1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|none}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1977 Indian general election in Kerala}}
{{Infobox election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| election_name = 1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
Line 14: Line 14:
| seats_for_election = All 140 seats in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| seats_for_election = All 140 seats in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 71
| majority_seats = 71
| image1 = [[File:Karunakaran_Kannoth.jpg|120x120px]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K._Karunakaran_in_1977.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| leader1 = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| party1 = Indian National Congress
Line 20: Line 20:
| leaders_seat1 = Mala
| leaders_seat1 = Mala
| seats1 = 38
| seats1 = 38
| last_election1 = 30
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 8
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 8
| popular_vote1 =  
| popular_vote1 =  
| percentage1 = 20.02%
| percentage1 =  
| swing1 = {{increase}}2.39%
| swing1 =
| image2 = [[File:P.K. Vasudevan Nair.jpg|120x120px]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| leader2 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance2 = [[United Front (Kerala)|United Front]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Alathur Assembly constituency|Alathur]]
| leader_since2 =
| alliance2 = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| seats2 = 29
| last_election2 = 16
| last_election2 = 29
| seats2 = 23
| seat_change2 = {{nochange}}
| seat_change2 = {{gain}}7
| popular_vote2 =  
| popular_vote2 =  
| percentage2 = 9.94%
| percentage2 =
| swing2 = {{increase}}0.97%
| map2_image = [[File:Kerala Alliance wise Result in 1977.svg]]
| image3 = [[File:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|120x120px]]
| swing2 =  
| leader3 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| leaders_seat3 = [[Alathur (State Assembly constituency)|Alathur]]
| alliance3 = CPI (M)+
| seats3 = 17
| seat_change3 = {{loss}}12
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 = 22.18%
| swing3 = {{decrease}}1.65%
| map_image = India-KERALA.svg
| map_image = India-KERALA.svg
| map_size = 150px
| map_size = 150px
| map2_size = 200px
| map_caption = '''Kerala, India'''<br/>Kerala, one of the states in [[South India]], has an electorate of more than 21 million people.
| map_caption = '''Kerala, India'''<br/>Kerala, one of the states in [[South India]], has an electorate of more than 21 million people.
| title = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| title = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[C. Achutha Menon]]
| before_election = [[C. Achutha Menon]]
| map2_caption = Alliance wise structure
| before_party = [[CPI]]
| before_party = [[CPI]]
| after_election = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| after_election = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| turnout = 79.19% ({{increase}} 3.90%)
| turnout = 79.19% ({{increase}} 3.90%)
| last_election1 = 30
| last_election3 = 29
| seat change 3 = {{loss}}12
}}
}}
Elections were held on 19 March 1977 to elect members to the fifth [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Niyamasabha]]. The [[United Front (Kerala)|United Front]], led by [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won plurality of seats and remained in power, with [[K. Karunakaran]] as the Chief Minister. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature |title=History of Kerala legislature - Government of Kerala, India |website=kerala.gov.in |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235820/https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Elections were held on 19 March 1977 to elect members to the fifth [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Niyamasabha]]. The [[United Front (Kerala)|United Front]], led by [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won plurality of seats and remained in power, with [[K. Karunakaran]] as the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature |title=History of Kerala legislature - Government of Kerala, India |website=kerala.gov.in |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235820/https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Fourth Kerala Legislative Assembly, which was elected in 1970, completed its term by 1975, but it was extended on three occasions during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/records.html |title=Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated) |website=www.keralaassembly.org |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> Election of 1977 was the general election after the withdrawal of Emergency imposed on 26 June 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/ |title=Recalling the Emergency years |date=29 June 2015 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |title=Who was K Karunakaran? |website=NDTV.com |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
Fourth Kerala Legislative Assembly, which was elected in 1970, completed its term by 1975, but it was extended on three occasions during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/records.html |title=Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated) |website=www.keralaassembly.org |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> Election of 1977 was the general election after the withdrawal of Emergency imposed on 26 June 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/ |title=Recalling the Emergency years |date=29 June 2015 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |title=Who was K Karunakaran? |website=NDTV.com |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>


This is the first election the 1974 [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation of Assembly Constituencies]] was put to effect,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1817/18170940.htm |title=A Bill with limitations |website=frontline.thehindu.com |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> which increased number of seat in the assembly from 133 to 140
This is the first election the 1974 [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation of Assembly Constituencies]] was put to effect,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1817/18170940.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191106063350/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1817/18170940.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2019 |title=A Bill with limitations |website=frontline.thehindu.com |access-date=26 May 2019 }}</ref> which increased number of seat in the assembly from 133 to 140


== Results ==
== Results ==
===Party Wise Results===
 
=== Party Wise Results ===
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Party Wise Results'''
|+'''Party Wise Results'''
!colspan=10|[[File:India Kerala Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|-
!Alliance
!Party
!Party
!Seats
!Seats
!Alliance
|----
|----
|----
|----
|Indian National Congress (INC)
| rowspan="7" style="background:skyblue; color:black;" | United Front
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]]
|38
|38
| rowspan="5" style="background:skyblue; color:black;" | United Front
|----
|----
|Communist Party of India (CPI)
|[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI)]]
|23
|23
|----
|----
|Kerala Congress (KEC)
|[[Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress (KEC)]]
|20
|20
|----
|----
|Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)]]
|13
|13
|----
|----
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP)
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP)]]
|9
|9
|-
|[[National Democratic Party (Kerala)|National Democratic Party (NDP)]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|5
|-
|[[Praja Socialist Party|Praja Socialist Party (PSP)]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|3
|----
|----
|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM)
| rowspan="5" style="background:#f00; color:black;" | Opposition
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))]]
|17
|17
| rowspan="4" style="background:#f00; color:black;" | Opposition
|----
|----
|Bhartiya Lok Dal (BLD)
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal|Bharatiya Lok Dal (BLD)]]
|6
|6
|----
|----
|All India Muslim League (Opposition) (AIML)
|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|All India Muslim League (Opposition) (AIML)]]
|3
|3
|----
|----
|Kerala Congress (Pillai Group) (KCP)
|[[Kerala Congress (B)|Kerala Congress (Pillai Group) (KCP)]]
|2
|2
|----
|----
|Independent (IND)
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (IND)
|9
|1
|
|----
|----
!Total
!rowspan=2|Total
!140
!140
!
|----
|----
|}
|}


===Constituency Wise Results===
==== Notes ====
 
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|The members of the PSP and NDP were elected as independent candidates.}}}}
 
