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{{Short description|Class of Indian languages}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox language | |||
| name = Apabhraṃśa | |||
| nativename = {{lang|psu-deva|अवहंस}} | |||
| states = [[India]] and [[Nepal]] | |||
| region = [[Northern India]] | |||
| familycolor = Indo-European | |||
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | |||
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | |||
| fam4 = [[Vedic Sanskrit]] | |||
| fam5 = [[Sanskrit]] | |||
| script = [[Devanagari]] | |||
| notice = IPA | |||
| image = Apabhraṃśa.svg | |||
| imagecaption = The word "Apabhraṃśa" written in Devanagari script | |||
}} | |||
Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of | '''Apabhraṃśa''' ({{langx|sa|अपभ्रंश}}, {{IPA|sa|ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ|IPA}}, [[Prakrit]]: {{lang|psu-deva|अवहंस}} {{IAST|''Avahaṃsa''}}) is a term used by ''[[Vyākaraṇa|vaiyākaraṇāḥ]]'' (native grammarians) since [[Patanjali|Patañjali]] to refer to languages spoken in [[Northern India]] before the rise of the modern languages. In [[Indology]], it is used as an [[umbrella term]] for the dialects forming the transition<ref>{{citation | last= Shapiro | first= Michael C. | year= 2003 | chapter= Hindi | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250 | editor1-last= Cardona | editor1-first= George | editor2-last= Jain | editor2-first= Dhanesh | title= The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher= Routledge | isbn= 978-0-415-77294-5 }}{{page needed|date=May 2016}}</ref> between the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|late Middle]] and the early [[Indo-Aryan languages|Modern Indo-Aryan languages]], spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.<ref name=avabhansa>{{cite book|last=Shastri|first=Devendra Kumar|title=Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan|year=1996|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith.|location=New Delhi|page=388}}</ref>{{rp|p.42}} [[wikt:अपभ्रंश#Sanskrit|{{IAST|Apabhraṃśa}}]] in Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar. | ||
Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of Northern India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003">Apabhramsha Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.</ref> | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The term [[Prakrit]], which includes [[Pali]], is also used as a cover term for the [[vernacular]]s of | The term [[Prakrit]], which includes [[Pali]], is also used as a cover term for the [[vernacular]]s of Northern India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern Northern Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century. | ||
A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in [[Jainism|Jain]] libraries. While [[Amir Khusrow]] and [[Kabir]] were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu | A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in [[Jainism|Jain]] libraries. While [[Amir Khusrow]] and [[Kabir]] were writing in a language quite similar to modern Urdu and Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by [[Hindu king]]s, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include [[Saraha]], [[Tilopa]] and [[Kanha (poet)|Kanha]] of [[Kamarupa]]; Devasena of [[Dhar]] (9th century CE); Pushpadanta of [[Manyakheta]] (9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha; [[Hemachandra]] of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]; and [[Raidhu]] of [[Gwalior]] (15th century CE). | ||
An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the ''Vikramorvashiyam'' of [[Kālidāsa]], when [[Pururavas]] asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until | An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the ''Vikramorvashiyam'' of [[Kālidāsa]], when [[Pururavas]] asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century, when Bhagavatidasa wrote ''Migankaleha Chariu''.<ref name="Apabhramsha Sahitya 2003"/> | ||
The | The first known example of an Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the [[Sandeśarāsaka]] of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alī |first=Saiyada Asad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbpjAAAAMAAJ&q=Sandesh+Rasak |title=Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature |date=2000 |publisher=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli |series=Oriental Original Series |volume=47 |location=Delhi |pages=12–13, 195 |language=en |quote=After Muslim Hindi-Persian poet Masood Saad Salman, "Sandesh Rasak" is the first Apbharansh work of poetry. It was probably written in 11th century. Abdur Rahman, in his ...}}</ref> | ||
== Writers and poets == | == Writers and poets == | ||
Below is the list of some of the eminent writers | Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of Apabhraṃśa literature: | ||
*Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE) | *Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE) | ||
:* Ritthanemichariu | :* Ritthanemichariu | ||
:* Pauma-Chariu<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i |title=Pauma-Chariu (Part-I) |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073233/http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i |archive-date=24 January 2016 | :* Pauma-Chariu<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i |title=Pauma-Chariu (Part-I) |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073233/http://www.jnanpith.net/book/pauma-chariu-part-i |archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref> | ||
*Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century) | *Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century) | ||
:* Mahapuran <ref>[http://www.jaingranths.com/Manuscript.asp?id=91&i=1 Jain granths]</ref> | :* Mahapuran <ref>[http://www.jaingranths.com/Manuscript.asp?id=91&i=1 Jain granths]</ref> | ||
