Pandu: Difference between revisions

What links here Related changes Page information Get shortened URL
Created by 2405:201:A004:C038:8C76:5F24:B9A1:7574
Last edited March 16, 2026
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
small fix
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{about||the Tamil actor|Pandu (actor)|the locality in Guwahati|Pandu, Guwahati}}
{{short description|Kuru King and father of the Pandavas in epic Mahabharata}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{for-multi|the Tamil actor|Pandu (actor)|the locality in Guwahati|Pandu, Guwahati|the 2005 film|Pandu (2005 film)|the 2021 film|Pandu (2021 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{short description|Father of the Pandavas in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
{{Infobox character
| color      = #FFC569
| info-hdr = Personal Information
| info-hdr   = Personal Information
| image = Raja Pandu and Matakunti LACMA M.69.13.6.jpg
| image       = Raja Pandu and Matakunti LACMA M.69.13.6.jpg
| caption = A late 17th-century painting of Pandu (right) and Kunti from [[Kashmir]]
| caption     = A late 17th-century painting of Pandu and Kunti from [[Kashmir]]
| weapon = [[Bow and arrow]]
| weapon     = [[Bow and arrow]]
| affiliation = [[Kuru dynasty]], [[Chandravamsha]]
| affiliation = [[Kuru dynasty]]
| spouses = {{hlist|[[Kunti]]|[[Madri]]}}
| spouses     = {{hlist|[[Kunti]]|[[Madri]]}}
| family = '''Parents''' ''{{small|see [[Niyoga]]}}''{{bulleted list|[[Vyasa]] (Biological Father)|[[Ambalika]] (Mother)|[[Vichitravirya]] (Father)}}'''Half-Brothers''' {{bulleted list|[[Vidura]]|[[Dhritarashtra]]}}
| family     = '''Parents''' ''{{small|see [[Niyoga]]}}''{{bulleted list|[[Ved Vyas]] (Biological Father)|[[Ambalika]] (Mother)|[[Vichitravirya]] (Father)}}'''Half Brothers''' {{bulleted list|[[Vidura]] (from [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Ambika's maid|Parishrami]])|[[Dhritarashtra]] (from [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]])}}
| children = '''Putative Sons''' from Kunti{{bulleted list|[[Yudhishthira]] by [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]]|[[Bhima]] by [[Vayu]]|[[Arjuna]] by [[Indra]]}}
| children   = '''Sons''' from Kunti{{bulleted list|[[Yudhishthira]] by [[Yama (Hinduism)|Dharmaraja]]|[[Bhima]] by [[Vayu]]|[[Arjuna]] by [[Indra]]}}
'''Putative Sons''' from Madri {{bulleted list||[[Nakula]] by [[Ashvins]]|[[Sahadeva]] by Ashvins}}
'''Sons''' from Madri {{bulleted list||[[Nakula]] by [[Ashvins]]|[[Sahadeva]] by [[Ashvins]]}}
| relatives = }}
| relatives   = '''Half-Cousins''' ''{{small|see [[Niyoga]]}}''{{bulleted list|[[Shuka]] (from Vatikā)}}
}}


In the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', '''Pandu''' ({{lang-sa|पाण्डु|Pāṇḍu|pale}}) was a king of [[Kuru Kingdom]]. He is the father of the five [[Pandava]] brothers, who were actually gifted by different gods due to his inability of having children following Maharisi Kindam's curse.
'''Pandu''' ({{langx|sa|पाण्डु|Pāṇḍu|pale}}) is a character in the ancient Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He was the king of the [[Kuru kingdom]], with capital at [[Hastinapur]]. He was the acknowledged-father of the five [[Pandava]]s, who are the central characters of the epic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-02-21 |title=Pandu, Pāṇḍu, Paṇḍu, Pandū, Pamdu, Pamde: 38 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pandu |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
 
Pandu was born pale, to [[Vichitravirya]]'s second wife, [[Ambalika]]. Pandu married [[Kunti]] and [[Madri]]. Following sage [[Kindama]]'s curse, his sons were born through the boons bestowed upon his wife Kunti by a number of deities, owing to his inability to bear children.<ref>"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide", by Roshen Dalal, p. 230, publisher = Penguin Books India</ref>


