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{{short description|Lower house of the British Indian Imperial Legislative Council (1919–1947)}} | |||
{{For|the body based in Nairobi|East Africa Central Legislative Assembly}} | {{For|the body based in Nairobi|East Africa Central Legislative Assembly}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}} | ||
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| transcription_name = | | transcription_name = | ||
| legislature = '''[[Imperial Legislative Council]]''' | | legislature = '''[[Imperial Legislative Council]]''' | ||
| coa_pic = [[File:Star | | coa_pic = [[File:Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg|120px|upright|Star of India]]<br />[[Star of India (flag)#Emblem|Star of India]] | ||
| coa_res = | | coa_res = | ||
| coa_alt = | | coa_alt = | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
| disbanded = 14 August 1947 | | disbanded = 14 August 1947 | ||
| succeeded_by = [[Constituent Assembly of India]] | | succeeded_by = [[Constituent Assembly of India]] | ||
| house_type = [[Lower | | house_type = [[Lower house]] of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] | ||
| body = | | body = | ||
| houses = | | houses = | ||
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| election3 = | | election3 = | ||
| leader4_type = President | | leader4_type = President | ||
| leader4 = [[Frederick Whyte|Sir Frederick Whyte]] | | leader4 = [[Frederick Whyte|Sir Frederick Whyte]] (first)<br />[[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]] (last) | ||
| party4 = | | party4 = | ||
| election4 = | | election4 = | ||
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| party6 = | | party6 = | ||
| election6 = | | election6 = | ||
| members = | | members = 145 | ||
| house1 = | | house1 = | ||
| house2 = | | house2 = | ||
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| committees2 = | | committees2 = | ||
| joint_committees = | | joint_committees = | ||
| voting_system1 = [[First | | voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]] | ||
| voting_system2 = | | voting_system2 = | ||
| first_election1 = | | first_election1 = | ||
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| previous_election1 = | | previous_election1 = | ||
| previous_election2 = | | previous_election2 = | ||
| session_room = | | session_room = Chamber of the House of the People.jpg | ||
| session_res = | | session_res = | ||
| session_alt = | | session_alt = | ||
| meeting_place = [[ | | meeting_place = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Assembly chamber, Council House]], [[Raisina Hill]], [[New Delhi]] | ||
| motto = ''Heaven's Light Our Guide'' | | motto = ''Heaven's Light Our Guide'' | ||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Central Legislative Assembly''' was the [[lower house]] of the | The '''Central Legislative Assembly''' was the [[lower house]] of the Indian Legislature, the [[legislature]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. It was created by the [[Government of India Act 1919]], implementing the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]]. It was also sometimes called the '''Indian Legislative Assembly''' and the '''Imperial Legislative Assembly'''. The [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] was the upper house of the legislature for India. | ||
As a result of [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 14 August 1947 and its place taken by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. | As a result of [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 14 August 1947 and its place taken by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] including [[East Bengal]] (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]). | ||
==Composition== | ==Composition== | ||
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The Assembly had 145 members who were either nominated or indirectly elected from the provinces.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Indian Statutory Commission|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s27LPaLi1jYC}}</ref> | The Assembly had 145 members who were either nominated or indirectly elected from the provinces.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Indian Statutory Commission|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s27LPaLi1jYC}}</ref> | ||
The Legislative Assembly had no members from the [[princely states]], as they were not part of British India. On 23 December 1919, when [[George V|King-Emperor George V]] gave royal assent to the Government of India Act 1919, he also made a proclamation which created the [[Chamber of Princes]], to provide a forum for the states to use to debate national questions and make their collective views known to the Government of India.<ref>V. D. Mahajan, ''Modern Indian History'' (New Delhi: Chand Publishing, 2020), p. 584</ref> | |||
===Nominated members=== | ===Nominated members=== | ||
The nominated members were officials or non-officials and nominated by the Government of India and the provinces | The nominated members were officials or non-officials and nominated by the Government of India and the provinces. | ||
====Officials==== | ====Officials==== | ||
There were a total of 26 nominated officials out of which 14 were nominated by the Government of India from the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]], [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] and from the Secretariat. The other 12 came from the provinces. Madras, Bombay and Bengal nominated two officials while United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar & Orissa, Central Provinces, Assam and Burma nominated one each.{{ | There were a total of 26 nominated officials out of which 14 were nominated by the Government of India from the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]], [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] and from the Secretariat. The other 12 came from the provinces. Madras, Bombay and Bengal nominated two officials while United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar & Orissa, Central Provinces, Assam and Burma nominated one each.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} | ||
====Non-officials==== | ====Non-officials==== | ||
There were a total of 15 nominated non-officials out of which 5 were nominated by the Government of India representing five special interests namely [[Associated Chambers of Commerce]], [[Indian Christians]], Labour interests, [[Anglo-Indian]]s and the Depressed Classes. The other 10 non-officials were nominated from the provinces namely two from Bengal, United Provinces and Punjab and one each from Bombay, Bihar & Orissa, Berar and the North West Frontier Province.{{ | There were a total of 15 nominated non-officials out of which 5 were nominated by the Government of India representing five special interests namely [[Associated Chambers of Commerce]], [[Indian Christians]], Labour interests, [[Anglo-Indian]]s and the Depressed Classes. The other 10 non-officials were nominated from the provinces namely two from Bengal, United Provinces and Punjab and one each from Bombay, Bihar & Orissa, Berar and the North West Frontier Province.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} | ||
