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{{Short description|Hindu devotional hymn | |||
<!-- NOTICE: DO NOT ADD FULL TEXT TO THIS ARTICLE. READ [[WP:NOFULLTEXT]]. --> | |||
{{Short description|Hindu devotional hymn}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} | ||
{{Infobox religious text | {{Infobox religious text | ||
<!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | ||
| name = Hanuman | | name = Hanuman Chalisa | ||
| image = Hanuman showing Rama in His heart.jpg | | image = Hanuman showing Rama in His heart.jpg | ||
| caption = The Hindu deity [[Hanuman]] showing Rama in his | | caption = The Hindu deity [[Hanuman]] showing Rama in his heart | ||
| author = [[Tulsidas]] | | author = [[Tulsidas]] | ||
| title_orig = Shubham Krishnatray | | title_orig = Shubham Krishnatray | ||
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| cover_artist = | | cover_artist = | ||
| country = | | country = | ||
| language = [[Awadhi language]]<ref>Nityanand Misra 2015, p. xviii.</ref> | | language = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref>Nityanand Misra 2015, p. xviii.</ref> | ||
| series = | | series = | ||
| subject = | | subject = | ||
| genre = [[Bhakti]] literature | | genre = [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] literature<br>devotional poetry | ||
|verses = 40 | |verses = 40 | ||
| website = | | website = | ||
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| followed_by = | | followed_by = | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''''Hanuman Chalisa''''' ({{IPA-hi|ɦənʊmaːn tʃaːliːsaː}}; ''[[Chaupai (poetry)|Forty chaupais]] on Hanuman'') is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] devotional hymn (''[[stotra]]'') in praise of [[Hanuman]].<ref name="mahaviriintro">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/amukha.php pp. 1–8.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203052448/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/amukha.php |date=3 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/26/stories/2003022601521700.htm |title=Hanuman Chalisa in digital version |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=26 February 2003 |access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=किसने लिखी थी हनुमान चालीसा, जिसके बारे में कही जाती हैं कई बातें|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/who-wrote-hanuman-chalisa-the-story-behind-it-2999632.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=News18 India|date=9 April 2020}}</ref> It was authored by [[Tulsidas]] in the [[Awadhi language]],<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> and is his best known text apart from the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2006/01/03/stories/2006010300511400.htm |title=Book Review / Language Books : Epic of Tulasidas |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 January 2006 |access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/29/stories/2002112900990400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103112927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/29/stories/2002112900990400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2004 |title=Lineage shows |date=29 November 2002 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref> The word "chālīsā" is derived from "chālīs", which means the number forty in [[Hindi]], as the ''Hanuman Chalisa'' has 40 verses (excluding the couplets at the beginning and at the end).<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> | The '''''Hanuman Chalisa''''' ({{IPA-hi|ɦənʊmaːn tʃaːliːsaː}}; ''[[Chaupai (poetry)|Forty chaupais]] on Hanuman'') is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] devotional hymn (''[[stotra]]'') in praise of [[Hanuman]].<ref name="mahaviriintro">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/amukha.php pp. 1–8.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203052448/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/amukha.php |date=3 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/26/stories/2003022601521700.htm |title=Hanuman Chalisa in digital version |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=26 February 2003 |access-date=2011-06-25 |archive-date=21 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421130408/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/26/stories/2003022601521700.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=किसने लिखी थी हनुमान चालीसा, जिसके बारे में कही जाती हैं कई बातें|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/who-wrote-hanuman-chalisa-the-story-behind-it-2999632.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=News18 India|date=9 April 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504125310/https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/who-wrote-hanuman-chalisa-the-story-behind-it-2999632.