:* Naykumarchariu | :* Naykumarchariu | ||
:* Jasaharchariu | :* Jasaharchariu | ||
*[[Hemachandra]] (12th | *[[Hemachandra]] (12th century) | ||
* | *Abdur Rahman (Addahamāṇa) (12th century) – [[Multan]]i poet who penned the epic romance [[Sandeśarāsaka]] in Apabhraṃśa.<ref name="Flood">{{cite book|last1=Flood|first1=Finbarr Barry|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12594-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Multan&pg=PA155}}</ref> | ||
*[[Kanhadade Prabandha]] (15th century) | * [[Padmanābha]] who wrote [[Kanhadade Prabandha]] (15th century) | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 39: | Line 56: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195148/http://www.jainworld.com/society/speaksch/dksastri.htm Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri] | * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195148/http://www.jainworld.com/society/speaksch/dksastri.htm Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri]"– Jainworld (archived) | ||
* [ | * "[https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindiint.html Hindi: The language of songs]" by Yashwant K. Malaiya | ||
* {{cite book |last=Halder |first=Shashwati |year=2012 |chapter=Apabhrangsha | * {{cite book |last=Halder |first=Shashwati |year=2012 |chapter=Apabhrangsha |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Apabhrangsha |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}} | ||
{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}} | {{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}} | ||
| Line 54: | Line 71: | ||
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]] | [[Category:Linguistic history of India]] | ||
[[Category:Medieval languages]] | [[Category:Medieval languages]] | ||
[[Category:North India]] | [[Category:North India]] | ||
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]] | |||
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]] | |||
Latest revision as of 16:56, 24 January 2026
| Apabhraṃśa | |
|---|---|
| अवहंस | |
 The word "Apabhraṃśa" written in Devanagari script | |
| Native to | India and Nepal |
| Region | Northern India |
| Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Apabhraṃśa (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., sa, Prakrit: अवहंस Avahaṃsa) is a term used by vaiyākaraṇāḥ (native grammarians) since Patañjali to refer to languages spoken in Northern India before the rise of the modern languages. In Indology, it is used as an umbrella term for the dialects forming the transition[1] between the late Middle and the early Modern Indo-Aryan languages, spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.[2]:p.42 Apabhraṃśa in Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.
Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of Northern India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.[3]
Overview[edit | edit source]
The term Prakrit, which includes Pali, is also used as a cover term for the vernaculars of Northern India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern Northern Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.
A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in Jain libraries. While Amir Khusrow and Kabir were writing in a language quite similar to modern Urdu and Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include Saraha, Tilopa and Kanha of Kamarupa; Devasena of Dhar (9th century CE); Pushpadanta of Manyakheta (9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha; Hemachandra of Patan; and Raidhu of Gwalior (15th century CE).
An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the Vikramorvashiyam of Kālidāsa, when Pururavas asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century, when Bhagavatidasa wrote Migankaleha Chariu.[3]
The first known example of an Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the Sandeśarāsaka of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.[4]
Writers and poets[edit | edit source]
Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of Apabhraṃśa literature:
- Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)
- Ritthanemichariu
- Pauma-Chariu[5]
- Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)
- Mahapuran [6]
- Naykumarchariu
- Jasaharchariu
- Hemachandra (12th century)
- Abdur Rahman (Addahamāṇa) (12th century) – Multani poet who penned the epic romance Sandeśarāsaka in Apabhraṃśa.[7]
- Padmanābha who wrote Kanhadade Prabandha (15th century)
See also[edit | edit source]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Shapiro, Michael C. (2003), "Hindi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5[page needed]
- ↑ Shastri, Devendra Kumar (1996). Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan. New Delhi: Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith. p. 388.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Apabhramsha Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.
- ↑ Alī, Saiyada Asad (2000). Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature. Oriental Original Series. Vol. 47. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli. pp. 12–13, 195.
After Muslim Hindi-Persian poet Masood Saad Salman, "Sandesh Rasak" is the first Apbharansh work of poetry. It was probably written in 11th century. Abdur Rahman, in his ...
- ↑ "Pauma-Chariu (Part-I)". Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ↑ Jain granths
- ↑ Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12594-7.
References[edit | edit source]
- Shapiro, Michael C. Hindi. Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.
External links[edit | edit source]
- "Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri"– Jainworld (archived)
- "Hindi: The language of songs" by Yashwant K. Malaiya
- Halder, Shashwati (2012). "Apabhrangsha". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.