===Elected members=== | ===Elected members=== | ||
Initially, of its 142 members, 101 were elected and 41 were nominated. Of the 101 elected members, 52 came from general constituencies, 29 were elected by [[Muslim]]s, 2 by [[Sikh]]s, 7 by Europeans, 7 by landlords, and 4 by business men.<ref>Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara, ''Dalit Movement in India and its Leaders, 1857–1956'', M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg | Initially, of its 142 members, 101 were elected and 41 were nominated. Of the 101 elected members, 52 came from general constituencies, 29 were elected by [[Muslim]]s, 2 by [[Sikh]]s, 7 by Europeans, 7 by landlords, and 4 by business men.<ref>Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara, ''Dalit Movement in India and its Leaders, 1857–1956'', M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA142 p. 142]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110|title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> Later, one seat each was added for Delhi, [[Ajmer-Merwara]] and the North West Frontier Province.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} | ||
The constituencies were divided as follows:<ref name=GOIAct1919>{{cite book|last=Mira|first=H. N.|title=The Govt Of India Act 1919 Rules Thereunder And Govt Reports 1920|url=https://archive.org/details/govtofindiaact19029669mbp}}</ref> | The constituencies were divided as follows:<ref name=GOIAct1919>{{cite book|last=Mira|first=H. N.|title=The Govt Of India Act 1919 Rules Thereunder And Govt Reports 1920|year=1921|publisher=N.N.Mitter Annual Register Office.|url=https://archive.org/details/govtofindiaact19029669mbp}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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==Inauguration== | ==Inauguration== | ||
The Central Legislative Assembly met in the Council Hall and later to the Viceregal Lodge in Old Delhi both of which are now located in Delhi University.<ref>{{cite book|title=Role of Press and Indian Freedom Struggle|last=Iyengar|first=A. S.|year=2001|page=26|isbn=9788176482561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDpBQhBlcC}}</ref><ref>http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/du-plans-heritage-tour-light-and-sound-show-at-viceregal-lodge/1017254/</ref> A new "Council House" was conceived in 1919 as the seat of the future Legislative Assembly, the Council of State, and the [[Chamber of Princes]]. The foundation stone was laid on 12 February 1921 and the building was opened on 18 January 1927 by [[ | The Central Legislative Assembly met in the Council Hall and later to the Viceregal Lodge in Old Delhi both of which are now located in Delhi University.<ref>{{cite book|title=Role of Press and Indian Freedom Struggle|last=Iyengar|first=A. S.|year=2001|page=26|publisher=APH |isbn=9788176482561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDpBQhBlcC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/du-plans-heritage-tour-light-and-sound-show-at-viceregal-lodge/1017254/|title = DU plans heritage tour, light and sound show at Viceregal Lodge - Indian Express}}</ref> A new "Council House" was conceived in 1919 as the seat of the future Legislative Assembly, the Council of State, and the [[Chamber of Princes]]. The foundation stone was laid on 12 February 1921 and the building was opened on 18 January 1927 by [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General]]. The Council House later changed its name to Parliament House, or ''[[Sansad Bhavan]]'', and was the home of the [[Parliament of India]] until 19 September 2023, having been converted into a museum.<ref>John F. Riddick (2006) ''The History of British India: a Chronology'', Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 181</ref><ref>[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/photo/archival.htm Archival Photos of Parliament House] at rajyasabha.nic.in</ref> | ||
The Assembly, the Council of State, and the Chamber of Princes were officially opened in 1921 by [[George V | The Assembly, the Council of State, and the Chamber of Princes were officially opened in 1921 by [[George V|King George V's]] uncle, the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]]<ref>''Arthur, Prince, first duke of Connaught and Strathearn'' in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)</ref> | ||
==Elections== | ==Elections== | ||
The first elections to the new legislatures took place in November 1920 and proved to be the first significant contest between the Moderates and the [[Non-cooperation movement]], whose aim was for the elections to fail. The Non-cooperators were at least partly successful in this, as out of almost a million electors for the Assembly, only some 182,000 voted.<ref>John Coatman, ''India, the Road to Self-Government'' (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1942) [https://archive.org/stream/indiatheroadtose035065mbp/indiatheroadtose035065mbp_djvu.txt full text online]</ref> | The first elections to the new legislatures took place in November 1920 and proved to be the first significant contest between the Moderates and the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]], whose aim was for the elections to fail. The Non-cooperators were at least partly successful in this, as out of almost a million electors for the Assembly, only some 182,000 voted.<ref>John Coatman, ''India, the Road to Self-Government'' (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1942) [https://archive.org/stream/indiatheroadtose035065mbp/indiatheroadtose035065mbp_djvu.txt full text online]</ref> | ||
{{main|1920 Indian general election}} | {{main|1920 Indian general election}} | ||
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==Important events== | ==Important events== | ||
*In March 1926, [[Motilal Nehru]] demanded a representative conference to draft a constitution conferring full [[Dominion]] status on India, to be enacted by the parliament. When this demand was rejected by the Assembly, Nehru and his colleagues walked out of the house.<ref name="Nehru"> | *In March 1926, [[Motilal Nehru]] demanded a representative conference to draft a constitution conferring full [[Dominion]] status on India, to be enacted by the parliament. When this demand was rejected by the Assembly, Nehru and his colleagues walked out of the house.<ref name="Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru, ''Jawaharlal Nehru: an autobiography, with musings on recent events in India'' (1936)</ref> | ||