=== Constituency Wise Results ===
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Detailed constituency-wise Results<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1977_ST_REP.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERELA |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |year=1987 |pages=4–7}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1977 |website=www.elections.in |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>
|+'''Detailed constituency-wise Results<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1977_ST_REP.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERELA |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |year=1987 |pages=4–7}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1977 |website=www.elections.in |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>
Line 133: Line 138:
|----
|----
|1
|1
|[[Manjeshwar (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwar]]
|[[Manjeshwar Assembly constituency|Manjeshwar]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[M. Ramappa]]
|[[M. Ramappa]]
Line 145: Line 150:
|----
|----
|2
|2
|[[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]]
|[[Kasaragod Assembly constituency|Kasaragod]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[T. A. Ibrahim]]
|[[T. A. Ibrahim]]
Line 155: Line 160:
|MLO
|MLO
|22619
|22619
|----
|2 {{note label|1979|2|2}}
|[[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]]
|GEN
|[[B. M. A. Rahiman]]
|M
|MLO
|22419
|C. T. A. Ali
|M
|MUL
|21269
|----
|----
|3
|3
|[[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]]
|[[Udma Assembly constituency|Udma]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[N. K. Balakrishnan]]
|[[N. K. Balakrishnan]]
|M
|M
|IND
|United Front IND
|31690
|31690
|[[K. G. Marar]]
|[[K. G. Marar]]
Line 181: Line 174:
|----
|----
|4
|4
|[[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Hosdrug]]
|[[Kanhangad Assembly constituency|Hosdrug]]
|(SC)
|(SC)
|[[K. T. Kumaran]]
|[[K. T. Kumaran]]
Line 193: Line 186:
|----
|----
|5
|5
|[[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Trikaripur]]
|[[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Trikaripur]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[P. Karunakaran]]
|[[P. Karunakaran]]
Line 205: Line 198:
|----
|----
|6
|6
|[[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]]
|[[Irikkur Assembly constituency|Irikkur]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[C. P. Govindan Nambiar]]
|[[C. P. Govindan Nambiar]]
Line 217: Line 210:
|----
|----
|7
|7
|[[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyannur]]
|[[Payyanur Assembly constituency|Payyannur]]
|GEN
|GEN
|N. Subramoniya Shenoy
|N. Subramoniya Shenoy
Line 229: Line 222:
|----
|----
|8
|8
|[[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]
|[[Taliparamba Assembly constituency|Taliparamba]]
|GEN
|GEN
|M. V. Raghavan
|M. V. Raghavan
Line 241: Line 234:
|----
|----
|9
|9
|[[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]
|[[Azhikode Assembly constituency|Azhikode]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[Chadayan Govindan|Chatayan Govindan]]
|[[Chadayan Govindan|Chatayan Govindan]]
Line 253: Line 246:
|----
|----
|10
|10
|[[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|kannur]]
|[[Kannur Assembly constituency|kannur]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[P. Bhaskaran]]
|[[P. Bhaskaran]]
Line 265: Line 258:
|----
|----
|11
|11
|[[Edakkad (State Assembly constituency)|Edakkad]]
|[[Edakkad Assembly constituency|Edakkad]]
|GEN
|GEN
|P. P. V. Moosa
|P. P. V. Moosa
Line 277: Line 270:
|----
|----
|12
|12
|[[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|thalassery]]
|[[Thalassery Assembly constituency|thalassery]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[Pattiam Gopalan]]
|[[Pattiam Gopalan]]
Line 288: Line 281:
|29946
|29946
|----
|----
|12 {{note label|1979|2|2}}
|13
|[[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|thalassery]]
|[[Peringalam Assembly constituency|Peringalam]]
|GEN
|GEN
|M.V.Rajagopalan
|[[P. R. Kurup|P. R. Karup]]
|M
|CPM
|44457
|K.Sreedharan
|M
|CPI
|23799
|----
|13
|[[Peringalam (State Assembly constituency)|Peringalam]]
|GEN
|[[P. R. Kurup|P. R. Karup]]
|M
|M
|INC
|INC
Line 313: Line 294:
|----
|----
|14
|14
|[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]]
|[[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency|Kuthuparamba]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
Line 325: Line 306:
|----
|----
|15
|15
|[[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]]
|[[Peravoor Assembly constituency|Peravoor]]
|GEN
|GEN
|[[K. P. Noorudeen]]
|[[K. P. Noorudeen]]
Line 349: Line 330:
|----
|----
|17
|17
|[[Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vatakara]]
|[[Vadakara Assembly constituency|Vatakara]]
|GEN
|GEN
|K. Chandrasekharan
|K. Chandrasekharan
Line 483: Line 464:
|Thiruvambady
|Thiruvambady
|GEN
|GEN
|Syriac John
|[[P. Cyriac John]]
|M
|M
|INC
|INC
Line 737: Line 718:
|C. M. Sundaram
|C. M. Sundaram
|M
|M
|IND
|United Front IND
|30160
|30160
|R. Krishnan
|R. Krishnan
Line 819: Line 800:
|Kunnamkulam
|Kunnamkulam
|GEN
|GEN
|K. P. Viswanathan
|[[K. P. Viswanathan]]
|M
|M
|INC
|INC
Line 879: Line 860:
|Chalakudi
|Chalakudi
|GEN
|GEN
|P. K. Ittoop
|[[P. K. Ittoop]]
|M
|M
|KCP
|KCP
Line 1,159: Line 1,140:
|KEC
|KEC
|23244
|23244
|Johan Thomas Moolapparampil
|John Thomas Mooleparambil
|M
|M
|IND
|IND
Line 1,385: Line 1,366:
|G.P. Mangalathu Madaom
|G.P. Mangalathu Madaom
|M
|M
|IND
|United Front IND
|33037
|33037
|C.B.C. Warrier
|C.B.C. Warrier
Line 1,415: Line 1,396:
|KCP
|KCP
|24573
|24573
|----
|105 {{note label|1979|2|2}}
|Thiruvalla
|GEN
|P.C.T.Painummoottil
|M
|JNP
|30552
|J.J.Vallakkalil
|M
|KEC
|24863
|----
|----
|106
|106
Line 1,457: Line 1,426:
|Thakappan Pillai
|Thakappan Pillai
|M
|M
|IND
|United Front IND
|33909
|33909
|K.R. Saraswathi Amma
|K.R. Saraswathi Amma
Line 1,469: Line 1,438:
|Bhaskaran Nair
|Bhaskaran Nair
|M
|M
|IND
|United front IND
|35103
|35103
|S. Govinda Kurup
|S. Govinda Kurup
Line 1,769: Line 1,738:
|K. Raveendran Nair
|K. Raveendran Nair
|M
|M
|IND
|United Front IND
|31971
|31971
|S. Dharmarajan
|S. Dharmarajan
Line 1,793: Line 1,762:
|P. Narayanan Nair
|P. Narayanan Nair
|M
|M
|IND
|United Front IND
|33405
|33405
|J. Saradamma
|J. Saradamma
Line 1,799: Line 1,768:
|CPM
|CPM
|22802
|22802
|----
|136{{note label|1978|1|1}}
|Trivandrum
|GEN
|K.Anirudhan
|M
|CPM
|23891
|P.K.Pillai
|M
|IND
|22106
|----
|----
|137
|137
Line 1,829: Line 1,786:
|A. Neellalohithadasan Nadar
|A. Neellalohithadasan Nadar
|M
|M
|IND
|Left IND
|32549
|32549
|N. Sakthan
|N. Sakthan
Line 1,841: Line 1,798:
|R. Sundaresan Nair
|R. Sundaresan Nair
|M
|M
|IND
|United Front IND
|30372
|30372
|R. Parameswaran
|R. Parameswaran
Line 1,859: Line 1,816:
|CPM
|CPM
|21084
|21084
|----
|140{{note label|1979|2|2}}
|Parassala
|GEN
|M.Sahyanesan
|M
|CPM
|27986
|M. S. Nadar
|M
|INC(I)
|20657
|----
|----
|}
|}
{| style="margin: 1em auto;"
 