== Birth ==
== Birth ==
When [[Vichitravirya]] died of having sickness, [[Bhishma]] unable to take the throne because of his vow, and [[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]]'s line unwilling to leave the [[Bahlika Kingdom]], there was a succession crisis in Hastinapur. [[Satyavati]] then invited her son [[Vyasa]] to impregnate the queens [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] and [[Ambalika]] under the Niyoga practice. When [[Vyasa]] approached [[Ambalika]], she was frightened by his scary appearance, she had become pale in disgust; hence, her son was born pale. Thus Pandu's name means pale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CVI|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01107.htm|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
When [[Vichitravirya]] died due to sickness, [[Bhishma]] was unable to ascend the throne because of his vow, and [[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]]'s line was unwilling to leave the [[Bahlika kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01103.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CII |publisher=[[Sacred-texts.com]] |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref> There ensued a succession crisis in Hastinapura. [[Satyavati]] then invited her son [[Vyasa]] to impregnate the queens [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] and [[Ambalika]] under the [[Niyoga|Niyoga practice]]. When Vyasa approached Ambalika, she was frightened by his scary appearance, and she had become pale in disgust; hence, her son was born pale. Thus, Pandu's name means pale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=B>{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India - Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=35–6}}</ref>
 
== Early life ==
Pandu along with his elder half-brother [[Dhritarashtra]], was trained in the military arts by [[Bhishma]] and [[Kripacharya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01106.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CV |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref> Bhishma also taught Pandu in the fields of archery, politics, administration and religion. He was an excellent archer and Maharathi (warrior).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CVI|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01107.htm|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
 
==Reign==
When it came time to nominate an heir, [[Vidura]] suggested that Pandu would be a better fit because he was not blind, unlike Dhritarashtra. Pandu became the successor to his kingdom and was crowned King of the [[Kuru kingdom]], with capital at Hastinapura.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=EJVS |volume=1 |issue=4 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007 }}</ref> Pandu conquered the territories of the [[Sindhu kingdom]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Anga]], [[Trigarta kingdom]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], etc., and thus re-established their supremacy over all the kings and increased the span of his empire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=[translated by] Ramesh|title=The Mahabharata : a modern rendering|year=2006|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=9780595401871}}</ref>
 
== Marriage ==
Pandu was married to [[Kunti]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXII|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01113.htm|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> the adoptive daughter of [[Kuntibhoja]] and the daughter of [[Shurasena]] (father of [[Vasudeva Anakadundubhi|Vasudeva]] and grandfather of [[Krishna]]). His second wife was the princess of the [[Madra]] kingdom [[Madri]]. The marriage was proposed by Bhishma.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Debalina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hfHDwAAQBAJ&q=bhishma+gets+pandu+married+with+Madri&pg=PT123|title=Into the Myths: A Realistic Approach Towards Mythology and Epic|date=2019-12-20|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-5437-0576-8|language=en}}</ref>


==Reign and marriage==
== Kindama's curse ==
[[File:Marraiage of Kunti.jpg|thumb|Marriage of Pandu with Kunti|alt=|left]]
{{plain image with caption|Pandu Shoots the Ascetic Kindama.jpg|Pandu shoots Kindama, who is disguised as a deer.|220|right|bottom}}
Pandu was taught in the fields of archery, politics, administration and religion by [[Bhishma]]. He was an excellent archer and Maharathi (warrior). He became the successor to his kingdom and was crowned King of the [[Kuru Kingdom]]. He was married to [[Kunti]], the adoptive daughter of [[Kuntibhoja]] and the daughter of [[Shurasena]] (father of [[Vasudeva Anakadundubhi]] and grandfather of [[Krishna]]). His second wife was the princess of the [[Madra]] kingdom [[Madri]]. The marriage was proposed by Bhishma.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Debalina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hfHDwAAQBAJ&q=bhishma+gets+pandu+married+with+Madri&pg=PT123|title=Into the Myths: A Realistic Approach Towards Mythology and Epic|date=2019-12-20|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-5437-0576-8|language=en}}</ref> Pandu later conquered the territories of the [[Sindhu Kingdom]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Anga]], [[Trigarta Kingdom]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], [[Magadha]], etc., and thus re-established their supremacy over all the kings and increased the span of his empire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=[translated by] Ramesh|title=The Mahabharata : a modern rendering|year=2006|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=9780595401871}}</ref>
While hunting in a forest (looking from a distance, his vision partially obscured by plants and trees), Pandu saw a couple of deer in the process of [[coitus]], and shot arrows at them; he later discovered that it was the sage [[Kindama]] and his wife who were making love in the form of deer. The dying sage placed a curse on Pandu, for not only had he killed them in the midst of [[lovemaking]], but was not remorseful for his actions either. King Pandu argued with sage Kindama by misquoting sage Agastya's ruling on the right of Kshatriyas' on hunting. Sage Kindama then cursed Pandu such that were he to approach his wives with the intent of making love, he would die.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Ramankutty|first=P.V.|title=Curse as a motif in the Mahābhārata|year=1999|publisher=Nag Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=9788170814320|edition=1.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Uberoi|first=Meera|title=The Mahabharata|year=1996 |isbn=9788170702313}}</ref>