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was authored by [[Tulsidas]] in the [[Awadhi language]],<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> and is his best known text apart from the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2006/01/03/stories/2006010300511400.htm |title=Book Review / Language Books : Epic of Tulasidas |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 January 2006 |access-date=2011-06-25 |archive-date=4 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304141547/http://www.hindu.com/br/2006/01/03/stories/2006010300511400.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/29/stories/2002112900990400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103112927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/29/stories/2002112900990400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2004 |title=Lineage shows |date=29 November 2002 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref> The word "chālīsā" is derived from "chālīs", which means the number forty in [[Hindi]], as the ''Hanuman Chalisa'' has 40 verses (excluding the couplets at the beginning and at the end).<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> | ||
Hanuman is a devotee of [[Rama]] and one of the central characters of the ''[[Ramayana]]''. According to the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] tradition, the deity Hanuman is also an incarnation of [[Shiva]]. Folktales acclaim the powers of Hanuman.<ref name="peeb100">Peebles 1986, p. 100</ref> The qualities of the god Hanuman – his strength, courage, wisdom, celibacy ([[brahmcharya|brahmacharya]]), his devotion to Rama and the many names by which he is known – are detailed in the ''Hanuman Chalisa''.<ref name="peeb100" /> Recitation or chanting of the ''Hanuman Chalisa'' is a common religious practice.<ref>Peebles 1986, p. 99</ref> The ''Hanuman Chalisa'' is the most popular hymn in praise of Hanuman, and is recited by millions of Hindus every day.<ref name="nm2015foreword">[[Karan Singh]], in Nityanand Misra 2015, p. xvi.</ref> | Hanuman is a devotee of [[Rama]] and one of the central characters of the ''[[Ramayana]]''. According to the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] tradition, the deity Hanuman is also an incarnation of [[Shiva]]. Folktales acclaim the powers of Hanuman.<ref name="peeb100">Peebles 1986, p. 100</ref> The qualities of the god Hanuman – his strength, courage, wisdom, celibacy ([[brahmcharya|brahmacharya]]), his devotion to Rama and the many names by which he is known – are detailed in the ''Hanuman Chalisa''.<ref name="peeb100" /> Recitation or chanting of the ''Hanuman Chalisa'' is a common religious practice.<ref>Peebles 1986, p. 99</ref> The ''Hanuman Chalisa'' is the most popular hymn in praise of Hanuman, and is recited by millions of Hindus every day.<ref name="nm2015foreword">[[Karan Singh]], in Nityanand Misra 2015, p. xvi.</ref> | ||
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=== Deity === | === Deity === | ||
The [[Hindu]] deity to whom the prayer is addressed is [[Hanuman]], an ardent devotee of [[Rama]] (the seventh [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]) and a central character in the ''Ramayana''. A general among the [[vanara]]s, Hanuman was a warrior of Rama in the war against the [[rakshasa]] king [[ | The [[Hindu]] deity to whom the prayer is addressed is [[Hanuman]], an ardent devotee of [[Rama]] (the seventh [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]) and a central character in the ''Ramayana''. A general among the [[vanara]]s, Hanuman was a warrior of Rama in the war against the [[rakshasa]] king [[Ravana]]. Hanuman's exploits are much celebrated in a variety of religious and cultural traditions,<ref>Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff ''An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies''. 2007, page 537</ref> particularly in Hinduism, to the extent that he is often the object of worship according to some [[Bhakti movement|bhakti traditions]],<ref>Rosen, Steven. ''Essential Hinduism''. 2006, page 67-8</ref> and is the prime deity in many temples known as Hanuman Mandirs. He is one of the seven [[Chiranjivi|chiranjivis]] (immortals). Hanuman also appears in the [[Mahabharata]] on [[Arjuna|Arjuna's]] chariot as his [[dhvaja]] (flag). | ||
== Text == | == Text == | ||
The work consists of forty-three verses – two introductory [[Doha (poetry)|dohas]], forty [[Chaupai (poetry)|Chaupais]], and one doha in the end.<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> The first introductory doha begins with the word ''shrī'', which refers to Shiva, who is considered the guru of Hanuman.<ref name="mahaviridoha01">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/doha01.php pp. 11–14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203053021/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/doha01.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> The auspicious form, knowledge, virtues, powers and bravery of Hanuman are described in the first ten Chaupais.<ref name="mahavirichaupai1415">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai14.php pp. 46–47] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203053410/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai14.php |date=3 February 2014 }}, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai15.php 48–49] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203053138/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai15.php |date=3 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="rao">Rao 2009, pp. 393–397</ref><ref name="Mehtaxv">Mehta 2007, p. xv</ref> Chaupais eleven to twenty describe the acts of Hanuman in his service to Rama, with the eleventh to fifteenth Chaupais describing the role of Hanuman in bringing back Lakshmana to consciousness.<ref name="mahavirichaupai1415" /> From the twenty-first Chaupai, Tulsidas describes the need of Hanuman's [[Kripa (philosophy)|''kripa'']].<ref name="mahavirichaupai20">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai20.php pp. 56–57] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203052243/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai20.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> At the end, Tulsidas greets Hanuman with subtle devotion<ref name="mahavirichaupai37">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai37.php pp. 78–79] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203052912/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai37.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> and requests him to reside in his heart and in the heart of devotees.<ref name="mahavirichaupai40">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai40.php pp. 81–82] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203051945/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai40.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> The concluding doha again requests Hanuman to reside in the heart, along with Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita.<ref name="mahaviridoha03">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/doha03.php pp. 83–84] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203051940/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/doha03.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> | |||
The work consists of forty-three verses – two introductory [[Doha (poetry)|dohas]], forty [[Chaupai (poetry)|Chaupais]], and one doha in the end.<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> The first introductory doha begins with the word ''shrī'', which refers to Shiva, who is considered the guru of Hanuman.<ref name="mahaviridoha01">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/doha01.php pp. 11–14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203053021/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/doha01.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> The auspicious form, knowledge, virtues, powers and bravery of Hanuman are described in the first ten Chaupais.<ref name="mahavirichaupai1415">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai14.php pp. 46–47], [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai15.php 48–49]</ref><ref name="rao">Rao 2009, pp. 393–397</ref><ref name="Mehtaxv">Mehta 2007, p. xv</ref> Chaupais eleven to twenty describe the acts of Hanuman in his service to Rama, with the eleventh to fifteenth Chaupais describing the role of Hanuman in bringing back Lakshmana to consciousness.<ref name="mahavirichaupai1415" /> From the twenty-first Chaupai, Tulsidas describes the need of Hanuman's [[Kripa (philosophy)|kripa]].<ref name="mahavirichaupai20">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai20.php pp. 56–57] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203052243/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai20.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> At the end, Tulsidas greets Hanuman with subtle devotion<ref name="mahavirichaupai37">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai37.php pp. 78–79] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203052912/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai37.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> and requests him to reside in his heart and in the heart of devotees.<ref name="mahavirichaupai40">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai40.php pp. 81–82] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203051945/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/chaupai40.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> The concluding doha again requests Hanuman to reside in the heart, along with Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita.<ref name="mahaviridoha03">Rambhadradas 1984, [http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/doha03.php pp. 83–84] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203051940/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/doha03.php|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> | |||