*On 8 April 1929, the Indian revolutionaries [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] threw a bomb into the corridors of the Assembly in order to show their discontent and frustration against the British government's decision to enact the Trade Disputes Bill and the Public Safety Bill. The bomb explosion was followed by a shower of leaflets citing their reasons and ideology behind the act and few gunshots in the air, shouting "''Inquilab Zindabad!''" ("Long Live the Revolution!"). A few members were injured such as [[George Ernest Schuster]] (the finance member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]), [[Ardeshir Dalal|Sir Bomanji A. Dalal]], [[P. Raghavendra Rau]], Shankar Rao and S. N. Roy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombs Thrown into Assembly|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vf0YIhSwahgC&dat=19290408&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=29 August 2013|newspaper=Evening Tribune|date=8 April 1930}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51537786 |title=TWO BOMBS THROWN. |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)|The Examiner]] |location=Launceston, Tasmania |date=10 April 1929 |access-date=29 August 2013 |page=4|edition=DAILY|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The revolutionaries surrendered themselves and the weapon without any resistance as per plan instead of escaping. On 12 June 1929 they were sentenced to [[Penal transportation]] for the bombing, having defended the case themselves.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-3-2004_pg7_9 Bhagat Singh remembered – Daily Times of Pakistan]</ref> | *On 8 April 1929, the Indian revolutionaries [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] threw a bomb into the corridors of the Assembly in order to show their discontent and frustration against the British government's decision to enact the Trade Disputes Bill and the Public Safety Bill. The bomb explosion was followed by a shower of leaflets citing their reasons and ideology behind the act and few gunshots in the air, shouting "''Inquilab Zindabad!''" ("Long Live the Revolution!"). A few members were injured such as [[George Ernest Schuster]] (the finance member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]), [[Ardeshir Dalal|Sir Bomanji A. Dalal]], [[P. Raghavendra Rau]], Shankar Rao and S. N. Roy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombs Thrown into Assembly|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vf0YIhSwahgC&dat=19290408&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=29 August 2013|newspaper=Evening Tribune|date=8 April 1930}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51537786 |title=TWO BOMBS THROWN. |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)|The Examiner]] |location=Launceston, Tasmania |date=10 April 1929 |access-date=29 August 2013 |page=4|edition=DAILY|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The revolutionaries surrendered themselves and the weapon without any resistance as per plan instead of escaping. On 12 June 1929 they were sentenced to [[Penal transportation]] for the bombing, having defended the case themselves.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-3-2004_pg7_9 Bhagat Singh remembered – Daily Times of Pakistan]</ref> | ||
*Due to the return of the Congress in 1934 as the main opposition, there was a sharp increase in the number of government defeats in the Assembly. In a [[British House of Commons]] debate on 4 April 1935, the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]], stated that "The number of divisions in the Legislative Assembly since the recent elections and up to the 25th March in which Government have been successful is five. The number of adverse divisions in the same period is seventeen." [[Henry Page Croft, 1st Baron Croft|Henry Page Croft]] then asked "Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether the Government would have been successful on any occasion without the support of the nominated members?" Hoare replied "I could not answer that question without looking into the figures, but in any case I see no reason to differentiate between one class of member and another."<ref>{{hansard|1935/apr/04/central-legislative-assembly |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> | *Due to the return of the Congress in 1934 as the main opposition, there was a sharp increase in the number of government defeats in the Assembly. In a [[British House of Commons]] debate on 4 April 1935, the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]], stated that "The number of divisions in the Legislative Assembly since the recent elections and up to the 25th March in which Government have been successful is five. The number of adverse divisions in the same period is seventeen." [[Henry Page Croft, 1st Baron Croft|Henry Page Croft]] then asked "Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether the Government would have been successful on any occasion without the support of the nominated members?" Hoare replied "I could not answer that question without looking into the figures, but in any case I see no reason to differentiate between one class of member and another."<ref>{{hansard|1935/apr/04/central-legislative-assembly |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> | ||
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==Presidents of the Assembly== | ==Presidents of the Assembly== | ||
The presiding officer (or [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]]) of the Assembly was called the President. While the Government of India Act 1919 provided for the President to be elected, it made an exception in the case of the first President, who was to be appointed by the Government. The Governor-General appointed [[Frederick Whyte]], a former [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] member of the [[British House of Commons]] who had been a [[parliamentary private secretary]] to [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="PPI">Ajita Ranjan Mukherjea, ''Parliamentary Procedure in India'' (Oxford, 1983), p. 43</ref><ref name="Laundy">Philip Laundy, ''The Office of Speaker in the Parliaments of the Commonwealth'' (Quiller, 1984), p. 175</ref> [[Sachchidananda Sinha]] was the Deputy President of Assembly in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm | The presiding officer (or [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]]) of the Assembly was called the President. While the Government of India Act 1919 provided for the President to be elected, it made an exception in the case of the first President, who was to be appointed by the Government. The Governor-General appointed [[Frederick Whyte]], a former [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] member of the [[British House of Commons]] who had been a [[parliamentary private secretary]] to [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="PPI">Ajita Ranjan Mukherjea, ''Parliamentary Procedure in India'' (Oxford, 1983), p. 43</ref><ref name="Laundy">Philip Laundy, ''The Office of Speaker in the Parliaments of the Commonwealth'' (Quiller, 1984), p. 175</ref> [[Sachchidananda Sinha]] was the Deputy President of Assembly in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm |title= Constituent Assembly of India - Volume I; Monday, the 9th December 1946 |access-date=21 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706203405/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm |archive-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | ||