==Kindama's Curse==
==Exile and Pandavas birth==
{{plain image with caption|Pandu Shoots the Ascetic Kindama.jpg|Pandu shoots Kindama, who is disguised as a deer|220|right|bottom}}
Upset and seeking to repent his deed, Pandu handed his kingdom to [[Dhritarashtra]] and left for exile in the forest. There, he started to lead the life of an ascetic with his wives.<ref name=":0" />
While hunting in a forest (looking from a distance, his vision partially obscured by plants and trees), Pandu saw a couple of deer in the process of [[coitus]], and shot arrows at them; only to find out that it was Rishi [[Kindama]] and his wife who were making love in the form of deer. The dying sage placed a curse on Pandu since he had not only killed them in the midst of [[lovemaking]] but was not remorseful for his action. King Pandu argued with sage Kindama by misquoting sage Agastya's ruling on the right of Kshatriyas' on hunting. Sage Kindama then cursed Pandu, the curse being that was he to approach his wives with the intent of making love, he would die.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramankutty|first=P.V.|title=Curse as a motif in the Mahābhārata|year=1999|publisher=Nag Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=9788170814320|edition=1.}}</ref>


==Exile and death==
===Birth of Pandu's foster sons===
[[File:Pandu at Shatasrunga Hill.jpg|thumb|Pandu at Shatasrunga Hill|left]]
As a consequence of Kindama's curse, Pandu became incapable of fathering any children. One day, Pandu was regaling the story of his birth and his wish of becoming a father to his first wife, [[Kunti]]. Kunti told him about the child-bearing mantra taught to her by the sage [[Durvasa]]. Pandu was overjoyed and told Kunti to use it to gain sons from suitable deities.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|year=1975|title=Pandava|encyclopedia=Puranic Encyclopedia: a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|location=Delhi, India|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/562/mode/1up?view=theater|pages=562}}</ref> He wanted his son to be righteous, and so he suggested [[Yama (Hinduism)|Dharmaraja]], the deity of death and righteousness. Kunti chanted her mantra and the deity granted her [[Yudhishthira]]. Later, Pandu expressed his desire for a powerful son. This time, Kunti invoked [[Vayu]] and [[Bhima]] was born. Pandu suggested Kunti to invoke [[Indra]] and a valiant son, [[Arjuna]], was born. Pandu felt bad for Madri's childlessness, and thus requested Kunti to share her mantra with her. Heeding his request, Kunti revealed her mantra once to Pandu's younger wife. Madri invoked the [[Ashvins|Ashvin twins]], and then gave birth to [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The five pandavas and the story of their birth|url=http://aumamen.com/topic/the-five-pandavas-and-the-story-of-their-birth|access-date=2020-08-31|website=aumamen.com}}</ref>
Upset and seeking to repent his action, Pandu handed his kingdom to [[Dhritarashtra]] and went for exile in forest. There, he lived as an ascetic with his wives.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramankutty|first=P.V.|title=Curse as a motif in the Mahābhārata|year=1999|publisher=Nag Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=9788170814320|edition=1.}}</ref>
===Birth of Pandu's sons===
[[File: Pandu orderd Kunti to bear a son.jpg|thumb|Pandu requests Kunti for a son]]
One day Pandu was telling his birth story and wish of becoming a father to [[Kunti]]. Kunti mentioned her mantra given by sage [[Durvasa]]. Pandu was overjoyed and told Kunti to use it to get a son from a suitable god. He wanted his son to be righteous, so he suggested [[Yama (Hinduism)|Dharmaraja]], the god of Death and Righteousness. Kunti used her mantra and the god granted her [[Yudhishthira]]. Later Pandu expressed his desire for a powerful son. This time Kunti called [[Vayu]] and [[Bhima]] was born. Later Pandu suggested Kunti invoke [[Indra]] and a skillful son, [[Arjuna]] was born. Pandu felt badly for [[Madri]] and he requested Kunti to share her mantra. Kunti shared her mantra once and Madri invoked [[Ashvins]], and then gave birth to [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The five pandavas and the story of their birth|url=http://aumamen.com/topic/the-five-pandavas-and-the-story-of-their-birth|access-date=2020-08-31|website=aumamen.com}}</ref>