== Commentaries == | |||
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Bharat Milap (Lithographic Print).jpg|upright|thumb|Depiction of [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] meeting Rama watched by Hanuman, Sita and Lakshmana. From left – Hanuman, Bharata, Rama, Sita and Lakshmana]] | |||
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Bharat Milap (Lithographic Print).jpg | |||
Before the 1980s, no commentary had been composed on the ''Hanuman Chalisa'', which Rambhadracharya attributes to the work not being included in printed editions of collected works of Tulsidas.<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> Indubhushan Ramayani authored the first brief commentary on ''Hanuman Chalisa''.<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> Rambhadracharya's ''Mahaviri'' commentary in Hindi, authored in 1983,<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> was called the best commentary on ''Hanuman Chalisa'' by Rama Chandra Prasad.<ref name="prasad-hc">{{cite book | last = Prasad | first = Ram Chandra | title = Sri Ramacaritamanasa The Holy Lake of the Acts of Rama | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | year = 1999 | edition = Illustrated, reprint | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiYt00x5tcQC&pg=849 | access-date=7 June 2013 | orig-year = First published 1991 | location = Delhi, India | isbn = 978-81-208-0443-2 | quote = श्रीहनुमानचालीसा की सर्वश्रेष्ठ व्याख्या के लिए देखें महावीरी व्याख्या, जिसके लेखक हैं प्रज्ञाचक्षु आचार्य श्रीरामभद्रदासजी। श्रीहनुमानचालीसा के प्रस्तुत भाष्य का आधार श्रीरामभद्रदासजी की ही वैदुष्यमंडित टीका है। इसके लिए मैं आचार्यप्रवर का ऋणी हूँ। [For the best explanation of Śrīhanumānacālīsā, refer the Mahāvīrī commentary, whose author is the visually-disabled Ācārya Śrīrāmabhadradāsa. The base for the commentary on Śrīhanumānacālīsā being presented is the commentary by Śrīrāmabhadradāsa, which is adorned with erudition. For this, I am indebted to the eminent Ācārya.]}}</ref> | Before the 1980s, no commentary had been composed on the ''Hanuman Chalisa'', which Rambhadracharya attributes to the work not being included in printed editions of collected works of Tulsidas.<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> Indubhushan Ramayani authored the first brief commentary on ''Hanuman Chalisa''.<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> Rambhadracharya's ''Mahaviri'' commentary in Hindi, authored in 1983,<ref name="mahaviriintro" /> was called the best commentary on ''Hanuman Chalisa'' by Rama Chandra Prasad.<ref name="prasad-hc">{{cite book | last = Prasad | first = Ram Chandra | title = Sri Ramacaritamanasa The Holy Lake of the Acts of Rama | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | year = 1999 | edition = Illustrated, reprint | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiYt00x5tcQC&pg=849 | access-date=7 June 2013 | orig-year = First published 1991 | location = Delhi, India | isbn = 978-81-208-0443-2 | quote = श्रीहनुमानचालीसा की सर्वश्रेष्ठ व्याख्या के लिए देखें महावीरी व्याख्या, जिसके लेखक हैं प्रज्ञाचक्षु आचार्य श्रीरामभद्रदासजी। श्रीहनुमानचालीसा के प्रस्तुत भाष्य का आधार श्रीरामभद्रदासजी की ही वैदुष्यमंडित टीका है। इसके लिए मैं आचार्यप्रवर का ऋणी हूँ। [For the best explanation of Śrīhanumānacālīsā, refer the Mahāvīrī commentary, whose author is the visually-disabled Ācārya Śrīrāmabhadradāsa. The base for the commentary on Śrīhanumānacālīsā being presented is the commentary by Śrīrāmabhadradāsa, which is adorned with erudition. For this, I am indebted to the eminent Ācārya.]}}</ref> | ||
== In popular culture == | == In popular culture == | ||
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The ''Hanuman Chalisa'' is one of the best selling Hindu religious books and has been sung by many popular bhajan, classical and folk singers.<ref name="nm2015preface" /> The rendition of ''Hanuman Chalisa'' by [[Hari Om Sharan]], originally released in 1974 by the [[Saregama|Gramophone Company of India]] and re-released in 1995 by [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|Super Cassettes Industries]],<ref name="nm2015notation" /> is one of the most popular, and is regularly played at temples and homes across Northern India.<ref name="nm2015preface" /><ref>{{cite book | title=Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India – Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology | last=Manuel | first=Peter | edition=2, illustrated | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1993 | page=[https://archive.org/details/cassetteculturep00manu/page/n138 117] | isbn=978-0-226-50401-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/cassetteculturep00manu }}</ref> This rendition is based on traditional melodies in the Mishra Khamaj, a [[raga]] belonging to the [[Khamaj]] [[That (music)|That]],<ref name="nm2015notation">Nityanand Misra 2015, pp. 199–212.</ref> with the base note taken at the second black key (''kali do'') of the [[harmonium]].<ref name="nm2015notation" /> A recording based on the same traditional melodies was released in 1992 by Super Cassettes Industries, with [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] as the singer and [[Gulshan Kumar]] as the artiste.<ref name="nm2015notation" /> | The ''Hanuman Chalisa'' is one of the best selling Hindu religious books and has been sung by many popular bhajan, classical and folk singers.<ref name="nm2015preface" /> The rendition of ''Hanuman Chalisa'' by [[Hari Om Sharan]], originally released in 1974 by the [[Saregama|Gramophone Company of India]] and re-released in 1995 by [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|Super Cassettes Industries]],<ref name="nm2015notation" /> is one of the most popular, and is regularly played at temples and homes across Northern India.<ref name="nm2015preface" /><ref>{{cite book | title=Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India – Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology | last=Manuel | first=Peter | edition=2, illustrated | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1993 | page=[https://archive.org/details/cassetteculturep00manu/page/n138 117] | isbn=978-0-226-50401-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/cassetteculturep00manu }}</ref> This rendition is based on traditional melodies in the Mishra Khamaj, a [[raga]] belonging to the [[Khamaj]] [[That (music)|That]],<ref name="nm2015notation">Nityanand Misra 2015, pp. 199–212.</ref> with the base note taken at the second black key (''kali do'') of the [[harmonium]].<ref name="nm2015notation" /> A recording based on the same traditional melodies was released in 1992 by Super Cassettes Industries, with [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] as the singer and [[Gulshan Kumar]] as the artiste.<ref name="nm2015notation" /> | ||
Other notable renditions include those by bhajan singers [[Anup Jalota]] and [[Ravindra Jain]], Hindustani vocalists [[Pandit Jasraj]] and [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]], and the Carnatic vocalist [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]].<ref name="nm2015notation" /> The renditions by [[P. Unni Krishnan|Unni Krishnan]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Pandit Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Ganapathi Sachchidananda]] Swamiji and [[Morari Bapu]] are also popular.{{ | Other notable renditions include those by bhajan singers [[Anup Jalota]] and [[Ravindra Jain]], Hindustani vocalists [[Pandit Jasraj]] and [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]], and the Carnatic vocalist [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]].<ref name="nm2015notation" /> The renditions by [[P. Unni Krishnan|Unni Krishnan]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Pandit Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Ganapathi Sachchidananda]] Swamiji and [[Morari Bapu]] are also popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kats |first=Local |date=11 May 2023 |title=Hanuman |url=https://www.localkats.com/2023/05/hanuman-chalisa-in-marathi.html |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=localkats.com}}</ref> | ||
Among western singers [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] has performed the Hanuman Chalisa in both slow and fast formats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krishnadas.com/podcasts/call-response/spiritual-experiences-auschwitz-and-bernie-glassman/|title = Ep. 27 | Spiritual Experiences, Auschwitz and Bernie Glassman|date = June 15, 2020}}</ref> | Among western singers [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] has performed the Hanuman Chalisa in both slow and fast formats.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://krishnadas.com/podcasts/call-response/spiritual-experiences-auschwitz-and-bernie-glassman/|title = Ep. 27 | Spiritual Experiences, Auschwitz and Bernie Glassman|date = June 15, 2020|access-date = 12 April 2022|archive-date = 29 May 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220529013444/https://www.krishnadas.com/podcasts/call-response/spiritual-experiences-auschwitz-and-bernie-glassman/|url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
=== Popular movies === | === Popular movies === | ||
In the Hindi movie ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'' (directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]]), ''Hanuman Chalisa'' is frequently used in different scenes. One of the scenes show the protagonist Arjun Singh Rathod (played by [[Rajneesh Duggal]]), reciting the ''Hanuman Chalisa'' in full. It is used in an important sequence in ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]],'' when the protagonist fights back against child traffickers and rescues a little girl from them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan Plot Summary – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bajrangi-bhaijaan-plot-summary/articleshow/48108672.cms|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> | In the Hindi movie ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'' (directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]]), ''Hanuman Chalisa'' is frequently used in different scenes. One of the scenes show the protagonist Arjun Singh Rathod (played by [[Rajneesh Duggal]]), reciting the ''Hanuman Chalisa'' in full. It is used in an important sequence in ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]],'' when the protagonist fights back against child traffickers and rescues a little girl from them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan Plot Summary – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bajrangi-bhaijaan-plot-summary/articleshow/48108672.cms|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301043713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bajrangi-bhaijaan-plot-summary/articleshow/48108672.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
An animation movie named ''Shri Hanuman Chalisa'' directed by [[Charuvi Agrawal|Charuvi Agarwal]] and designed by [[Charuvi Design Labs]] is a film on Hanuman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animationgalaxy.in/Newsindetail.aspx?Dept=Creatives&PID=96|title=Charuvi Design Labs release The Second official teaser for "Shri Hanuman Chalisa"|access-date=2016-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423025521/http://animationgalaxy.in/Newsindetail.aspx?Dept=Creatives&PID=96|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animationgalaxy.in/Newsindetail.aspx?Dept=Creatives&PID=91|title=Charuvi Design Labs release The first official teaser for "Shri Hanuman Chalisa"|access-date=2016-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033637/http://animationgalaxy.in/Newsindetail.aspx?Dept=Creatives&PID=91|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | An animation movie named ''Shri Hanuman Chalisa'' directed by [[Charuvi Agrawal|Charuvi Agarwal]] and designed by [[Charuvi Design Labs]] is a film on Hanuman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animationgalaxy.in/Newsindetail.aspx?Dept=Creatives&PID=96|title=Charuvi Design Labs release The Second official teaser for "Shri Hanuman Chalisa"|access-date=2016-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423025521/http://animationgalaxy.in/Newsindetail.aspx?Dept=Creatives&PID=96|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animationgalaxy.in/Newsindetail.aspx?Dept=Creatives&PID=91|title=Charuvi Design Labs release The first official teaser for "Shri Hanuman Chalisa"|access-date=2016-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033637/http://animationgalaxy.in/Newsindetail.aspx?Dept=Creatives&PID=91|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
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The ''Hanuman Chalisa'' was sung by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in chorus with twenty other singers.<ref name="nm2015preface" /> This recording was released as a part of the ''Shri Hanuman Chalisa'' album in 2011 and received an unprecedented response by the releasing music label during November 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-and-interviews/30364066_1_tv-ad-campaign-music-label-album|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109075136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-and-interviews/30364066_1_tv-ad-campaign-music-label-album|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2011|title=All in praise of the Almighty|date=6 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 June 2012}}</ref> | The ''Hanuman Chalisa'' was sung by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in chorus with twenty other singers.<ref name="nm2015preface" /> This recording was released as a part of the ''Shri Hanuman Chalisa'' album in 2011 and received an unprecedented response by the releasing music label during November 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-and-interviews/30364066_1_tv-ad-campaign-music-label-album|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109075136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-and-interviews/30364066_1_tv-ad-campaign-music-label-album|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2011|title=All in praise of the Almighty|date=6 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 June 2012}}</ref> | ||
A rendition of ''Hanuman Chalisa'' sung by [[Gulshan Kumar]] and [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] became the first devotional song and first on [[YouTube]] to cross | A rendition of ''Hanuman Chalisa'' sung by [[Gulshan Kumar]] and [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] became the first and only one [[devotional song]] and first on [[YouTube]] to cross 3 billion views in November 2022. It is also currently the most viewed [[List of most-viewed Indian music videos on YouTube|Indian]] music video on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://infotonline.com/hanuman-chalisa-by-gulshan-kumar-crosses-1b-views/|title=Hanuman Chalisa by Gulshan Kumar crosses 3 billion views on YouTube, another World record made by T-series|work=Infotonline|date=27 May 2020|access-date=May 27, 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920180754/https://infotonline.com/hanuman-chalisa-by-gulshan-kumar-crosses-1b-views/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Shri Ramachandra Kripalu]] | * [[Shri Ramachandra Kripalu]] | ||
* [[Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra|Thumak Chalat Rama Chandra]] | * [[Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra|Thumak Chalat Rama Chandra]] | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
=== Bibliography === | === Bibliography === | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin|30em}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=de Bruyn |first1=Pippa |last2=Bain |first2=Keith |last3=Allardice |first3=David |last4=Joshi |first4=Shonar |title=Frommer's India |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-60264-5 |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |page=471}} | * {{cite book |last1=de Bruyn |first1=Pippa |last2=Bain |first2=Keith |last3=Allardice |first3=David |last4=Joshi |first4=Shonar |title=Frommer's India |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-60264-5 |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |page=471}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Callewaert |first1=Winand M. |last2=Schilder |first2=Robert |title=Banaras: Vision of a Living Ancient Tradition |year=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103028 |location=New Delhi, India |page=90}} | * {{cite book |last1=Callewaert |first1=Winand M. |last2=Schilder |first2=Robert |title=Banaras: Vision of a Living Ancient Tradition |year=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103028 |location=New Delhi, India |page=90}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=B.K. |title=Shri Hanuman Chalisa (Roman) |year=1994b |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7182-395-5}} | * {{cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=B.K. |title=Shri Hanuman Chalisa (Roman) |year=1994b |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7182-395-5}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |title = Encyclopedia of Hinduism |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |location=New York |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=456 |quote=It can be said without reservation that Tulsidas is the greatest poet to write in the Hindi language. Tulsidas was a Brahmin by birth and was believed to be a reincarnation of the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana, Valmiki.}} | * {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |location=New York |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=456 |quote=It can be said without reservation that Tulsidas is the greatest poet to write in the Hindi language. Tulsidas was a Brahmin by birth and was believed to be a reincarnation of the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana, Valmiki.}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pt. Vijay Shankar |title=Kripa Karahu Guru Dev Ki Naain |year=2007 |publisher=Radhakrishnan Prakashan |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8361-041-4 |page=9 |edition=2nd}} | * {{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pt. Vijay Shankar |title=Kripa Karahu Guru Dev Ki Naain |year=2007 |publisher=Radhakrishnan Prakashan |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8361-041-4 |page=9 |edition=2nd}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Misra |first=Munindra |title=Shri Hanuman Chalisa in English Rhyme with original text |year=2015 |publisher=Osmora Inc. |location=United States |isbn=9782765913702}} | * {{cite book |last=Misra |first=Munindra |title=Shri Hanuman Chalisa in English Rhyme with original text |year=2015 |publisher=Osmora Inc. |location=United States |isbn=9782765913702}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Misra |first=Nityanand |author-link=Nityanand Misra |title=Mahāvīrī: Hanumān-Cālīsā Demystified |year=2015 |publisher=Niraamaya Publishing Services Pvt Ltd |location=Mumbai, India |isbn=9788193114407}} | * {{cite book |last=Misra |first=Nityanand |author-link=Nityanand Misra |title=Mahāvīrī: Hanumān-Cālīsā Demystified |year=2015 |publisher=Niraamaya Publishing Services Pvt Ltd |location=Mumbai, India |isbn=9788193114407}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Swati |title=Good Earth Varanasi City Guide |publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited |location=New Delhi, India |year=2002 |isbn=9788187780045 |page=216}} | * {{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Swati |title=Good Earth Varanasi City Guide |publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited |location=New Delhi, India |year=2002 |isbn=9788187780045 |page=216}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Peebles |first=Patrick | * {{cite book |last=Peebles |first=Patrick |title=Voices of South Asia: Essential Readings from Antiquity to the Present |publisher=M.E. Sharpe Inc. |location=United States |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-7656-3480-1 |page=216}} | ||
* {{cite web |last=Rambhadradas |author-link=Rambhadracharya |website=Jagadgururambhadracharya.org |date=8 June 1984 |publisher=Krishnadas Charitable Trust |location=New Delhi, India |language=hi |trans-title=Shri Hanuman Chalisa (with the Mahaviri commentary) |script-title=hi:संकट तें हनुमान छुड़ावै। मन क्रम बचन ध्यान जो लावै |url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/contents.php |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117205618/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/contents.php |archive-date=17 November 2013}} | * {{cite web |last=Rambhadradas |author-link=Rambhadracharya |website=Jagadgururambhadracharya.org |date=8 June 1984 |publisher=Krishnadas Charitable Trust |location=New Delhi, India |language=hi |trans-title=Shri Hanuman Chalisa (with the Mahaviri commentary) |title= |script-title=hi:संकट तें हनुमान छुड़ावै। मन क्रम बचन ध्यान जो लावै |url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/contents.php |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117205618/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/hcm/contents.php |archive-date=17 November 2013}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=Cheeni |title=In Hanuman's Hands: A Memoir |year=2009 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=United States |isbn=978-0-06-073662-0 |page=393 |edition=First}} | * {{cite book |last=Rao |first=Cheeni |title=In Hanuman's Hands: A Memoir |year=2009 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=United States |isbn=978-0-06-073662-0 |page=393 |edition=First}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Sahni |first=Bhisham |author-link=Bhisham Sahni |isbn=9788171789603 |title=Nilu, Nilima, Nilofara |location=New Delhi, India |language=hi |year=2000 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd |pages=78–80 |quote=हिन्दी का सौभाग्य है कि उसके काव्यकुंज की तुलसी-मंजरी की जैसी सुगंध संसार की साहित्य वाटिका में शायद कहीं नहीं। ... आकर्षण दोनों में अत्यधिक है अपने-अपने ढंग पर दोनों ही बहुत बड़े हैं, पर फिर भी सब तरफ़ से केवल काव्य के सौंदर्य पर विचार करने पर तुलसीदास ही बड़े ठहरते हैं – भाषा साहित्य में रवीन्द्रनाथ के संबंध में कहना पड़ता है कि भ्रम त्रुटियाँ मिल सकती हैं पर तुलसीदास के संबंध में कोई शायद ही मिले। ... और यही कारण है निराला जी तुलसीदास को कालिदास, व्यास, वाल्मीकि, होमर, गेटे और शेक्सपियर के समकक्ष रखकर उनके महत्त्व का आकलन करते हैं।}} | * {{cite book |last=Sahni |first=Bhisham |author-link=Bhisham Sahni |isbn=9788171789603 |title=Nilu, Nilima, Nilofara |location=New Delhi, India |language=hi |year=2000 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd |pages=78–80 |quote=हिन्दी का सौभाग्य है कि उसके काव्यकुंज की तुलसी-मंजरी की जैसी सुगंध संसार की साहित्य वाटिका में शायद कहीं नहीं। ... आकर्षण दोनों में अत्यधिक है अपने-अपने ढंग पर दोनों ही बहुत बड़े हैं, पर फिर भी सब तरफ़ से केवल काव्य के सौंदर्य पर विचार करने पर तुलसीदास ही बड़े ठहरते हैं – भाषा साहित्य में रवीन्द्रनाथ के संबंध में कहना पड़ता है कि भ्रम त्रुटियाँ मिल सकती हैं पर तुलसीदास के संबंध में कोई शायद ही मिले। ... और यही कारण है निराला जी तुलसीदास को कालिदास, व्यास, वाल्मीकि, होमर, गेटे और शेक्सपियर के समकक्ष रखकर उनके महत्त्व का आकलन करते हैं।}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Subramanian |first=Vadakaymadam Krishnier |location=New Delhi, India | * {{cite book |last=Subramanian |first=Vadakaymadam Krishnier |location=New Delhi, India |title=Hymns of Tulsidas |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9788170174967 |page=inside cover |quote=Famous classical singers like Paluskar, Anoop Jalota and MS Subbulakshmi have popularised Tulsidas's hymns among the people of India.}} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}}{{Portal bar|India|Religion}} | ||
[[Category:Hanuman]] | [[Category:Hanuman]] | ||