[[Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar]] was the last President of the Assembly till the Assembly came to an end on 14 August 1947. He became the first Speaker of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], and in 1952 the first Speaker of the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="Kashyap">Subhash C. Kashyap, ''Dada Saheb Mavalankar, Father of Lok Sabha'' (Published for the Lok Sabha Secretariat by the National Publishing House, 1989), pp. 9–11)</ref> | [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar]] was the last President of the Assembly till the Assembly came to an end on 14 August 1947. He became the first Speaker of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], and in 1952 the first Speaker of the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="Kashyap">Subhash C. Kashyap, ''Dada Saheb Mavalankar, Father of Lok Sabha'' (Published for the Lok Sabha Secretariat by the National Publishing House, 1989), pp. 9–11)</ref> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 1 | | 1 | ||
| | | | ||
| [[Frederick Whyte]] | | [[Frederick Whyte|Sir Frederick Whyte]] | ||
| 3 February 1921 – 23 August 1925 | | 3 February 1921 – 23 August 1925 | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 4 | | 4 | ||
| | | [[File:Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola (2).jpg|75px]] | ||
| [[Ibrahim Rahimtoola]] | | [[Ibrahim Rahimtoola|Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola]] | ||
| 17 January 1931 – 7 March 1933 | | 17 January 1931 – 7 March 1933 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 | | 5 | ||
| [[File:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.jpg|75px]] | | [[File:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.jpg|75px]] | ||
| [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] | | [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty|Sir Ramasamy Shanmukham Chetty]] | ||
| 14 March 1933 – 31 December 1934 | | 14 March 1933 – 31 December 1934 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 | | 6 | ||
| | | [[File:Abdur Rahim 1930.jpg|75px]] | ||
| [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Sir Abdur Rahim]] | | [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Sir Abdur Rahim]] | ||
| 24 January 1935 – 1 October 1945 | | 24 January 1935 – 1 October 1945 | ||
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! Image | ! Image | ||
! Deputy President | ! Deputy President | ||
! Tenure<ref>{{cite book|last=Kashyap|first=Subhash|title=History of the Parliament of India|year=1994|isbn=9788185402345|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KKbAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> | ! Tenure<ref>{{cite book|last=Kashyap|first=Subhash|title=History of the Parliament of India|year=1994|publisher=Under the auspices of Centre for Policy Research, Shipra |isbn=9788185402345|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KKbAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 | | 1 | ||
| | | [[File:Portrait of Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha.jpg|75px]] | ||
| [[Sachchidananda Sinha]] | | [[Sachchidananda Sinha|Dr Sachchidananda Sinha]] | ||
| February 1921 – September 1921 | | February 1921 – September 1921 | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 6 | | 6 | ||
| | | [[File:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.jpg|75px]] | ||
| [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] | | [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] | ||
| January 1931 – March 1933 | | January 1931 – March 1933 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 | | 7 | ||
| | | [[File:Abdul Matin Chaudhury.jpg|75px]] | ||
| Abdul Matin Chaudhury | | [[Abdul Matin Chaudhury]] | ||
| March 1933 – 1934 | | March 1933 – 1934 | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*'''Depressed Classes:''' [[M. C. Rajah]],<ref>Ambeth, அம்பேத்: [https://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/07/morning-star-mc-rajah-and-dr-babasaheb.html Perunthalaivar M. C. Rajah -- First Leader who Organized the Scheduled Classes at the National Level in India]</ref> [[N. Sivaraj]]<ref>Ambeth, அம்பேத்: [https://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/03/right-hand-of-drbabasaheb-ambedkar-rao.html Thanthai N. Sivaraj -- National Level Leader Who Worked for the Scheduled Classes of India.]</ref> | *'''Depressed Classes:''' [[M. C. Rajah]],<ref>Ambeth, அம்பேத்: [https://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/07/morning-star-mc-rajah-and-dr-babasaheb.html Perunthalaivar M. C. Rajah -- First Leader who Organized the Scheduled Classes at the National Level in India]</ref> [[N. Sivaraj]]<ref>Ambeth, அம்பேத்: [https://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/03/right-hand-of-drbabasaheb-ambedkar-rao.html Thanthai N. Sivaraj -- National Level Leader Who Worked for the Scheduled Classes of India.]</ref> | ||
*'''Bihar & Orissa:''' [[Madhusudan Das]], [[Sachchidananda Sinha]], [[Nilakantha Das]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] | *'''Bihar & Orissa:''' [[Madhusudan Das]], [[Sachchidananda Sinha]], [[Nilakantha Das]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] | ||
*'''Bengal:''' [[Khwaja Habibullah]], [[Kshitish Chandra Neogy]], [[Gurusaday Dutt]], | *'''Assam:''' [[Khan Bahadur Gulam Mostofa Chowdhury]] | ||
*'''Bombay:''' [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 5th Baronet|Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]], [[Seth Harchandrai Vishandas]], [[Vithalbhai Patel]], [[N. C. Kelkar]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]], [[M. R. Jayakar]], [[Wahid Baksh Bhutto]], [[Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet|Sir Jehangir Cowasji]], [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Abdullah Haroon]], [[Homi Mody]], [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]] | *'''Bengal:''' [[Khwaja Habibullah]], [[Kshitish Chandra Neogy]], [[Gurusaday Dutt]], [[Satyendra Chandra Mitra]], [[Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy]], [[Amarendra Chatterjee]], [[Renuka Ray]]. | ||
*'''Bombay:''' [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 5th Baronet|Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]], [[Seth Harchandrai Vishandas]], [[Vithalbhai Patel]], [[N. C. Kelkar]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]], [[M. R. Jayakar]], [[Wahid Baksh Bhutto]], [[Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet|Sir Jehangir Cowasji]], [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Abdullah Haroon]], [[Homi Mody]], [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]], [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]] | |||
*'''Central Provinces & Berar''': [[Hari Singh Gour]], [[Seth Govind Das]], [[B. S. Moonje]], [[M. S. Aney]], [[Narayan Bhaskar Khare]], [[Ramrao Deshmukh|Barrister Ramrao Deshmukh]], Rao Bahadur Dinkarrao Rajurkar<ref>''Rajya Sabha Past Members' Bio-Data ''http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf</ref> | *'''Central Provinces & Berar''': [[Hari Singh Gour]], [[Seth Govind Das]], [[B. S. Moonje]], [[M. S. Aney]], [[Narayan Bhaskar Khare]], [[Ramrao Deshmukh|Barrister Ramrao Deshmukh]], Rao Bahadur Dinkarrao Rajurkar<ref>''Rajya Sabha Past Members' Bio-Data ''http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''Delhi:''' [[Asaf Ali]] | *'''Delhi:''' [[Asaf Ali]] | ||
*'''Madras:''' [[T. V. Seshagiri Iyer]], [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]], [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], [[Muhammad Habibullah]], [[T. Rangachari]], [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], [[A. Rangaswami Iyengar]], [[M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar]], [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]], [[Tanguturi Prakasam]], [[Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]], [[V. V. Giri]], [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]], [[S. Satyamurti]], [[N. G. Ranga]], [[Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao]], Addepally Satyanarayana Murthy, [[T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar]], [[C. N. Muthuranga Mudaliar]], [[T. S. S. Rajan]], [[Sami Venkatachalam Chetty]], [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili]], [[K. Santhanam|Kasturiranga Santhanam]]<ref>''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 15 February 1952, '' | *'''Madras:''' [[T. V. Seshagiri Iyer]], [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]], [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], [[Muhammad Habibullah]], [[T. Rangachari]], [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], [[A. Rangaswami Iyengar]], [[M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar]], [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]], [[Tanguturi Prakasam]], [[Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]], [[V. V. Giri]], [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]], [[S. Satyamurti]], [[N. G. Ranga]], [[Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao]], Addepally Satyanarayana Murthy, [[T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar]], [[C. N. Muthuranga Mudaliar]], [[T. S. S. Rajan]], [[Sami Venkatachalam Chetty]], [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili]], [[K. Santhanam|Kasturiranga Santhanam]]<ref>''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 15 February 1952, ''{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20041110032549/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021500320800.htm New Lieutenant-Governors]}}'' online</ref> | ||
*'''NWFP:''' [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]], [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] | *'''NWFP:''' [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]], [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] | ||
*'''Punjab:''' [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz]], [[Bhai Parmanand]] | *'''Punjab:''' [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz]], [[Bhai Parmanand]] | ||
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[[Category:National lower houses]] | [[Category:National lower houses]] | ||
[[Category:Central Legislative Assembly of India| ]] | [[Category:Central Legislative Assembly of India| ]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Defunct lower houses]] | ||
Latest revision as of 03:30, 24 September 2025
Central Legislative Assembly | |
|---|---|
| Imperial Legislative Council | |
.svg) Star of India | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Founded | 23 December 1919 |
| Disbanded | 14 August 1947 |
| Succeeded by | Constituent Assembly of India |
| Leadership | |
President | |
| Seats | 145 |
| Elections | |
| First past the post | |
First election | 1920 Indian general election |
Last election | 1945 Indian general election |
| Motto | |
| Heaven's Light Our Guide | |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Assembly chamber, Council House, Raisina Hill, New Delhi | |
The Central Legislative Assembly was the lower house of the Indian Legislature, the legislature of British India. It was created by the Government of India Act 1919, implementing the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. It was also sometimes called the Indian Legislative Assembly and the Imperial Legislative Assembly. The Council of State was the upper house of the legislature for India.
As a result of Indian independence, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 14 August 1947 and its place taken by the Constituent Assembly of India and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan including East Bengal (modern-day Bangladesh).
Composition[edit | edit source]
The new Assembly was the lower house of a bicameral parliament, with a new Council of State as the upper house, reviewing legislation passed by the Assembly. However, both its powers and its electorate were limited.[1][2]
The Assembly had 145 members who were either nominated or indirectly elected from the provinces.[3]
The Legislative Assembly had no members from the princely states, as they were not part of British India. On 23 December 1919, when King-Emperor George V gave royal assent to the Government of India Act 1919, he also made a proclamation which created the Chamber of Princes, to provide a forum for the states to use to debate national questions and make their collective views known to the Government of India.[4]
Nominated members[edit | edit source]
The nominated members were officials or non-officials and nominated by the Government of India and the provinces.
