robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit) |
m Minor edits and structural improvements |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Written language of Ancient India}} | |||
{{Distinguish|Ardhamagadhi Prakrit}} | {{Distinguish|Ardhamagadhi Prakrit}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}} | {{EngvarB|date=August 2020}} | ||
| Line 13: | Line 14: | ||
| glotto = none | | glotto = none | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Magadhi Prakrit''' (''Māgadhī'') is of one of the three [[Dramatic Prakrit]]s, the written languages of [[History of India| | '''Magadhi Prakrit''' (''Māgadhī'') is of one of the three [[Dramatic Prakrit]]s, the written languages of [[History of India#Classical period (c. 200 BCE – 650_CE)|Classical]]-[[Medieval India]] following the decline of [[Pali]]. It was a vernacular [[Middle Indo-Aryan language]], replacing earlier [[Vedic Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Citation| contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan | editor1-last=Cardona | editor1-first=George | editor2-last=Jain | editor2-first=Dhanesh | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | place=London | year=2003 | series=Routledge language family series | isbn=0-7007-1130-9 | pages=46–66}}</ref> | ||
==History and overview== | |||
Magadhi Prakrit was spoken in the eastern [[Indian subcontinent]], in a region spanning what is now [[East India|eastern India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prasad |first1=Balaram |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Sibasis |title=Magadhi / Magahi |url=http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/11.%20MAGADHI%20MAGAHI.pdf |website=lsi.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee'>{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Suniti Kumar |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language |date=1926 |page=vi |url=https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1/page/n3/mode/2up?q=magadhi+prakrit+bengal |language=English}}</ref> Associated with the ancient [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], it was spoken in present-day [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh|eastern]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] under various ''apabhramsha'' dialects,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grierson |first1=Sir George Abraham |title=The Languages of India: Being a Reprint of the Chapter on Languages |date=1903 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=57–58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L65DAAAAYAAJ&q=magadhi+prakrit+bengal |language=en}}</ref> and used in some Prakrit dramas to represent vernacular dialogue. It is believed to be the language spoken by the important religious figures [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beames |first=John |url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139208871 |title=Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India: To Wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali |orig-year=1879 |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-20887-1 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139208871.003}}</ref> and was also the language of the courts of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada]] and the [[Maurya Empire]]; some of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] were composed in it.<ref name="Chatterjee'/><ref>{{cite book|last=Bashan |first=A.L. |title=The Wonder that was India |publisher=Picador |year=2004 |page=394}}</ref> | |||
Magadhi Prakrit later evolved into the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]], categorised into four groups:<ref name=Claus2003>{{cite book |last1=Claus |first1=Peter J. |last2=Diamond |first2=Sarah |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret Ann |title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |page=203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |last2=Jain |first2=Dhanesh K. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |page=445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445}}</ref> | |||
*[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]] | *[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]] | ||
*[[Bihari languages|Bihari]] | *[[Bihari languages|Bihari]] | ||
*[[Halbic languages|Halbic]] | *[[Halbic languages|Halbic]] | ||
*[[Odia language|Odia]] | *[[Odia language|Odia]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 30: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214085724/http://jainworld.com/literature/jain_agams.asp Jain Agams] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140810115344/http://jainfriends.tripod.com/books/jibljainismliterature.html Jainism in Buddhist Literature] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214085724/http://jainworld.com/literature/jain_agams.asp Jain Agams] (archived) | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140810115344/http://jainfriends.tripod.com/books/jibljainismliterature.html Jainism in Buddhist Literature] (archived) | |||
* {{cite thesis|type=PhD|first=Mathew W S|last=Toulmin|title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743|publisher=The Australian National University|year=2006}} | * {{cite thesis|type=PhD|first=Mathew W S|last=Toulmin|title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743|publisher=The Australian National University|year=2006}} | ||
| Line 35: | Line 41: | ||
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]] | [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]] | ||
[[Category:Prakrit languages]] | [[Category:Prakrit languages]] | ||
[[Category:Magahi language]] | [[Category:Magahi language]] | ||
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]] | |||
Latest revision as of 23:55, 1 March 2026
| Magadhi Prakrit | |
|---|---|
| Māgadhī | |
| Brahmi: 𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑀻 | |
| Region | India |
| Extinct | developed into the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Magadhi Prakrit (Māgadhī) is of one of the three Dramatic Prakrits, the written languages of Classical-Medieval India following the decline of Pali. It was a vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan language, replacing earlier Vedic Sanskrit.[2]
History and overview[edit | edit source]
Magadhi Prakrit was spoken in the eastern Indian subcontinent, in a region spanning what is now eastern India, Bangladesh and Nepal.[3][4] Associated with the ancient Magadha, it was spoken in present-day Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and eastern Uttar Pradesh under various apabhramsha dialects,[5] and used in some Prakrit dramas to represent vernacular dialogue. It is believed to be the language spoken by the important religious figures Gautama Buddha and Mahavira[6] and was also the language of the courts of the Magadha Mahajanapada and the Maurya Empire; some of the Edicts of Ashoka were composed in it.[4][7]
Magadhi Prakrit later evolved into the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, categorised into four groups:[1][8]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret Ann (2003). South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India. Routledge. p. 203.
- ↑ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), "The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan", The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge language family series, London: Routledge, pp. 46–66, ISBN 0-7007-1130-9
- ↑ Prasad, Balaram; Mukherjee, Sibasis. "Magadhi / Magahi" (PDF). lsi.gov.in. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1926). The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. p. vi.
- ↑ Grierson, Sir George Abraham (1903). The Languages of India: Being a Reprint of the Chapter on Languages. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. pp. 57–58.
- ↑ Beames, John (2012) [1879]. Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India: To Wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139208871.003. ISBN 978-1-139-20887-1.
- ↑ Bashan, A.L. (2004). The Wonder that was India. Picador. p. 394.
- ↑ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh K. (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Jain Agams (archived)
- Jainism in Buddhist Literature (archived)
- Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University.