by Gopalakrisnha Bharathiar.[12]
Bharathi's poetry expressed progressive and reformist ideals. His poetry was a forerunner to modern Tamil poetry in different aspects and combined classical and contemporary elements. He penned thousands of verses on diverse topics like Indian Nationalism, love, children, nature, glory of the Tamil language, and odes to prominent freedom fighters. He fought for the emancipation of women, against child marriage, vehemently opposed the caste system, and stood for reforming society and religion.[13][14] His poems were the first to be nationalized in India in 1949.[15]
His works include Panjali Sabatham, Kannan Paatu, Kuyil Paatu, Paapa Paatu, Chinnanchriu Kiliye and Vinayagar Nanmanimalai. He also translated Patanjali's Yoga Sutra and Bhagavat Gita to Tamil.[4] Apart from this he also wrote various patriotic songs, religious verses, short stories and translations of speeches of reformist leaders.[8]
Legacy[edit | edit source]
The last years of his life were spent in a house in Thiruvallikeni in Chennai. The house was bought and renovated by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1993 and named "Bharathi Illam" (Home of Bharathi).[16] The house in which he was born in Ettayapuram and the house where he lived in Puducherry are maintained as memorial houses.[17] A statue of Bharathi, a memorial complex and a photo exhibition related to his life history are on display at Etayapuram, his birthplace.[18]
In 1960, India Post issued a commemorative stamp on Bharati.[19] The Subramanyam Bharti Award was constituted in 1987 to award contributions to literature. The award is conferred annually by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of Government of India.[20] In 2021, Government of Tamil Nadu instituted a yearly "Bharati young poet Award".[21] Statutes of Bharathi include the Indian Parliament and Marina Beach facade in Chennai.[22] Roads are named after him include Bharathiar road in Coimbatore and Subramaniam Bharti Marg in New Delhi.[23][24] Several educational institutions are named after him including Bharathiar University, a state university, which was established in 1982 at Coimbatore.[25][26] On 11 September 2021, on the 100th death anniversary of Bharati, then Indian prime minister Narendra Modi announced the establishment of a Subramania Bharathi chair of Tamil Studies at the Banaras Hindu University.[27][28][29]
In popular culture[edit | edit source]
A Tamil film titled Bharathi was made in the year 2000 on the life of the poet by Gnana Rajasekaran, which won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil.[30] The movie Kappalottiya Thamizhan based on the life of V. O. Chidambaram Pillai also chronicles the life of Bharathi. The musical duo Hiphop Tamizha use a caricature of Bharati as a part of their logo.[31][32] Many of the poems written by Bharati are used in various films in the form of songs.[33] Phrases or lines from his poems are also used as film titles.[34][35]
See also[edit | edit source]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Birth name: Chinnaswami Subramaniyan, person's given name is Subramaniyan and father's given name is Chinnaswami. C. Subramaniyan by the prevalent patronymic initials as prefix naming system in Tamil Nadu and it is Subramaniyan Chinnaswami by the patronymic suffix naming system. Bharathi is a conferred title meaning blessed by the goddess of learning. His name became C. Subramania Bharathi and he is also widely known mononymously as Bharathi. In this article, the subject is referred to using his title Bharathi because the subject is generally mentioned by his title.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Kasi Viswanathan, Muralidharan. "In Memory of Bharathi". BBC Tamil (in தமிழ்). Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ↑ Tamil Nadu State Thoothukudi District · Volume 1. Government of Tamil Nadu. 2007. p. 168.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Subramanya Bharathi biography". Tamil Virtual University. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Bharati, Subramania; Rajagopalan, Usha (2013). Panchali's Pledge. Hachette UK. p. 1. ISBN 978-9-350-09530-0. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Indian Literature: An Introduction. Pearson Education India. 2005. pp. 125–126. ISBN 9788131705209. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ↑ "On the streets where Bharati walked". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ↑ "Bharati's Tamil daily Vijaya traced in Paris". The Hindu. 5 December 2004. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 4191–3. ISBN 978-8-126-01221-3.
- ↑ "Last speech delivered in Erode". The Hindu. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ↑ Annamalai, E. (1968). "Changing society and modern Tamil literature". Tamil Issue. 4 (3/4): 21–36. JSTOR 40874190.(subscription required)
- ↑ "Congress Veteran reenacts Bharathis escape to Pondy". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
- ↑ George, K.M., ed. (1992). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 379. ISBN 978-81-7201-324-0. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
- ↑ "Knowing Subramania Bharati beyond his turban colour". Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ↑ Raman, Aroon (21 December 2009). "All too human at the core". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ↑ "Bharathi, the first poet whose works were nationalised". The Hindu. 2 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
- ↑ Rangarajan (11 January 2021). A Madras Mystery. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-637-14757-3. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ↑ "Mahakavi Bharatiyar museum". Government of Puducherry. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "Hon'ble Governor of Tamil Nadu Thiru. R.N.Ravi, visited Mahakavi Subrmania Bharathiyar Memorial and Bharathiyar's house at Ettayapuram today" (PDF) (Press release). Raj Bhavan. 13 February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ Sushma Suresh (1999). Who's who on Indian Stamps. University of Michigan. p. 47.
- ↑ "Prof. Nand Kishore Acharya Presented Prestigious Literary Award Maharana Kumbha Samman 2012". Indian Institutes of Information Technology. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "Poet Subramania Bharati's Death Anniversary Declared As "Mahakavi" Day In Tamil Nadu". NDTV. 11 September 2021. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "Portraits and statues in Parliament of India". Parliament of India. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "Free helmet distribution". The Times of India. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
- ↑ "Subramaniam Bharti Marg". The Indian Express. 3 October 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
- ↑ Gupta, Ameeta; Kumar, Ashish (2006). Handbook of Universities, Volume 1. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 14. ISBN 978-8-126-90607-9.
- ↑ "Activities: School". Sevalaya. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- ↑ "PM Modi announces chair at BHU in honor of Tamil poet Subramania Bharti". The Hindustan Times. 11 September 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "Tamil seat in Banaras Hindu university in the name of Bharti says prime minister Modi". Puthiya Thalaimurai. 11 September 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "PM announces Subramania Bharti chair on Tamil studies at BHU". News 18. 11 September 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ↑ "SA women 'swoon' over Sanjay". Sunday Tribune. South Africa. 30 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ↑ Akshaya Raju (16 October 2014). "English Pesnalum Tamizhan Da – A Hip Hop Tamizha Exclusive". Guindy Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- ↑ Avinash Gopinath (11 November 2014). "Kollywood Gets A New Music Director!". Oneindia.in. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ "Filmy Ripples – Mahakavi Bharathiyar's works in Tamil Film Music". 7 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
- ↑ "Ner Konda Paarvai : Subramania Bharati's line from a poem becomes the title of Ajith-starrer". International Business Times. 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
- ↑ "Bharathi references in Tami cinema". Vikatan. 11 December 2019. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Fire In The Soul: The Life And Times of Subramania Bharati. OCLC 339.
- “Subramania Barati and Tamil Modernism” Archived 12 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- "Fictionalizing an Untold History" Archived 26 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
External links[edit | edit source]
- Works by Bharathi at the open access repository: Project Madurai
- Long list of works by Bharathi on the left side menu, some songs have audio files
- Songs by Mahakavi Bharathiyar
- Works by Subramania Bharati at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