Officials[edit | edit source]
There were a total of 26 nominated officials out of which 14 were nominated by the Government of India from the Viceroy's Executive Council, Council of State and from the Secretariat. The other 12 came from the provinces. Madras, Bombay and Bengal nominated two officials while United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar & Orissa, Central Provinces, Assam and Burma nominated one each.[citation needed]
Non-officials[edit | edit source]
There were a total of 15 nominated non-officials out of which 5 were nominated by the Government of India representing five special interests namely Associated Chambers of Commerce, Indian Christians, Labour interests, Anglo-Indians and the Depressed Classes. The other 10 non-officials were nominated from the provinces namely two from Bengal, United Provinces and Punjab and one each from Bombay, Bihar & Orissa, Berar and the North West Frontier Province.[citation needed]
Elected members[edit | edit source]
Initially, of its 142 members, 101 were elected and 41 were nominated. Of the 101 elected members, 52 came from general constituencies, 29 were elected by Muslims, 2 by Sikhs, 7 by Europeans, 7 by landlords, and 4 by business men.[5][6] Later, one seat each was added for Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara and the North West Frontier Province.[citation needed]
The constituencies were divided as follows:[7]
| Province | Seats | Names of Constituencies |
|---|---|---|
| Assam | 4 | General (2): Assam Valley, Surma Valley with Shillong Muslim: Assam Muhammadan Assam European |
| Bengal | 16 | General (6): Calcutta Urban (1), Calcutta suburbs (Hoogly, Haorah, 24 Pargana Dist Municipal) (1), Calcutta Rural, Presidency Division (1), Burdwan Division (excluding Hoogly and Howrah Dist) (1), Dacca Division (1), Chittagong Rajshahi Division (1) Muslim (5): Calcutta and suburbs (Hoogly, Haorah, 24 Pargana Dist) (1), Burdwan and Calcutta Presidency Division (1), Dacca Division (1), Chittagong Division (1), Rajshahi Division (1) Europeans in Bengal Presidency (2) Landholders Bengal (1) Commerce (2): Indian Chambers of Commerce (1), Rotation: Bengal Chambers of Commerce or Marwari Association or Bengal Mahajan Sabha (1) |
| Bihar and Orissa | 12 | General (8): Tirhut Division (2), Orissa (2), Patna with Shahabad (1), Gaya with Monghyr (1), Bhagalpur Purnea and the Santhal Parganas (1), Chota Nagpur Division (1) Muslim (3): Patna and Chota Nagpur cum Orissa (1), Bhagalpur Division (1), Tirhut Division (1) Bihar and Orissa Landholders (1) |
| Bombay | 16 | General (8): Bombay City Urban (2), Sind (1), Northern Division (2), Southern Division (1), Central (2) Muslim (4): Bombay City Urban (1), Sind Urban (1), Sind Rural in rotation with Northern Division (1), Central Division in rotation with Southern Division (1) Europeans in Presidency (1) Commerce (2) Indian Merchants Chamber (1), The Bombay Millowners' Association or The Ahmedabad Millowners' Association (1) Landholders Rotation (1): Sind Jagirdars & Zamindars or Gujarat & Deccan Sardars & Inamdars |
| Burma | 4 | General (3) European (1) |
| Central Provinces | 5 | General (3): Nagpur Division (1), Central Provinces Hindi Division (The Narmada, Jabalpur and Chhattisgarh Divisions) (2) Muslim (1) Landholders (1) |
| Madras | 16 | General (11): Madras City Urban (1), Madras Districts Rural (1), Ganjam cum Vizagapatnam (1), Godavari cum Krishna (1), Guntur cum Nellore (1), Chittoor cum Ceded Dists (Anantpur, Bellary, Cuddapah, Kurnool) (1), Salem, Coimbatore cum North Arcot (1), Chingleput cum South Arcot (1), Tanjore cum Trichinopoly (1), Madurai, Ramnad cum Tinnevelly (1), Nilgiris and West Coast (Malabar, Anjengo, S. Canara) (1) Muslim (3): North Madras (Ganjam, Vizgapatam, Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellore, Anantapur, Bellary, Cuddapah, Kurnool and Chittoor) (1), South Madras (Chingleput, Madras, Arcot, North & South Coimbatore, Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Madurai) (1), Nilgiris and W. Coast (Malabar, S. Canara) (1) Europeans in Presidency (1) Landholders in Presidency (1) |
| Punjab | 12 | General (3): Ambala Division (1), Jullundur Division (1), West Punjab (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan) Division (1) Muslim (6): East Punjab (Ambala, Kangra, Hoshiarpur, Jullunder, Ludhiana) (1), East Central Punjab (Ferozepur, Lahore, Amritsar and Gurdaspur) (1), West Central Punjab (Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura and Lyallpur) (1), North Punjab (Gujrat, Jhelum and Rawalpindi) (1), North- West Punjab (Attock, Mianwali, Shahpur and Jhang) (1), South-West Punjab (Multan, Montgomery, Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan) (1) Sikh (2): East Punjab (Ambala and Jullundur Division) (1), West Punjab (Lahore, Rawalpindi and Multan) (1) Punjab Landholders (1) |
| United Provinces | 16 | General (8) Cities of UP (Agra, Meerut, Cawnpore, Benares, Allahabad, Bareilly, Lucknow) (1), Meerut Division (excluding Municipality and Cantonment) (1), Agra Division (1), Rohilkhand and Kumaon Division (1), Allahabad Jhansi Division (1), Benares Gorakhpur Division (1), Lucknow Division (1), Faizabad Division (1) Muslim (6): Cities of U.P (1), Meerut Division (1), Agra (1), Rohilkhand and Kumaon Division (1), Lucknow and Faizabad (1), Southern Division (Allahabad, Benares, Gorakhpur) (1) European U. P. (1) Landholders U P (1) |
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced further reforms. The Assembly continued as the lower chamber of a central Indian parliament based in Delhi, with two chambers, both containing elected and appointed members. The Assembly increased in size to 250 seats for members elected by the constituencies of British India, plus a further 125 seats for the Indian Princely states. However, elections for the reformed legislature never took place.