===Death===
==Death==
One day, Pandu forgot about this curse and suddenly filled with lust for Madri and proceeded to have sexual act with her. After the act, his curse fulfilled and he died. His body was cremated in the forest itself. In grief that her husband died because of her, Madri committed suicide (possibly through [[self-immolation]]) after handing her children to Kunti.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang|first=Liaw Yock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIv3AwAAQBAJ&q=madri+suicide&pg=PA76|title=A History of Classical Malay Literature|date=2013|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian|isbn=978-981-4459-88-4|language=en}}</ref>
One day, Pandu forgot about the curse and was suddenly filled with lust for Madri. Despite her pleas, he proceeded to engage in sexual intercourse with her. After the act, his curse was fulfilled and he died. His body was cremated within the forest. Attributing her husband's death to herself and swept by remorse, Madri took her own life after handing her children over to Kunti.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang|first=Liaw Yock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIv3AwAAQBAJ&q=madri+suicide&pg=PA76|title=A History of Classical Malay Literature|date=2013|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian|isbn=978-981-4459-88-4|language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Commons Category|Pandu}}
* [[Pandava]]
* [[Pandava]]
* [[Pandeism (Godfrey Higgins)|The Pandeism of Godfrey Higgins]]
* [[Pandeism (Godfrey Higgins)|The Pandeism of Godfrey Higgins]]
*[[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Mahabharata}}
{{Mahabharata}}


[[Category: Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Mythological kings of Kuru]]

Latest revision as of 20:02, 16 March 2026


Template:For-multi

Pandu
A late 17th-century painting of Pandu (right) and Kunti from Kashmir
Personal Information
AffiliationKuru dynasty, Chandravamsha
WeaponBow and arrow
FamilyParents see Niyoga
Half-Brothers
Spouses
ChildrenPutative Sons from Kunti Putative Sons from Madri

Pandu (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) is a character in the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata. He was the king of the Kuru kingdom, with capital at Hastinapur. He was the acknowledged-father of the five Pandavas, who are the central characters of the epic.[1]

Pandu was born pale, to Vichitravirya's second wife, Ambalika. Pandu married Kunti and Madri. Following sage Kindama's curse, his sons were born through the boons bestowed upon his wife Kunti by a number of deities, owing to his inability to bear children.[2]

Birth[edit | edit source]

When Vichitravirya died due to sickness, Bhishma was unable to ascend the throne because of his vow, and Bahlika's line was unwilling to leave the Bahlika kingdom.[3] There ensued a succession crisis in Hastinapura. Satyavati then invited her son Vyasa to impregnate the queens Ambika and Ambalika under the Niyoga practice. When Vyasa approached Ambalika, she was frightened by his scary appearance, and she had become pale in disgust; hence, her son was born pale. Thus, Pandu's name means pale.[4][5]

Early life[edit | edit source]

Pandu along with his elder half-brother Dhritarashtra, was trained in the military arts by Bhishma and Kripacharya.[6] Bhishma also taught Pandu in the fields of archery, politics, administration and religion. He was an excellent archer and Maharathi (warrior).[7]

Reign[edit | edit source]

When it came time to nominate an heir, Vidura suggested that Pandu would be a better fit because he was not blind, unlike Dhritarashtra. Pandu became the successor to his kingdom and was crowned King of the Kuru kingdom, with capital at Hastinapura.[8] Pandu conquered the territories of the Sindhu kingdom, Kashi, Anga, Trigarta kingdom, Kalinga, Magadha, etc., and thus re-established their supremacy over all the kings and increased the span of his empire.[9]

