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{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}} | {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}} | ||
{{Infobox river | {{Infobox river | ||
| name = Mahananda River | | name = Mahananda River<br/>{{native_name|bn|Môhānôndā Nôdi}} | ||
| native_name = | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] (Bangladesh)<br/>[[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] (Bangladesh) | | subdivision_name3 = [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] (Bangladesh)<br/>[[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] (Bangladesh) | ||
| subdivision_type4 = Districts | | subdivision_type4 = Districts | ||
| subdivision_name4 =[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling (India) | | subdivision_name4 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] (India), [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] (India)<br/>[[Uttar Dinajpur]] (India)<br/>[[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] (India)<br/>[[Purnia district|Purnia]] (India)<br/>[[Katihar district|Katihar]] (India)<br/>[[Malda district|Malda]] (India)<br/>[[Panchagarh District|Panchagarh]] (Bangladesh)<br/>[[Nawabganj district|Nawabganj]] (Bangladesh) | ||
| subdivision_type5 = Cities | | subdivision_type5 = Cities | ||
| subdivision_name5 = [[Kurseong]] (India)<br/>[[Siliguri]] (India)<br/>[[English Bazar]](India)<br/>Godagiri (Bangladesh) | | subdivision_name5 = [[Kurseong]] (India)<br/>[[Siliguri]] (India)<br/>[[English Bazar]](India)<br/>Godagiri (Bangladesh) | ||
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | ||
| | | length_km = 360 | ||
| width_min = | | width_min = | ||
| width_avg = | | width_avg = | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
| source1_elevation = | | source1_elevation = | ||
| mouth = [[Ganges]] | | mouth = [[Ganges]] | ||
| mouth_location = | | mouth_location = Godagari, [[Rajshahi District]], [[Bangladesh]] | ||
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|29|24|N|88|18|14|E|display=inline,title}} | | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|29|24|N|88|18|14|E|display=inline,title}} | ||
| mouth_elevation = | | mouth_elevation = | ||
| progression = | | progression = | ||
| river_system = | | river_system = | ||
| | | basin_size_km2 = 20600 | ||
| tributaries_left = [[Tangon River]], [[Nagar River (Rangpur)]] | | tributaries_left = [[Tangon River]], [[Nagar River (Rangpur)]] | ||
| tributaries_right = [[Mechi River]], [[Kankai River]], [[Balason River]], [[Kalindi River]] | | tributaries_right = [[Mechi River]], [[Kankai River]], [[Balason River]], [[Kalindi River]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Mahananda | The '''Mahananda''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˌ|h|ɑː|ˈ|n|ʌ|n|d|ə|,_|ˌ|m|ɑː|h|ə|-}} {{respell|mə|HAH|NUN|də|,_|MAH|hə|-}}) is a [[trans-boundary river]] that flows through the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]] before crossing into [[Bangladesh]]. It is an important [[tributary]] of the [[Ganges]]. | ||
==Course== | ==Course== | ||
[[File:MahanandaRiver.jpg|thumb|Mahananda | [[File:MahanandaRiver.jpg|thumb|Mahananda River, view from captain Mohiudding Jahangir (Bir Shreshtha) bridge at [[Nawabganj district]] ]] | ||
The Mahananda | The Mahananda River system consists of two streams- one is locally known as Fulahar River and the other Mahananda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Momin |first=Hassan |last2=Biswas |first2=Rubia |last3=Tamang |first3=Chandrakala |date=2022-02-01 |title=Morphological analysis and channel shifting of the Fulahar river in Malda district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10248-7 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=197–213 |doi=10.1007/s10708-020-10248-7 |issn=1572-9893|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Fulahar originates in the [[Himalayas]] in [[Nepal]] and traverses through the Indian state of Bihar and merges with the Ganges in left opposite to [[Rajmahal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahananda Basin|url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=mahananda_basin|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814120925/https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=mahananda_basin|archive-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> The Mahananda originates in the Himalayas: Paglajhora Falls on Mahaldiram Hill near Chimli, east of [[Kurseong]] in [[Darjeeling district]] at an elevation of {{convert|2100|m}}.<ref name=jain>{{cite book |author1=Sharad K. Jain |author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal |author3=Vijay P. Singh |year=2007 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA360 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=360 |isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7}}</ref><ref name=siliguri>{{cite web |url=http://www.siligurionline.com/info/rivers.htm |title=Rivers in Siliguri |work=Mahananda River |publisher=Siliguri on line |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104203849/http://www.siligurionline.com/info/rivers.htm |archive-date=4 January 2013 |access-date=14 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://darjeelingnews.net/rivers.html | ||