=== By-Elections ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Constituency
!Type
!Year
!Winning candidate
!Party
!Votes
!Runner-up Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!Winning party
!Majority
|-
|-
|{{note label|1978|1|1}} Bye-poll on 1978
|133
|-
|Kazhakootam
|{{note label|1979|2|2}} Bye-poll on 1979
|GEN
|}
|1977
 
|A.K. Antony
=== Formation of  Ministry  ===
|INC
On 25 March, [[K. Karunakaran]] of Congress sworn as Chief Minister. However, Karunakaran had to resign within a month over the [[Rajan case|controversial death of Left-leaning engineering student Rajan]], who was tortured during the Emergency when he was the Home Minister.<ref>Haritha John,
|38463
  Rakesh Mehar (21 June 2017). [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-how-one-missing-student-brought-down-congress-govt-just-month-64012 "Kerala Chronicles: How one missing student brought down a Congress govt in just a month"]. ''The News Minute''. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/once-there-was-a-hero..../705882/2 |title=Once there was a hero.... - Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> Then 15 member ministry under the leadership of [[A. K. Antony|A.K. Antony]] assumed office on 27 April 1977.
|P. Sreedharan Nair
 
|CPM- Ind.
[[First K. Karunakaran Ministry|K. Karunakaran's ministry]] holds the record for ministry which served the shortest term<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/records.html |title=Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated) |website=www.keralaassembly.org |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
|29794
 
|INC
== References ==
|8669
|----
|136
|Trivandrum East
|GEN
|1978
|K.Anirudhan
|CPM
|23891
|P.K.Pillai
|IND
|22106
|CPM
|1785
|-
|2
|Kasaragod
|GEN
|1979
|B. M. A. Rahiman
|MLO
|22419
|C. T. A. Ali
|MUL
|21269
|MLO
|1150
|-
|12
|Tellicherry
|GEN
|1979
|M.V.Rajagopalan
|CPM
|44457
|K.Sreedharan
|CPI
|23799
|CPM
|20658
|-
|105
|Thiruvalla
|GEN
|1979
|P.C.T.Painummoottil
|JNP
|30552
|J.J.Vallakkalil
|KEC
|24863
|JNP
|5689
|-
|140
|Parassala
|GEN
|1979
|M.Sahyanesan
|CPM
|27986
|M. S. Nadar
|INC(I)
|20657
|CPM
|7329
|}
 
=== Formation of  Ministry  ===
On 25 March, [[K. Karunakaran]] of Congress sworn as Chief Minister. However, Karunakaran had to resign within a month over the [[Rajan case|controversial death of Left-leaning engineering student Rajan]], who was tortured during the Emergency when he was the Home Minister.<ref>Haritha John,
  Rakesh Mehar (21 June 2017). [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-how-one-missing-student-brought-down-congress-govt-just-month-64012 "Kerala Chronicles: How one missing student brought down a Congress govt in just a month"]. ''The News Minute''. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/once-there-was-a-hero..../705882/2 |title=Once there was a hero.... - Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> Then 15 member ministry under the leadership of [[A. K. Antony|A.K. Antony]] assumed office on 27 April 1977. When Congress split in January 1978, Karunakaran joined the new Indira Congress, and A K Antony continued with the 'main' Congress, which was variously known as Congress (Urs), Congress (Socialist). Antony resigned as Chief Minister in late 1978 when his Congress faction decided to support Indira Gandhi in Chickmagalur bye-election. CPI and Congress also drifted apart. Though the ruling alliance had won nearly 80% seats in the election, it became unstable, and the assembly lasted less than 3 years. 
 
[[First K. Karunakaran Ministry|K. Karunakaran's ministry]] holds the record for ministry which served the shortest term<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/records.html |title=Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated) |website=www.keralaassembly.org |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}


{{#seo:
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Kerala]]
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[[Category: State Assembly elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:1970s in Kerala]]
[[Category:1970s in Kerala]]
[[Category:1977 State Assembly elections in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:1977 State Assembly elections in India|Kerala]]

Latest revision as of 14:29, 28 January 2026


For Lok Sabha election, see 1977 Indian general election in Kerala.
1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
← 1970 19 March 1977 1980 →
All 140 seats in the Kerala Legislative Assembly
71 seats needed for a majority
Turnout79.19% (Increase 3.90%)
  First party Second party
 
K._Karunakaran_in_1977.jpg
E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg
Leader K. Karunakaran E. M. S. Namboodiripad
Party INC CPI (M)
Alliance United Front Left Front
Leader's seat Mala Alathur
Last election 30 29
Seats won 38 29
Seat change Increase 8 Steady
Kerala, India
Kerala, one of the states in South India, has an electorate of more than 21 million people.
Alliance wise structure
Chief Minister before election

C. Achutha Menon
CPI

Chief Minister

K. Karunakaran
Indian National Congress

Elections were held on 19 March 1977 to elect members to the fifth Niyamasabha. The United Front, led by INC and CPI won plurality of seats and remained in power, with K. Karunakaran as the Chief Minister.[1]

History[edit | edit source]

Fourth Kerala Legislative Assembly, which was elected in 1970, completed its term by 1975, but it was extended on three occasions during the Emergency.[2] Election of 1977 was the general election after the withdrawal of Emergency imposed on 26 June 1975.[3][4]

This is the first election the 1974 delimitation of Assembly Constituencies was put to effect,[5] which increased number of seat in the assembly from 133 to 140

Results[edit | edit source]

Party Wise Results[edit | edit source]

Party Wise Results
Alliance Party Seats
United Front Indian National Congress (INC) 38
Communist Party of India (CPI) 23
Kerala Congress (KEC) 20
Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) 13
Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP) 9
National Democratic Party (NDP)[lower-alpha 1] 5
Praja Socialist Party (PSP)[lower-alpha 1] 3
Opposition Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) 17
Bharatiya Lok Dal (BLD) 6
All India Muslim League (Opposition) (AIML) 3
Kerala Congress (Pillai Group) (KCP) 2
Independent (IND) 1
Total 140

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The members of the PSP and NDP were elected as independent candidates.

Constituency Wise Results[edit | edit source]

Detailed constituency-wise Results[6][7]
Sl No. Constituency Name Category Winner Candidates Name Gender Party Vote Runner-up Candidates Name Gender Party vote
1 Manjeshwar GEN M. Ramappa M CPI 25709 H. Shankara Alva M BLD 21100
2 Kasaragod GEN T. A. Ibrahim M MUL 29402 B. M. Abdul Rehiman M MLO 22619
3 Udma GEN N. K. Balakrishnan M United Front IND 31690 K. G. Marar M BLD 28145
4 Hosdrug (SC) K. T. Kumaran M CPI 34683 M. Raghavan M CPM 32578
5 Trikaripur GEN P. Karunakaran M CPM 38632 P. T. Jose M KEC 32512
6 Irikkur GEN C. P. Govindan Nambiar M INC 34889 Sabastian Vettam M KCP 27741
7 Payyannur GEN N. Subramoniya Shenoy M CPM 37256 T. C. Bharathan M IND 32209
8 Taliparamba GEN M. V. Raghavan M CPM 36829 K. Narayanan Nambiar M IND 35304
9 Azhikode GEN Chatayan Govindan M CPM 32548 C. C. Abdul Halim M MUL 26712
10 kannur GEN P. Bhaskaran M BLD 31391 N. K. Kumaran M INC 30701
11 Edakkad GEN P. P. V. Moosa M MLO 34266 N. Ramakrishnan M INC 30947
12 thalassery GEN Pattiam Gopalan M CPM 38419 N. C. Mammootty M CPI 29946
13 Peringalam GEN P. R. Karup M INC 33916 V. K. Achuthan M BLD 31958
14 Kuthuparamba GEN Pinarayi Vijayan M CPM 34465 Abdulkadar M RSP 30064
15 Peravoor GEN K. P. Noorudeen M INC 36449 E. P. Krishnan Nambiar M CPM 31465
16 North Wynad (ST) M. V. Rajan M INC 32589 A. Gopalan M CPM 24288
17 Vatakara GEN K. Chandrasekharan M BLD 37543 P. Vijayan M INC 34998
18 Nadapuram GEN Kandalottu Kunhambu M CPI 37391 E. V. Kumaran M CPM 30321
19 Meppayur GEN Panarath Kunhimohammed M MUL 40642 A. V. Abdurahiman Haji M MLO 34808
20 Quilandy GEN E. Narayanan Nair M INC 39581 E. Rajagopalan Nair M BLD 35074
21 Perambra GEN K. C. Joseph M KEC 35694 V. V. Dakshinamoorthy M CPM 34921
22 Balusseri GEN P. K. Sankarankutty M BLD 33960 Puthoor Ramakrishnan Nair M INC 32413
23 Koduvally GEN E. Ahammad M MUL 39241 K. Moosakutty M CPM 31206
24 Calicut- I GEN N. Chandrasekhara Kurup M CPM 37249 P. V. Sankaranarayanan M INC 35476
25 Calicut- II GEN P. M. Aboobacker M MLO 33531 S. V. Usmankoya M MUL 32433
26 Beypore GEN N. P. Moideen M INC 35374 K. Chathunni Master M CPM 33178
27 Kunnamangalam (SC) K. P. Raman M MLO 30289 P. K. Kannan M CPI 28601
28 Thiruvambady GEN P. Cyriac John M INC 29835 E. T. Mohammed Basheer M MLO 26454
29 Kalpetta GEN K. G. Adiyodi M INC 28713 M. P. Veerandrakumar M BLD 26608
30 Sultan'S Battery (ST) K. Raghavan Master M INC 29204 Nidyachery Vasu M BLD 24213
31 Wandoor (SC) V. Eacharan M INC 35369 K. Gopalan M BLD 22079
32 Nilambur GEN Aryadan Muhammed M INC 35410 K. Saidali Kutty M CPM 27695
33 Manjeri GEN M. P. M Abdulla Kurikkal M MUL 43626 K. A. Quader M MLO 16807
34 Malappuram GEN C. H. Mohammed Koya M MUL 39362 T. K. S. A. Muthukoyathangal M MLO 15724
35 Kondotty GEN P. Seethi Haji M MUL 41731 M. C. Muhammed M MLO 20159
36 Tirurangadi GEN Avakader Kutty Naha M MUL 40540 T. P. Kunhalan Kutty M IND 21479
37 Tanur GEN U. A. Beeran M MUL 42886 C. M. Kutty M MLO 12158