Inauguration[edit | edit source]
The Central Legislative Assembly met in the Council Hall and later to the Viceregal Lodge in Old Delhi both of which are now located in Delhi University.[8][9] A new "Council House" was conceived in 1919 as the seat of the future Legislative Assembly, the Council of State, and the Chamber of Princes. The foundation stone was laid on 12 February 1921 and the building was opened on 18 January 1927 by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy and Governor-General. The Council House later changed its name to Parliament House, or Sansad Bhavan, and was the home of the Parliament of India until 19 September 2023, having been converted into a museum.[10][11]
The Assembly, the Council of State, and the Chamber of Princes were officially opened in 1921 by King George V's uncle, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn[12]
Elections[edit | edit source]
The first elections to the new legislatures took place in November 1920 and proved to be the first significant contest between the Moderates and the Non-cooperation movement, whose aim was for the elections to fail. The Non-cooperators were at least partly successful in this, as out of almost a million electors for the Assembly, only some 182,000 voted.[13]
After the withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement, a group within the Indian National Congress formed the Swaraj Party and contested the elections in 1923 and 1926. The Swaraj Party led by Motilal Nehru as the leader of the Opposition was able to secure the defeat, or at least the delay, of finance bills and other legislation. However, after 1926, the members of the Swaraj Party either joined the government or returned to the Congress which continued its boycott of the legislature during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
In 1934, the Congress ended its boycott of the legislatures and contested the elections to the fifth Central Legislative Assembly held that year.[14]
The last elections to the assembly were held in 1945.
The electorate of the Assembly was never more than a very small fraction of the population of India. In the British House of Commons on 10 November 1942, the Labour MP Seymour Cocks asked the Secretary of State for India Leo Amery "What is the electorate for the present Central Legislative Assembly?" and received the written answer "The total electorate for the last General Election (1934) for the Central Legislative Assembly was 1,415,892."[15]
Important events[edit | edit source]
- In March 1926, Motilal Nehru demanded a representative conference to draft a constitution conferring full Dominion status on India, to be enacted by the parliament. When this demand was rejected by the Assembly, Nehru and his colleagues walked out of the house.[16]
- On 8 April 1929, the Indian revolutionaries Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb into the corridors of the Assembly in order to show their discontent and frustration against the British government's decision to enact the Trade Disputes Bill and the Public Safety Bill. The bomb explosion was followed by a shower of leaflets citing their reasons and ideology behind the act and few gunshots in the air, shouting "Inquilab Zindabad!" ("Long Live the Revolution!"). A few members were injured such as George Ernest Schuster (the finance member of the Viceroy's Executive Council), Sir Bomanji A. Dalal, P. Raghavendra Rau, Shankar Rao and S. N. Roy.[17][18] The revolutionaries surrendered themselves and the weapon without any resistance as per plan instead of escaping. On 12 June 1929 they were sentenced to Penal transportation for the bombing, having defended the case themselves.[19]
- Due to the return of the Congress in 1934 as the main opposition, there was a sharp increase in the number of government defeats in the Assembly. In a British House of Commons debate on 4 April 1935, the Secretary of State for India, Samuel Hoare, stated that "The number of divisions in the Legislative Assembly since the recent elections and up to the 25th March in which Government have been successful is five. The number of adverse divisions in the same period is seventeen." Henry Page Croft then asked "Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether the Government would have been successful on any occasion without the support of the nominated members?" Hoare replied "I could not answer that question without looking into the figures, but in any case I see no reason to differentiate between one class of member and another."[20]
- In 1936 during the Arab revolt in Palestine, Indian troops were sent there. In the Assembly, the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, disallowed all questions and resolutions which asked him to express the concern of Indian Muslims about the position of Arabs in Palestine.[21]
- On 27 February 1942, during the Second World War, the Assembly held a secret session to discuss the war situation.[22]
Presidents of the Assembly[edit | edit source]
The presiding officer (or speaker) of the Assembly was called the President. While the Government of India Act 1919 provided for the President to be elected, it made an exception in the case of the first President, who was to be appointed by the Government. The Governor-General appointed Frederick Whyte, a former Liberal member of the British House of Commons who had been a parliamentary private secretary to Winston Churchill.[23][24] Sachchidananda Sinha was the Deputy President of Assembly in 1921.[25]
Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar was the last President of the Assembly till the Assembly came to an end on 14 August 1947. He became the first Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of India, and in 1952 the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.[26]
| No | Image | President | Tenure[27] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sir Frederick Whyte | 3 February 1921 – 23 August 1925 | |
| 2 | 
|
Vithalbhai Patel | 24 August 1925 – April 1930 |
| 3 | Muhammad Yakub | 9 July 1930 – 31 July 1931 | |
| 4 | .jpg)
|
Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola | 17 January 1931 – 7 March 1933 |
| 5 | 
|
Sir Ramasamy Shanmukham Chetty | 14 March 1933 – 31 December 1934 |
| 6 | 
|
Sir Abdur Rahim | 24 January 1935 – 1 October 1945 |
| 7 | 
|
Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar | 24 January 1946 – 14 August 1947 |
| No | Image | Deputy President | Tenure[28] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 
|
Dr Sachchidananda Sinha | February 1921 – September 1921 |
| 2 | Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy | September 1921 – 1923 | |
| 3 | T. Rangachari | February 1924 – 1926 | |
| 4 | Muhammad Yakub | January 1927 – 1930 | |
| 5 | Hari Singh Gour | July 1930 | |
| 6 |
|
R. K. Shanmukham Chetty | January 1931 – March 1933 |
| 7 | 
|
Abdul Matin Chaudhury | March 1933 – 1934 |
| 8 | Akhil Chandra Datta | February 1934 – 1945 | |
| 9 | Muhammad Yamin Khan | February 1946 – 1947 |
Notable members[edit | edit source]
- Labour Interests: N. M. Joshi
- Depressed Classes: M. C. Rajah,[29] N. Sivaraj[30]
- Bihar & Orissa: Madhusudan Das, Sachchidananda Sinha, Nilakantha Das, Anugrah Narayan Sinha
- Assam: Khan Bahadur Gulam Mostofa Chowdhury
- Bengal: Khwaja Habibullah, Kshitish Chandra Neogy, Gurusaday Dutt, Satyendra Chandra Mitra, Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy, Amarendra Chatterjee, Renuka Ray.
- Bombay: Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, Seth Harchandrai Vishandas, Vithalbhai Patel, N. C. Kelkar, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, M. R. Jayakar, Wahid Baksh Bhutto, Sir Jehangir Cowasji, Bhulabhai Desai, Abdullah Haroon, Homi Mody, Keshavrao Jedhe, Narhar Vishnu Gadgil, Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar
- Central Provinces & Berar: Hari Singh Gour, Seth Govind Das, B. S. Moonje, M. S. Aney, Narayan Bhaskar Khare, Barrister Ramrao Deshmukh, Rao Bahadur Dinkarrao Rajurkar[31]
- Delhi: Asaf Ali
- Madras: T. V. Seshagiri Iyer, P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja, P. S. Sivaswami Iyer, Muhammad Habibullah, T. Rangachari, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, A. Rangaswami Iyengar, M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar, S. Srinivasa Iyengar, Tanguturi Prakasam, Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, V. V. Giri, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, S. Satyamurti, N. G. Ranga, Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao, Addepally Satyanarayana Murthy, T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar, C. N. Muthuranga Mudaliar, T. S. S. Rajan, Sami Venkatachalam Chetty, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili, Kasturiranga Santhanam[32]
- NWFP: Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum, Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan
- Punjab: Lala Lajpat Rai, Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz, Bhai Parmanand
- United Provinces: Motilal Nehru, Madan Mohan Malaviya, C. S. Ranga Iyer, H. N. Kunzru, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Bhagwan Das, Govind Ballabh Pant, Sri Prakasa, Muhammad Yamin Khan, Mohammad Ismail Khan, Ziauddin Ahmad, Liaquat Ali Khan, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai[33]
Dissolution[edit | edit source]
As per the Indian Independence Act 1947, the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States ceased to exist and the Constituent Assembly of India became the central legislature of India.
See also[edit | edit source]
- Viceroy's Executive Council
- Council of State (India)
- Imperial Legislative Council
- Interim Government of India
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica 1974, vol. 9 Macropaedia Hu-Iv, p. 417
- ↑ Bolitho, Hector (2006) [First published 1954]. Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-547323-0.
The introduction of a 'two-house' parliamentary system, with a Council of State and a Central Legislative Assembly.
- ↑ Report of the Indian Statutory Commission. p. 168.
- ↑ V. D. Mahajan, Modern Indian History (New Delhi: Chand Publishing, 2020), p. 584
- ↑ Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara, Dalit Movement in India and its Leaders, 1857–1956, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1994, p. 142
- ↑ "-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library".
- ↑ Mira, H. N. (1921). The Govt Of India Act 1919 Rules Thereunder And Govt Reports 1920. N.N.Mitter Annual Register Office.
- ↑ Iyengar, A. S. (2001). Role of Press and Indian Freedom Struggle. APH. p. 26. ISBN 9788176482561.
- ↑ "DU plans heritage tour, light and sound show at Viceregal Lodge - Indian Express".
- ↑ John F. Riddick (2006) The History of British India: a Chronology, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 181
- ↑ Archival Photos of Parliament House at rajyasabha.nic.in
- ↑ Arthur, Prince, first duke of Connaught and Strathearn in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
- ↑ John Coatman, India, the Road to Self-Government (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1942) full text online
- ↑ Varahagiri Venkata Giri, My Life and Times (Macmillan Co. of India, 1976), p. 97
- ↑ Template:Hansard
- ↑ Jawaharlal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru: an autobiography, with musings on recent events in India (1936)
- ↑ "Bombs Thrown into Assembly". Evening Tribune. 8 April 1930. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ↑ "TWO BOMBS THROWN". The Examiner (DAILY ed.). Launceston, Tasmania. 10 April 1929. p. 4. Retrieved 29 August 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
- ↑ Bhagat Singh remembered – Daily Times of Pakistan
- ↑ Template:Hansard
- ↑ Joan G. Roland, The Jewish Communities of India: identity in a colonial era (Transaction Publishers, 1998), p. 197
- ↑ Subhash C. Kashyap. Parliamentary Procedure (Universal Law Publishing Co, 2006), p. 139
- ↑ Ajita Ranjan Mukherjea, Parliamentary Procedure in India (Oxford, 1983), p. 43
- ↑ Philip Laundy, The Office of Speaker in the Parliaments of the Commonwealth (Quiller, 1984), p. 175
- ↑ "Constituent Assembly of India - Volume I; Monday, the 9th December 1946". Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ↑ Subhash C. Kashyap, Dada Saheb Mavalankar, Father of Lok Sabha (Published for the Lok Sabha Secretariat by the National Publishing House, 1989), pp. 9–11)
- ↑ Murry, K. C. (2007). Naga Legislative Assembly and Its Speakers. Mittal Publication. p. 20. ISBN 9788183241267.
- ↑ Kashyap, Subhash (1994). History of the Parliament of India. Under the auspices of Centre for Policy Research, Shipra. ISBN 9788185402345.
- ↑ Ambeth, அம்பேத்: Perunthalaivar M. C. Rajah -- First Leader who Organized the Scheduled Classes at the National Level in India
- ↑ Ambeth, அம்பேத்: Thanthai N. Sivaraj -- National Level Leader Who Worked for the Scheduled Classes of India.
- ↑ Rajya Sabha Past Members' Bio-Data http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf
- ↑ The Hindu dated 15 February 1952, New Lieutenant-Governors[usurped] online
- ↑ Paul R. Brass, Kidwai, Rafi Ahmad (1894–1954), politician in India in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
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