| title = Rivers| publisher = Darjeeling News.Net |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> It flows through [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] and descends to the plains near [[Siliguri]]. It touches [[Jalpaiguri district]].<ref name=siliguri/><ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.himalayan-adventure.com/jungle/mahananda.htm | | title = Rivers| publisher = Darjeeling News.Net |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> It flows through [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] and descends to the plains near [[Siliguri]]. It touches [[Jalpaiguri district]].<ref name=siliguri/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.himalayan-adventure.com/jungle/mahananda.htm |title = Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher = nature beyond |access-date = 14 May 2010 |archive-date = 17 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090317101106/http://www.himalayan-adventure.com/jungle/mahananda.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> | ||
It enters Bangladesh near [[Tetulia Upazila|Tentulia]] in [[Panchagarh District]], flows for {{convert|3|km}} after Tentulia and returns to India.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view1.php?hidRecord=16858 | title =News from Bangladesh |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> After flowing through [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in West Bengal and [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Purnia district|Purnia]] and [[Katihar district|Katihar]] districts in Bihar, it enters [[Malda district]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://uttardinajpur.gov.in/ | title = Uttar Dinajpur district |publisher = Uttar Dinajpur district administration |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://kishanganj.bih.nic.in/river.htm |url-status=dead |title =Kishanganj district |publisher =Kishanganj district administration |access-date =14 May 2010 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100408074040/http://kishanganj.bih.nic.in/river.htm |archive-date =8 April 2010}}</ref> The Mahananda divides the district into two regions — the eastern region, consisting mainly of old alluvial and relatively infertile soil is commonly known as [[Barind]] ( | It enters Bangladesh near [[Tetulia Upazila|Tentulia]] in [[Panchagarh District]], flows for {{convert|3|km}} after Tentulia and returns to India.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view1.php?hidRecord=16858 | title =News from Bangladesh |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> After flowing through [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in West Bengal and [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]], [[Purnia district|Purnia]] and [[Katihar district|Katihar]] districts in Bihar, it enters [[Malda district]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://uttardinajpur.gov.in/ | title = Uttar Dinajpur district |publisher = Uttar Dinajpur district administration |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://kishanganj.bih.nic.in/river.htm |url-status=dead |title =Kishanganj district |publisher =Kishanganj district administration |access-date =14 May 2010 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100408074040/http://kishanganj.bih.nic.in/river.htm |archive-date =8 April 2010}}</ref> The Mahananda divides the district into two regions — the eastern region, consisting mainly of old alluvial and relatively infertile soil is commonly known as [[Barind]] (Barendrabhumi), and the western region, which is further subdivided by the river Kalindri into two areas, the northern area is known as "Tal". It is low-lying and vulnerable to inundation during rainy season; the southern area consists of very fertile land and is thickly populated, being commonly known as "Diara".<ref>{{cite web|url =http://malda.gov.in/ | title =Malda district |publisher =Malda district administration |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> | ||
It joins the [[Ganges]] at | It joins the [[Ganges]] at Godagari in [[Nawabganj district|Rajshahi district]] in Bangladesh.<ref name=jain/> | ||
===Basin data=== | ===Basin data=== | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]] | [[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]] | ||
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]] | [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] | ||
[[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] | [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:34, 24 February 2026
| Mahananda River Môhānôndā Nôdi (Bengali) | |
|---|---|
 People collecting stone at Mahananda River in Tetulia, Panchagarh District, Bangladesh with Kangchenjunga in the background | |
| Location | |
| Countries | India and Bangladesh |
| States | West Bengal (India) Bihar (India) |
| Divisions | Rangpur (Bangladesh) Rajshahi (Bangladesh) |
| Districts | Darjeeling (India), Jalpaiguri (India) Uttar Dinajpur (India) Kishanganj (India) Purnia (India) Katihar (India) Malda (India) Panchagarh (Bangladesh) Nawabganj (Bangladesh) |
| Cities | Kurseong (India) Siliguri (India) English Bazar(India) Godagiri (Bangladesh) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Paglajhora Falls, Darjeeling hills in the Himalayas |
| Mouth | Ganges |
• location | Godagari, Rajshahi District, Bangladesh |
• coordinates | 24°29′24″N 88°18′14″E / 24.49000°N 88.30389°E |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Tangon River, Nagar River (Rangpur) |
| • right | Mechi River, Kankai River, Balason River, Kalindi River |
The Mahananda (/məˌhɑːˈnʌndə, ˌmɑːhə-/ mə-HAH-NUN-də, MAH-hə-) is a trans-boundary river that flows through the Indian states of Bihar and West Bengal before crossing into Bangladesh. It is an important tributary of the Ganges.