Marriage[edit | edit source]

Pandu was married to Kunti,[10] the adoptive daughter of Kuntibhoja and the daughter of Shurasena (father of Vasudeva and grandfather of Krishna). His second wife was the princess of the Madra kingdom Madri. The marriage was proposed by Bhishma.[11]

Kindama's curse[edit | edit source]

Template:Plain image with caption While hunting in a forest (looking from a distance, his vision partially obscured by plants and trees), Pandu saw a couple of deer in the process of coitus, and shot arrows at them; he later discovered that it was the sage Kindama and his wife who were making love in the form of deer. The dying sage placed a curse on Pandu, for not only had he killed them in the midst of lovemaking, but was not remorseful for his actions either. King Pandu argued with sage Kindama by misquoting sage Agastya's ruling on the right of Kshatriyas' on hunting. Sage Kindama then cursed Pandu such that were he to approach his wives with the intent of making love, he would die.[12][13]

Exile and Pandavas birth[edit | edit source]

Upset and seeking to repent his deed, Pandu handed his kingdom to Dhritarashtra and left for exile in the forest. There, he started to lead the life of an ascetic with his wives.[12]

Birth of Pandu's foster sons[edit | edit source]

As a consequence of Kindama's curse, Pandu became incapable of fathering any children. One day, Pandu was regaling the story of his birth and his wish of becoming a father to his first wife, Kunti. Kunti told him about the child-bearing mantra taught to her by the sage Durvasa. Pandu was overjoyed and told Kunti to use it to gain sons from suitable deities.[14] He wanted his son to be righteous, and so he suggested Dharmaraja, the deity of death and righteousness. Kunti chanted her mantra and the deity granted her Yudhishthira. Later, Pandu expressed his desire for a powerful son. This time, Kunti invoked Vayu and Bhima was born. Pandu suggested Kunti to invoke Indra and a valiant son, Arjuna, was born. Pandu felt bad for Madri's childlessness, and thus requested Kunti to share her mantra with her. Heeding his request, Kunti revealed her mantra once to Pandu's younger wife. Madri invoked the Ashvin twins, and then gave birth to Nakula and Sahadeva.[15]

Death[edit | edit source]

One day, Pandu forgot about the curse and was suddenly filled with lust for Madri. Despite her pleas, he proceeded to engage in sexual intercourse with her. After the act, his curse was fulfilled and he died. His body was cremated within the forest. Attributing her husband's death to herself and swept by remorse, Madri took her own life after handing her children over to Kunti.[16]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (21 February 2020). "Pandu, Pāṇḍu, Paṇḍu, Pandū, Pamdu, Pamde: 38 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  2. ↑ "Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide", by Roshen Dalal, p. 230, publisher = Penguin Books India
  3. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CII". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  4. ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (28 January 2019). "Story of Ambālikā". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  5. ↑ Bhanu, Sharada (1997). Myths and Legends from India - Great Women. Chennai: Macmillan India Limited. pp. 35–6. ISBN 0-333-93076-2.
  6. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CV". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  7. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CVI". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  8. ↑ Witzel, Michael (1995). "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state" (PDF). EJVS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.
  9. ↑ Menon, [translated by] Ramesh (2006). The Mahabharata : a modern rendering. New York: iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 9780595401871.
  10. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXII". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  11. ↑ Debalina (20 December 2019). Into the Myths: A Realistic Approach Towards Mythology and Epic. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5437-0576-8.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ramankutty, P.V. (1999). Curse as a motif in the Mahābhārata (1. ed.). Delhi: Nag Publishers. ISBN 9788170814320.
  13. ↑ Uberoi, Meera (1996). The Mahabharata. ISBN 9788170702313.
  14. ↑ "Pandava". Puranic Encyclopedia: a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 1975. p. 562.
  15. ↑ "The five pandavas and the story of their birth". aumamen.com. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  16. ↑ Fang, Liaw Yock (2013). A History of Classical Malay Literature. Institute of Southeast Asian. ISBN 978-981-4459-88-4.

External links[edit | edit source]

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandu&oldid=447414"
Discover more