38 Tirur GEN P. T. Kunhimuhammed ( Kunhukutty Hajee ) M MUL 41675 K. Moideen Kutty Haji ( K. Bava Haji ) M MLO 26127
39 Ponnani GEN M. P. Gangadharan M INC 38083 E. K. Imbichi Bava M CPM 28334
40 Kuttippuram GEN Chakeri Ahmedkutty M MUL 36367 K. Moidu M MLO 12023
41 Mankada GEN Korambayil Ahammed Haji M MUL 33597 Cherukoya Thangal M MLO 26207
42 Perinthalmanna GEN K. K. S. Thangal M MUL 32356 Paloli Muhammed Kutty M CPM 24751
43 Thrithala GEN K. Sankaranarayanan M INC 34012 P. P. Krishnan M CPM 24288
44 Pattambi GEN E. P. Gopalan M CPI 30659 Devaki Warrier F CPM 26072
45 Ottapalam GEN P. Balan M INC 30937 K. P. Unni M CPM 24120
46 Sreekrishnapuram GEN K. Sukumaranunni M INC 32071 C. Govinda Panicker M CPM 28136
47 Mannarkkad GEN A. N. Yusuff M CPI 30563 C. S. Gangadharan M CPM 23854
48 Malampuzha GEN P. V. Kunhikannan M CPM 27122 C. M. Chandrasekharan M RSP 22696
49 Palghat GEN C. M. Sundaram M United Front IND 30160 R. Krishnan M CPM 27357
50 Chittur GEN P. Sankar M CPI 28698 K. A. Sivarama Bharathy M BLD 21121
51 Kollengode GEN C. Vasudeva Menon M CPM 29303 K. V. Narayanan M CPI 28865
52 Coyalmannam (SC) M. K. Krishnan M CPM 34798 N. Subbayyan M INC 29570
53 Alathur GEN E. M. S. Namboodiripad M CPM 31424 V. S. Vijayaraghavan M INC 29425
54 Chelakara (SC) K. K. Balakrishnan M INC 34460 K. S. Sankaran M CPM 24525
55 Wadakkanchery GEN K. S. Narayanan Namboodiri M INC 37783 A. S. N. Nambisan M CPM 25725
56 Kunnamkulam GEN K. P. Viswanathan M INC 35230 T. K. Krishnan M CPM 29889
57 Cherpu GEN K. P. Prabhakaran M CPI 33526 I. M. Velayudhan M IND 29007
58 Trichur GEN K. J. George M BLD 32335 P. A. Antony M INC 28185
59 Ollur GEN P. R. Francis M INC 30931 Adv. P. K. Asokan M CPM 29845
60 Kodakara GEN Lonappan Nambadan M KEC 30569 T. P. Sitaraman M BLD 29119
61 Chalakudi GEN P. K. Ittoop M KCP 33581 P. P. George M INC 25968
62 Mala GEN K. Karunakaran M INC 34699 Paul Kokkat M CPM 25233
63 Irinjalakuda GEN Sidharthan Kattungal M INC 33377 John Manjooran M IND 31243
64 Manalur GEN N. I. Devassykutty M INC 32314 M. G. Jayachandran M IND 24986
65 Guruvayoor GEN B. V. Seethi Thangal M MUL 34063 V. M. Sulaiman M MLO 20071
66 Nattika GEN P. K. Gopalakrishnan M CPI 32917 V. K. Gopinathan M BLD 24711
67 Kodungallur GEN V. K. Rajan M CPI 32159 P. V. Abdul Kader M IND 24048
68 Ankamali GEN A. P. Kurian M CPM 36261 P. P. Thankachan M INC 35700
69 Vadakkekara GEN T. K. Abdu M CPM 30498 K. C. Mathew M CPI 29541
70 Parur GEN Xavier Arakkal M INC 29644 Varkey Painandar M IND 24733
71 Narakkal (SC) T. A. Paraman M RSP 30985 S. Vasu M CPM 28795
72 Ernakulam GEN A. L. Jacob M INC 33367 Alexander Parambithara M BLD 31643
73 Mattancherry GEN K. J. Harschel M BLD 29543 A. A. Kochunny M INC 25348
74 Palluruthy GEN Eapen Varghese M KEC 32479 M. M. Lawrence M CPM 30638
75 Thrippunithura GEN T. K. Ramakrishnan M CPM 35754 K. M. Ramsakunju M MUL 30009
76 Alwaye GEN T. H. Musthafa M INC 37017 M. P. M. Japherkhan M MLO 36259
77 Perumbavoor GEN P. R. Sivan M CPM 34133 P. I. Poulose M INC 32386
78 Kunnathunad GEN P. R. Esthose M CPM 31126 Paul P. Mani M INC 28436
79 Piravom GEN T. M. Jacob M KEC 35598 Alunkal Devassy M BLD 29868
80 Muvattupuzha GEN P. C. Joseph M KEC 32994 Sunny Mannathukaran M KCP 28349
81 Kothamangalam GEN M. V. Mani M KEC 34523 M. E. Kuriakose M KCP 31432
82 Thodupuzha GEN P. J. Joseph M KEC 38294 A. C. Chacko M KCP 24386
83 Devicolam (SC) Kittappanarayanaswamy M INC 27348 G. Varadan M CPM 18949
84 Idukki GEN V. T. Sebastian M KEC 23244 John Thomas Mooleparambil M IND 14071
85 Udumbanchola GEN Thomas Joseph M KEC 29083 M. Ginadevan M CPM 20843
86 Peermade GEN C. A. Kuriyan M CPI 27360 K. S. Krishnan M CPM 20013
87 Kanjirappally GEN K. V. Kurian M KEC 32207 Eapen Jacob M KCP 28227
88 Vazhoor GEN K. Narayana Kurup M KEC 37391 K. M. Sadasivan Nair M CPM 17356
89 Changanacherry GEN Joseph Chacko M KEC 31960 Mathew Mullakupadem M KCP 19481
90 Kottayam GEN P. P. George M CPI 35683 M. Thomas M CPM 32107
91 Ettumanoor GEN P. B. R. Pillai M BLD 23795 M. C. Abraham M INC 23553
92 Puthuppally GEN Oommen Chandy M INC 40376 P. C. Cherian M BLD 24466
93 Poonjar GEN V. J. Joseph M KEC 34770 P. I. Devasia M KCP 21065
94 Palai GEN K. M. Mani M KEC 39664 N. C. Joseph M IND 24807
95 Kaduthuruthy GEN O. Lukose M KEC 38403 K. K. Joseph M CPM 25652
96 Vaikom (SC) M. K. Kesavan M CPI 39711 K. G. Bhaskaran M CPM 24770
97 Aroor GEN P. S. Sreenivasan M CPI 39643 K. R. Gouri F CPM 30048
98 Sherthala GEN M. K. Raghavan M INC 37767 N. P. Thandar M CPM 26007
99 Mararikulam GEN A. V. Thamarakshan M RSP 39094 P. K. Chandrandan M CPM 34748
100 Alleppey GEN P. K. Vasudevan Nair M CPI 35301 Joseph Matahn M BLD 25631
101 Ambalapuzha GEN K. K. Kumara Pillai M RSP 32056 V. S. Achuthanandan M CPM 26471
102 Kuttanad GEN Eappen Kandakudy M KEC 34161 K.P. Joseph M CPM 27014
103 Haripad GEN G.P. Mangalathu Madaom M United Front IND 33037 C.B.C. Warrier M CPM 30118
104 Kayamkulam GEN Thundathie Kunjukrishna Pillai M INC 29742 P.A. Haris P.K. Kunju M BLD 24655
105 Thiruvalla GEN E. John Jacob M KEC 31548 John Jacob Vallakkalil M KCP 24573
106 Kallooppara GEN T.S. John M KEC 33967 E.K. Kuriakose M KCP 17173
107 Aranmula GEN M.K. Hemachandran M INC 35482 P.N. Chandrasenan M IND 21127
108 Chengannur GEN Thakappan Pillai M United Front IND 33909 K.R. Saraswathi Amma F KCP 27356
109 Mavelikara GEN Bhaskaran Nair M United front IND 35103 S. Govinda Kurup M CPM 26310
110 Pandalam (SC) Damodaran Kalassery M INC 36938 V. Kesavan M CPM 31764
111 Ranni GEN K.A. Mathew M KEC 32530 F. Thomas Kuttikayam M KCP 23235
112 Pathanamthitta GEN George Mathew M KEC 34853 K.K. Nair M IND 30686
113 Konni GEN P.J. Thomas M INC 30714 R.C. Unnithan M CPM 30277
114 Pathanapuram GEN E.K. Pillai M CPI 30927 A. George M KCP 30136
115 Punalur GEN P.K. Sreenjvasan M CPI 33870 V. Bharathan M CPM 30668
116 Chadayamangalam GEN Chandrasekharan Nair M CPI 31906 N. Sundaresan M CPM 20219
117 Kottarakkara GEN R. Balakrishan Pillai M KCP 37253 Kottara Gopalkrishan M INC 23098
118 Neduvathur (SC) Bhargavi Thankappan F CPI 33941 Vettikavala Kochukunju M BLD 22019
119 Adoor GEN Thennala Balakrishna Pillai M INC 31214 Mathew Muthalali M KCP 23826
120 Kunnathur (SC) Kallada Narayanan M RSP 43347 C.K. Thankappan M CPM 25103
121 Karunagappally GEN P. M. Sheriff M CPI 29739 C.P. Karunnakaran Pillai M CPM 24255
122 Chavara GEN Baby John M RSP 36892 A. Noorundin Kunju M IND 17583
123 Kundara GEN A. A. Rahim M INC 29758 V. V. Joseph M IND 29362
124 Quilon GEN Thyagarajan M RSP 37065 N. Padmalochanan M CPM 24049
125 Eravipuram GEN R. S. Unni M RSP 39119 R. M. Parameswaran M IND 22666
126 Chathanoor GEN J. Chitharanjan M CPI 38787 Varinja Vasu Pillai M BLD 20016
127 Varkala GEN T. A. Majeed M CPI 25210 Shamsuddin M BLD 18991
128 Attingal GEN Vakkam Purushothaman M INC 32452 Varkala Radhakrishnan M CPM 23892
129 Kilimanoor (SC) P. K. Chathan Master M CPI 32242 C. K. Balakrishnan M CPM 31412
130 Vamanapuram GEN N. Vasudevan Pillai M CPM 31463 M. Kunju Krishnan Pillai M INC 29071
131 Ariyanad GEN K. C. Vamadevan M RSP 26100 Thakidi Krishanan Nair M BLD 18908
132 Nedumangad GEN Kaniapuram Ramachandran Nair M CPI 34731 R. Sundaresan Nair M IND 23992
133 Kazhakuttam GEN Thlaekunnil Basheer M INC 37014 A. Essuddin M MLO 22637
134 Trivandrum North GEN K. Raveendran Nair M United Front IND 31971 S. Dharmarajan M CPM 25806
135 Trivandrum West GEN K. Pankajakshan M RSP 31224 S.M. Noohu M BLD 20301
136 Trivandrum East GEN P. Narayanan Nair M United Front IND 33405 J. Saradamma F CPM 22802
137 Nemom GEN S. Varadarajan Nair M INC 32063 Pallichal Sadasivan M CPM 25142
138 Kovalam GEN A. Neellalohithadasan Nadar M Left IND 32549 N. Sakthan M KEC 28435
139 Neyyattinkara GEN R. Sundaresan Nair M United Front IND 30372 R. Parameswaran M CPM 24678
140 Parassala GEN M. Kunjukrishnan Nadar M INC 34485 M. Sathyanesan M CPM 21084

By-Elections[edit | edit source]

S.No. Constituency Type Year Winning candidate Party Votes Runner-up Candidate Party Votes Winning party Majority
133 Kazhakootam GEN 1977 A.K. Antony INC 38463 P. Sreedharan Nair CPM- Ind. 29794 INC 8669
136 Trivandrum East GEN 1978 K.Anirudhan CPM 23891 P.K.Pillai IND 22106 CPM 1785
2 Kasaragod GEN 1979 B. M. A. Rahiman MLO 22419 C. T. A. Ali MUL 21269 MLO 1150
12 Tellicherry GEN 1979 M.V.Rajagopalan CPM 44457 K.Sreedharan CPI 23799 CPM 20658
105 Thiruvalla GEN 1979 P.C.T.Painummoottil JNP 30552 J.J.Vallakkalil KEC 24863 JNP 5689
140 Parassala GEN 1979 M.Sahyanesan CPM 27986 M. S. Nadar INC(I) 20657 CPM 7329

Formation of Ministry[edit | edit source]

On 25 March, K. Karunakaran of Congress sworn as Chief Minister. However, Karunakaran had to resign within a month over the controversial death of Left-leaning engineering student Rajan, who was tortured during the Emergency when he was the Home Minister.[8][9] Then 15 member ministry under the leadership of A.K. Antony assumed office on 27 April 1977. When Congress split in January 1978, Karunakaran joined the new Indira Congress, and A K Antony continued with the 'main' Congress, which was variously known as Congress (Urs), Congress (Socialist). Antony resigned as Chief Minister in late 1978 when his Congress faction decided to support Indira Gandhi in Chickmagalur bye-election. CPI and Congress also drifted apart. Though the ruling alliance had won nearly 80% seats in the election, it became unstable, and the assembly lasted less than 3 years.

K. Karunakaran's ministry holds the record for ministry which served the shortest term[10]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "History of Kerala legislature - Government of Kerala, India". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  2. ↑ "Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated)". www.keralaassembly.org. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  3. ↑ "Recalling the Emergency years". The Indian Express. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  4. ↑ "Who was K Karunakaran?". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  5. ↑ "A Bill with limitations". frontline.thehindu.com. Retrieved 26 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  6. ↑ STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERELA (PDF). ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA. 1987. pp. 4–7.
  7. ↑ "Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1977". www.elections.in. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  8. ↑ Haritha John, Rakesh Mehar (21 June 2017). "Kerala Chronicles: How one missing student brought down a Congress govt in just a month". The News Minute. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  9. ↑ "Once there was a hero.... - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  10. ↑ "Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated)". www.keralaassembly.org. Retrieved 26 May 2019.

External links[edit | edit source]

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