Course[edit | edit source]
The Mahananda River system consists of two streams- one is locally known as Fulahar River and the other Mahananda.[1] The Fulahar originates in the Himalayas in Nepal and traverses through the Indian state of Bihar and merges with the Ganges in left opposite to Rajmahal.[2] The Mahananda originates in the Himalayas: Paglajhora Falls on Mahaldiram Hill near Chimli, east of Kurseong in Darjeeling district at an elevation of 2,100 metres (6,900 ft).[3][4][5] It flows through Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary and descends to the plains near Siliguri. It touches Jalpaiguri district.[4][6]
It enters Bangladesh near Tentulia in Panchagarh District, flows for 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) after Tentulia and returns to India.[7] After flowing through Uttar Dinajpur district in West Bengal and Kishanganj, Purnia and Katihar districts in Bihar, it enters Malda district in West Bengal.[8][9] The Mahananda divides the district into two regions — the eastern region, consisting mainly of old alluvial and relatively infertile soil is commonly known as Barind (Barendrabhumi), and the western region, which is further subdivided by the river Kalindri into two areas, the northern area is known as "Tal". It is low-lying and vulnerable to inundation during rainy season; the southern area consists of very fertile land and is thickly populated, being commonly known as "Diara".[10]
It joins the Ganges at Godagari in Rajshahi district in Bangladesh.[3]
Basin data[edit | edit source]
The total length of the Mahananda is 360 kilometres (220 mi),[11] out of which 324 kilometres (201 mi) are in India and 36 kilometres (22 mi) are in Bangladesh.
The total drainage area of the Mahananda is 20,600 square kilometres (8,000 sq mi) out of which 11,530 square kilometres (4,450 sq mi) are in India.[3]
Tributaries[edit | edit source]
The main tributaries of the Mahananda are Balason, Mechi, Kankai[3] and River Kalindri. At the East of the confluence of the Kalindri and the Mahananda lies the Old Malda town. In the Siliguri area it has three tributaries called the Trinai, Ranochondi and the pair of Chokor and Dauk taken as a single tributary.[4]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Momin, Hassan; Biswas, Rubia; Tamang, Chandrakala (1 February 2022). "Morphological analysis and channel shifting of the Fulahar river in Malda district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques". GeoJournal. 87 (1): 197–213. doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10248-7. ISSN 1572-9893.
- ↑ "Mahananda Basin". Archived from the original on 14 August 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sharad K. Jain; Pushpendra K. Agarwal; Vijay P. Singh (2007). Hydrology and Water Resources of India. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-4020-5180-7.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Rivers in Siliguri". Mahananda River. Siliguri on line. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ "Rivers". Darjeeling News.Net. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ↑ "Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary". nature beyond. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ↑ "News from Bangladesh". Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ↑ "Uttar Dinajpur district". Uttar Dinajpur district administration. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ↑ "Kishanganj district". Kishanganj district administration. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ↑ "Malda district". Malda district administration. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ↑ "Mahananda River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Sultana Nasrin Baby (2012), "Mahananda River", in Sirajul Islam; Ahmed A. Jamal (eds.), Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh