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{{Short description| | {{Short description|Second Sikh guru from 1539 AD to 1552 AD}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}} | ||
{{Infobox religious biography | {{Infobox religious biography | ||
| religion = [[Sikhism]] | | religion = [[Sikhism]] | ||
| name = Guru Angad | | name = Guru Angad | ||
| image = | | image = Guru Angad miniature painting.jpg | ||
| alt = | | alt = | ||
| caption = | | caption = Miniature painting depiction of Guru Angad | ||
| birth_name = | | birth_name = Lehna | ||
| birth_date = {{Birth | | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1504|03|31}} | ||
| birth_place = Matte | | birth_place = [[Matte-di-Sarai (Sarainaga)]], [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]], [[Punjab (region)|Panjab]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] | ||
| death_date = {{Death | | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1552|03|29|1504|03|31}} | ||
| death_place = [[Khadur Sahib]], [[ | | death_place = [[Khadur Sahib]], [[Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=20}}</ref> | ||
| known_for = Standardising the [[Gurmukhi]] Script | | known_for = Standardising the [[Gurmukhi]] Script | ||
| predecessor = [[Guru Nanak]] | | predecessor = [[Guru Nanak]] | ||
| successor = [[Guru Amar Das]] | | successor = [[Guru Amar Das]] | ||
| spouse = [[Mata Khivi]] | | spouse = [[Mata Khivi]] | ||
| children = Baba Dasu (1521–1598)<br> Baba Dattu (1524–1575)<br> Bibi Amro (1529–1601) <br>Bibi Anokhi (1531–1608) | | children = Baba Dasu (1521–1598)<br /> Baba Dattu (1524–1575)<br /> [[Bibi Amro]] (1529–1601) <br />Bibi Anokhi (1531–1608) | ||
| parents = Mata Ramo and Baba Pheru Mal | | parents = Mata Ramo and Baba Pheru Mal | ||
| native_name = ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ | |||
| native_name_lang = pa | |||
| location = [[Khadur Sahib|Khadur]] | |||
| other_name = Second Master<br />Second Nanak | |||
| period = 1539–1552 | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Sikhism sidebar}} | {{Sikhism sidebar}} | ||
'''Guru Angad''' (31 March 1504 – 29 March 1552;<ref name=eos/> | '''Guru Angad''' (31 March 1504 – 29 March 1552;<ref name=eos/> {{Langx|pa|ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ}}, {{IPA|pa|gʊɾuː əŋgəd̯ᵊ|pron}}) was the second of the ten [[Sikh gurus]] of [[Sikhism]]. After meeting [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]], becoming a Sikh, and serving and working with Nanak for many years, Nanak gave Lehna the name Angad ("my own limb"),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter B.|last2=Beyer|first2=Peter|title=The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=9781135210991|page=565}}</ref> and chose Angad as the second Sikh Guru.<ref name="Fenech2014p36"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/><ref name=Shackle_2005>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | pages=xiii–xiv | no-pp=true}}</ref> | ||
After the death of | After the death of Nanak in 1539, Angad led the Sikh tradition.<ref name=eosamardas>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n163 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> He is remembered in Sikhism for adopting and formalising the [[Gurmukhi alphabet]].<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/> He began the process of compiling the hymns of Nanak and contributed 62 or 63 [[Shloka|''Saloks'']] of his own.<ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18"/> Instead of his own son, he chose his disciple [[Guru Amar Das|Amar Das]] as his successor and the third Guru of Sikhism.<ref name=eosamardas/><ref name=cole20/> | ||
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
===Early life=== | |||
Angad was born on 31 March 1504 with the birth name of Lehna (also transliterated as Lahina) in the village of [[Sarai Naga|Matte-di-Sarai]] (now Sarainaga) in [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Muktsar district]] of the [[Punjab]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Angad Sahib (Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji) |url=https://sgpc.net/ten-guru-sahibs/guru-angad-sahib/ |website=SGPC (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)(Supreme Gurdwara Management Committee) official website.}}</ref><ref name="Mandair2013p35">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=35–37}}</ref><ref name="Fenech2014p36">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=36}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=271–272}}</ref> He was the son of a small but successful trader named Pheru Mal.<ref name=":8" /> His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi and Daya Kaur).<ref name="eos">{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Guru Angad |last1=McLeod |first1=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> His grandfather was named Baba Narayan Das Trehan.<ref name=":8" /> Like all the Sikh Gurus, Lehna came from [[Khatri]] caste and specifically the Trehan [[gotra]] (clan).<ref>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | page=xv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |page=189 |language=en |quote=LAHINA (1504–1552). A Trehan Khatri of Khadur who became a disci- ple of Nanak. He was later renamed Angad and succeeded Nanak as the Second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539.}}</ref> | |||
At age 16, | At age 16, Lehna married a Khatri girl named [[Khivi]] in January 1520. They had two sons, Datu (b. 1535) and Dasu (b. 1542), and one or two daughters, Amro (b. 1526) and Anokhi (b. 1535), depending on the primary sources.<ref name=eos/><ref name=":8" /> The entire family of his father had left their ancestral village in fear of the invasion of [[Babur]]'s armies. After this the family settled at [[Khadur Sahib]], a village by the [[River Beas]] near what is now [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]. | ||
Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher and priest | Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher of Khadur and a [[Hindu priest|priest]] at a [[Hindu temple|temple]] dedicated to the goddess [[Durga]].<ref name="Fenech2014p36"/><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18">{{cite book |author1=William Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA18 |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |pages=18–20 |quote=Guru Angad became a Sikh sometime after Guru Nanak settled at Kartarpur. He was a Khatri of the Trehan got, from the village of Matta di Sarai, in the Ferozepur district, who, on his marriage to Khivi, the daughter of a Khatri, moved to her village of Khadur where he became priest of the temple of Durga. He met the Guru with a group of villagers and decided to join him in Kartarpur. He and his family moved to be with him. He is said to have been born in 1504, but neither the date of his conversion nor that of his installation is known. He became Guru on the death of the first Master in 1539 and died in 1552.}}</ref><ref name=eos/><ref name=":8" /> His family had also been worshipers of Durga.<ref name=":8" /> He also embarked on many religious pilgrimages.<ref name=":8" /> On one of these pilgrimages, he happened to pass by the settlement of [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], that had been established by Nanak, on the way to his ultimate destination.<ref name=":8" /> It is said that a dialogue then occurred there between Lehna and Nanak, in-which the former was left with a deeply positive impression of the latter.<ref name=":8" /> Thereafter, Lehna remained at Kartarpur for six years serving his newfound spiritual master.<ref name=":8" /> | ||
Lehna in his late 20s sought out Guru Nanak, became his disciple, and displayed deep and loyal service to his [[Guru]] for about six to seven years in Kartarpur and renounced the Hindu way of life.<ref name="eos" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sikka|first1=A.S.|title=Complete Poetical Works of Ajit Singh Sikka|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distribution|page=951}}</ref> | |||
===Selection as successor=== | ===Selection as successor=== | ||
Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why | [[File:Gurdwara Baba Atal fresco 47.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Gaddi|Gurgadi ceremony]] of Angad being proclaimed as the next guru. Fresco from [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]], Amritsar.]] | ||
Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why Lehna was chosen by Guru Nanak over his own sons as his choice of successor. One of these stories is about a jug which fell into mud, and Nanak asked his sons to pick it up. Nanak's sons would not pick it up because it was too dirty or menial a task. Then he asked Lehna, who however picked it out of the mud, washed it clean, and presented it to Nanak full of water.<ref name="Cole 1978 18">{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen | author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London | isbn=0-7100-8842-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/18 18] | no-pp=true | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/18 }}</ref> Lehna was selected as the successor of Guru Nanak on 14 June 1539 but his formal installation ceremony occurred later that year on 7 September 1539.<ref name=":8" /> Nanak touched him and renamed him Angad (from ''Ang'', or part of the body) and named him as his successor and the second Guru on 7 September 1539.<ref name=eos/><ref name="Fenech2014p22">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=22}}</ref> | |||
After | After Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad unable to bear the separation from Nanak retired into a room in a disciple's house in a state of [[Vairagya]]. [[Baba Buddha]] later discovered him after a long search and requested him to return for Guruship.<ref name=":srigranth83">{{cite web|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib, ang 83|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&id=3336&Param=83#l3336}}</ref> The [[Gurbani]] uttered at the time, "Die before the one whom you love, to live after he dies is to live a worthless life in this world".<ref name=":srigranth83" /> | ||
[[File:Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920's. Published in the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh by Kahn Singh Nabha.jpg|thumb|Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920's. Published in the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh by Kahn Singh Nabha.]] | |||
Angad later left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). Post succession, at one point, very few Sikhs accepted Guru Angad as their leader while the sons of Nanak claimed to be the successors. Angad focused on the teachings of Nanak, and building the community through charitable works such as [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]].<ref name="Fenech2014p41">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=41–44}}</ref> | |||
===Relationship with the Mughal Empire=== | ===Relationship with the Mughal Empire=== | ||
The second [[Mughal | The second [[Mughal Emperor]] of India [[Humayun]] visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the [[Battle of Kannauj]], and thereby the Mughal throne to [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|last2=Fenech|first2=Louis|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780191004124|page=41|edition=First}}</ref> According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at [[Khadur Sahib]], Angad was sitting and teaching children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ajit |title=Suraj Prakash Granth part 5 ras 4 |date=2005 |isbn=81-7601-685-3 |page=177}}</ref> The failure to greet the Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time Humayun needed to fight, he had lost his throne and ran away. Now, the time that Humayun did not need to fight he sought to attack a person engaged in prayer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Gurpreet|title=Ten Masters|date=2001|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171829460|page=53}}</ref> In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne.<ref name="Fenech2014p41"/> | ||
===Death and successor=== | ===Death and successor=== | ||
[[File:Fresco of Guru Angad from above the entrance of the Baoli Sahib located in Goindwal.jpg|thumb|Fresco of the second Sikh Guru at Baoli Sahib, [[Goindval]]]] | |||
Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for | Before his death, Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominated [[Guru Amar Das]] as his successor. Amar Das was born into a Hindu family and had been reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into the [[Himalayas]], to [[Haridwar]] on river [[Ganges]]. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a ''[[sadhu]]'', or ascetic, who asked him why he did not have a [[guru]] (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and Amar Das decided to get one.<ref name=eosamardas/> On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of Angad who had married his brother's son, singing a hymn by Nanak.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29"/> Amar Das learnt from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met Angad in 1539, adopting Angad as his spiritual Guru, who was much younger than his own age.<ref name=eosamardas/> | ||
Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for Angad's bath, cleaned and cooked for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoted much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.<ref name=eosamardas/> Angad named Amar Das as his successor in 1552.<ref name=cole20/><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> Angad died on 29 March 1552.<ref name=eos/> After Angad's passing, the Sikh community's headquarters was shifted from Khadur to Goindwal by his successor, Guru Amardas, as Guru Angad's sons claimed their father's property at Khadur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |date=2021-04-03 |title=Ideological basis in the formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal: exploring the concept of Guru-Panth |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |issn=1744-8727 |s2cid=234146387 |url-access=subscription |quote=The second Guru, Angad (1504–1552), established a new Sikh center at his native village Khadur because Guru Nanak’s sons made the legal claim as rightful heirs of their father’s properties at Kartarpur. It confirmed an organizational principle – that the communal establishment at Kartarpur should not be considered a unique institution, but rather a model that could be cloned and imitated elsewhere. Similarly, the sons of Guru Angad inherited the establishment at Khadur, forcing his successor to move to Goindval (‘City of Govind’, an epithet of God) on the right bank of the river Beas.}}</ref> According to one story, Dattu, one of Angad's two sons, travelled to Amar Das' court and kicked the new guru as he was unhappy that the guruship went to Amar Das, with the guru responding in a humble manner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Surender Pal |date=19 July 2021 |title=Politics of the Sword Warrior Guru |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/politics-of-the-sword-warrior-guru |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Sikh Research Institute |quote=We can find many parallels to this response of the Guru in the Guru period itself; one example is of Guru Amardas Sahib. When Bhai Datu, the son of Guru Angad Sahib, did not like the fact that the Guruship went to Guru Amardas Sahib, he went to the court of Guru Amardas Sahib and kicked him. The devotees were shocked. However, the Guru got up and touched the feet of Bhai Datu with humility, saying that his bones have become hard due to his old age, and they must have hurt Bhai Datu’s tender feet. In addition, Guru Amardas Sahib left Goindwal, in all probability, to avoid further friction. He moved to his native village Basarke and started working for the growth and development of Sikhi from there.}}</ref> | |||
==Influence== | ==Influence== | ||
===Gurmukhi script=== | ===Gurmukhi script=== | ||
[[File: | [[File:Gurmukhi inscription claimed to have been handwritten by Guru Angad to teach children at Khadur Sahib the glyphs ūṛā to ṇāṇā, ca.1539–1552.jpg|thumb|Gurmukhi inscription claimed to have been handwritten by Guru Angad to teach children at Khadur Sahib the glyphs ''ūṛā'' to ''ṇāṇā'', ca.1539–1552]] | ||
Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with the [[Gurmukhi]] script, which is now the standard writing script for Punjabi language in India,<ref name=shacklexvii | Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with the [[Gurmukhi]] script, which is now the standard writing script for Punjabi language in India,<ref name="shacklexvii"/> in contrast to Punjabi language in Pakistan where now a Perso-Arabic script called [[Shahmukhi]] is the standard.<ref name="Bright1996p395">{{cite book|author1=Peter T. Daniels|author2=William Bright|title=The World's Writing Systems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7|page=395}}</ref> The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.<ref name=shacklexvii>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | pages=xvii–xviii}}</ref> | ||
Angad standardised and made improvements to the scripts of the region to create the Gurmukhi script.<ref>{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1993 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge, U.K. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indoaryan+languages|page=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|page=36}}</ref> Examples of possible forerunners of the script including at least one hymn written in acrostic form by Guru Nanak,<ref name=cole19>{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen | author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London | isbn=0-7100-8842-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/19 19] | no-pp=true | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/19 }}</ref> and its earlier history is yet to be fully determined.<ref name="JainCardona2007p594">{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ |date=26 July 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=594–596}}</ref> | |||
Angad also wrote 62 or 63 [[Salok]]s (compositions), which together constitute about one percent of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the primary scripture of Sikhism.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | page= xviii}}</ref> Rather than contribute hymns, Angad's importance was as a consolidator of Nanak's hymns.<ref name=cole19/> Angad would also supervise the writing down of Nanak's hymns by Bhai Paira Mokha and scrutinize the resulting compilation, preparing the way for a Sikh scripture, as well as the beginning of a vernacular Punjabi literature, as tradition holds that he may have also commissioned an account of Nanak's life from earlier disciples.<ref name=cole19/> The collection of hymns would also be increasingly important for the expanding community.<ref name=cole19/> | |||
Whilst the creation of the Gurmukhi script is commonly attributed to the second guru of the Sikhs, Guru Angad, according to Mangat Bhardwaj the Gurmukhi script or its antecedents pre-date the development of Sikhism by several centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhardwaj |first=Mangat |title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar |date=Aug 25, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317643265 |pages=380}}</ref> Sikh scholars themselves, such as [[Kahn Singh of Nabha]] (1930), [[G. B. Singh]] (1950), Piara Singh Padam (1954), and G. S. Sidhu (2004), have documented Gurmukhi prior to the arising of Sikhism.<ref name=":1" /> The glyphs and symbols employed in Gurmukhi pre-date Sikhism and it is more likely that Guru Angad standardized the pre-existing scripts around 1530–1535 to create the standard Gurmukhi script under the purview of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
===Langar and community work=== | ===Langar and community work=== | ||
Guru Angad is notable for | Guru Angad is notable for systematising the institution of [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] in all Sikh [[gurdwara]] premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a communal seating.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=319}}</ref> He also set the rules and training method for volunteers (''[[sevadar]]s'') who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/> | ||
Angad visited other places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He established new centres and thus strengthened its base.<ref name="Mandair2013p35"/> | |||
===''Mall Akhara''=== | ===''Mall Akhara''=== | ||
[[File:Page 111 - two Sikh wrestlers. Watercolour drawing.jpg|thumb|19th century watercolour of two Sikh wrestlers in a match.]] | |||
He founded many such ''Mall Akharas'' in many villages including a few in [[Khandur]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dogra|first1=R. C.|last2=Mansukhani|first2=Gobind|title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture|date=1995|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=9780706983685|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/18 18]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/18}}</ref> Typically the wrestling was done after [[Nitnem|daily prayers]] and also included games and light wrestling.<ref name="Calcutta">{{cite journal|author=Sikh Cultural Centre|title=Physical Fitness: Sangati Mal Akhara|journal=The Sikh Review|date=2004|volume=52|issue=1-6; Issues | Angad, being a great patron of [[wrestling]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Thomas|title=Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=9781598842432|page=286}}</ref> started a ''Mall [[Akhara]]'' (wrestling arena) system where physical exercises, martial arts, and wrestling was taught as well as health topics such as staying away from tobacco and other toxic substances.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Rajkumar|title=Second Sikh Guru: Shri Guru Angad Sahib Ji|date=2014|publisher=Lulu Press|isbn=9781312189553}}</ref><ref name="Troubador Publishing Ltd">{{cite book|last1=Chowdhry|first1=Mohindra|title=Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars|date=2018|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|location=Leicestershire|isbn=9781789010985|page=48}}</ref> He placed emphasis on keeping the body healthy and exercising daily.<ref name="Troubador Publishing Ltd"/> He founded many such ''Mall Akharas'' in many villages including a few in [[Khandur]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dogra|first1=R. C.|last2=Mansukhani|first2=Gobind|title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture|date=1995|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=9780706983685|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/18 18]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/18}}</ref> Typically the wrestling was done after [[Nitnem|daily prayers]] and also included games and light wrestling.<ref name="Calcutta">{{cite journal|author=Sikh Cultural Centre|title=Physical Fitness: Sangati Mal Akhara|journal=The Sikh Review|date=2004|volume=52|issue=1-6; Issues 601–606|page=94}}</ref> | ||
=== Biography of Nanak === | |||
[[File:Illustration of Guru Angad and Bhai Bala, with the Bhai Bala Janamsakhi being put into writing, lithograph print, from the 'Pothi Janam Sakhi Bhai Bale Ji Ki', circa mid-to-late-19th century.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Guru Angad and Bhai Bala, with the Bhai Bala Janamsakhi being put into writing, lithograph print, from the 'Pothi Janam Sakhi Bhai Bale Ji Ki', circa mid-to-late-19th century]] | |||
It is said that Guru Angad commissioned the compiling of a biography covering the life of his predecessor, Guru Nanak.<ref name=":8" /> However, the identity of the work and whether or not it ever existed or even survives to the present-day, is debated.<ref name=":8" /> Some believe the [[Janamsakhis|Bhai Bala Vali tradition of the Janamsakhi literature]] was the biography on Nanak ordered by Angad.<ref name=":8" /> | |||
== Literature == | |||
In-contrast to his predecessor, Guru Angad only left a small number of written works that he authored. Some ''[[Shloka|salok]]'' poetry found in the Guru Granth Sahib was authored by Angad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199699308 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |edition=1st |pages=109–124 |chapter=8: Survey of Literature in the Sikh Tradition |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref> | |||
== Gallery == | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Guru Nanak with Bhai Lehna, who is getting dirtied by carrying weeds overhead.jpg|Guru Nanak (left) with Bhai Lehna (right, who would later be known as Guru Angad). | |||
File:Guru Angad taking-leave of Guru Nanak, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi (life stories) 05.jpg|Guru Angad taking-leave of Guru Nanak, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi. | |||
File:Bhai Bala Recites the Life Story of Guru Nanak to Guru Angad and Onlookers.png|[[Bhai Bala]] (left) recites the life story of Guru Nanak to Guru Angad amid onlookers. Janamsakhi painting. | |||
File:Guru Angad painting.jpg|Miniature painting of Guru Angad. | |||
File:Guru Angad drawing from early 19th century.jpg|Guru Angad drawing from early 19th century. | |||
File:Guru Angad, the Second Sikh Guru (1504-52), Seated on a Terrace Beneath a Canopy With an Attendant.png|Guru Angad Seated on a Terrace Beneath a Canopy With an Attendant, Punjab Plains, circa 1830. | |||
File:Gurmukhi inscription handwritten by Guru Angad Dev, the second Sikh guru.jpg|Gurmukhi inscription handwritten by Guru Angad Dev | |||
</gallery> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 97: | Line 133: | ||
[[Category:Creators of writing systems]] | [[Category:Creators of writing systems]] | ||
[[Category:Sikh gurus|Angad]] | [[Category:Sikh gurus|Angad]] | ||
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]] | |||
[[Category:1552 deaths]] | [[Category:1552 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:1504 births]] | [[Category:1504 births]] | ||
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]] | [[Category:People from Punjab, India]] | ||
Latest revision as of 09:58, 24 March 2026
Guru Angad | |
|---|---|
ਗੁਰੂ ਅੰਗਦ | |
 Miniature painting depiction of Guru Angad | |
| Personal | |
| Born | Lehna 31 March 1504 |
| Died | 29 March 1552 (aged 47) |
| Religion | Sikhism |
| Spouse | Mata Khivi |
| Children | Baba Dasu (1521–1598) Baba Dattu (1524–1575) Bibi Amro (1529–1601) Bibi Anokhi (1531–1608) |
| Parents | Mata Ramo and Baba Pheru Mal |
| Known for | Standardising the Gurmukhi Script |
| Other names | Second Master Second Nanak |
| Religious career | |
| Based in | Khadur |
| Period in office | 1539–1552 |
| Predecessor | Guru Nanak |
| Successor | Guru Amar Das |
| Part of a series on |
| Sikhism |
|---|
 |
Guru Angad (31 March 1504 – 29 March 1552;[2] Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., pa) was the second of the ten Sikh gurus of Sikhism. After meeting Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, becoming a Sikh, and serving and working with Nanak for many years, Nanak gave Lehna the name Angad ("my own limb"),[3] and chose Angad as the second Sikh Guru.[4][5][6]
After the death of Nanak in 1539, Angad led the Sikh tradition.[7][8] He is remembered in Sikhism for adopting and formalising the Gurmukhi alphabet.[9][5] He began the process of compiling the hymns of Nanak and contributed 62 or 63 Saloks of his own.[5] Instead of his own son, he chose his disciple Amar Das as his successor and the third Guru of Sikhism.[7][8]
Biography[edit | edit source]
Early life[edit | edit source]
Angad was born on 31 March 1504 with the birth name of Lehna (also transliterated as Lahina) in the village of Matte-di-Sarai (now Sarainaga) in Muktsar district of the Punjab region.[10][9][4][11] He was the son of a small but successful trader named Pheru Mal.[11] His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi and Daya Kaur).[2] His grandfather was named Baba Narayan Das Trehan.[11] Like all the Sikh Gurus, Lehna came from Khatri caste and specifically the Trehan gotra (clan).[12][13]
At age 16, Lehna married a Khatri girl named Khivi in January 1520. They had two sons, Datu (b. 1535) and Dasu (b. 1542), and one or two daughters, Amro (b. 1526) and Anokhi (b. 1535), depending on the primary sources.[2][11] The entire family of his father had left their ancestral village in fear of the invasion of Babur's armies. After this the family settled at Khadur Sahib, a village by the River Beas near what is now Tarn Taran.
Before becoming a disciple of Guru Nanak and following the Sikh way of life as Angad, Lehna was a religious teacher of Khadur and a priest at a temple dedicated to the goddess Durga.[4][5][2][11] His family had also been worshipers of Durga.[11] He also embarked on many religious pilgrimages.[11] On one of these pilgrimages, he happened to pass by the settlement of Kartarpur, that had been established by Nanak, on the way to his ultimate destination.[11] It is said that a dialogue then occurred there between Lehna and Nanak, in-which the former was left with a deeply positive impression of the latter.[11] Thereafter, Lehna remained at Kartarpur for six years serving his newfound spiritual master.[11]
Lehna in his late 20s sought out Guru Nanak, became his disciple, and displayed deep and loyal service to his Guru for about six to seven years in Kartarpur and renounced the Hindu way of life.[2][14]
Selection as successor[edit | edit source]
Several stories in the Sikh tradition describe reasons why Lehna was chosen by Guru Nanak over his own sons as his choice of successor. One of these stories is about a jug which fell into mud, and Nanak asked his sons to pick it up. Nanak's sons would not pick it up because it was too dirty or menial a task. Then he asked Lehna, who however picked it out of the mud, washed it clean, and presented it to Nanak full of water.[15] Lehna was selected as the successor of Guru Nanak on 14 June 1539 but his formal installation ceremony occurred later that year on 7 September 1539.[11] Nanak touched him and renamed him Angad (from Ang, or part of the body) and named him as his successor and the second Guru on 7 September 1539.[2][16]
After Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad unable to bear the separation from Nanak retired into a room in a disciple's house in a state of Vairagya. Baba Buddha later discovered him after a long search and requested him to return for Guruship.[17] The Gurbani uttered at the time, "Die before the one whom you love, to live after he dies is to live a worthless life in this world".[17]
Angad later left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). Post succession, at one point, very few Sikhs accepted Guru Angad as their leader while the sons of Nanak claimed to be the successors. Angad focused on the teachings of Nanak, and building the community through charitable works such as langar.[18]
Relationship with the Mughal Empire[edit | edit source]
The second Mughal Emperor of India Humayun visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the Battle of Kannauj, and thereby the Mughal throne to Sher Shah Suri.[19] According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at Khadur Sahib, Angad was sitting and teaching children.[20] The failure to greet the Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time Humayun needed to fight, he had lost his throne and ran away. Now, the time that Humayun did not need to fight he sought to attack a person engaged in prayer.[21] In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne.[18]
Death and successor[edit | edit source]
Before his death, Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominated Guru Amar Das as his successor. Amar Das was born into a Hindu family and had been reputed to have gone on some twenty pilgrimages into the Himalayas, to Haridwar on river Ganges. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a sadhu, or ascetic, who asked him why he did not have a guru (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and Amar Das decided to get one.[7] On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of Angad who had married his brother's son, singing a hymn by Nanak.[22] Amar Das learnt from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met Angad in 1539, adopting Angad as his spiritual Guru, who was much younger than his own age.[7]
Amar Das displayed relentless devotion and service to Guru Angad. Sikh tradition states that he woke up in the early hours to fetch water for Angad's bath, cleaned and cooked for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoted much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.[7] Angad named Amar Das as his successor in 1552.[8][22][23] Angad died on 29 March 1552.[2] After Angad's passing, the Sikh community's headquarters was shifted from Khadur to Goindwal by his successor, Guru Amardas, as Guru Angad's sons claimed their father's property at Khadur.[24] According to one story, Dattu, one of Angad's two sons, travelled to Amar Das' court and kicked the new guru as he was unhappy that the guruship went to Amar Das, with the guru responding in a humble manner.[25]
Influence[edit | edit source]
Gurmukhi script[edit | edit source]
Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with the Gurmukhi script, which is now the standard writing script for Punjabi language in India,[26] in contrast to Punjabi language in Pakistan where now a Perso-Arabic script called Shahmukhi is the standard.[27] The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.[26]
Angad standardised and made improvements to the scripts of the region to create the Gurmukhi script.[28][29] Examples of possible forerunners of the script including at least one hymn written in acrostic form by Guru Nanak,[30] and its earlier history is yet to be fully determined.[31]
Angad also wrote 62 or 63 Saloks (compositions), which together constitute about one percent of the Guru Granth Sahib, the primary scripture of Sikhism.[32] Rather than contribute hymns, Angad's importance was as a consolidator of Nanak's hymns.[30] Angad would also supervise the writing down of Nanak's hymns by Bhai Paira Mokha and scrutinize the resulting compilation, preparing the way for a Sikh scripture, as well as the beginning of a vernacular Punjabi literature, as tradition holds that he may have also commissioned an account of Nanak's life from earlier disciples.[30] The collection of hymns would also be increasingly important for the expanding community.[30]
Whilst the creation of the Gurmukhi script is commonly attributed to the second guru of the Sikhs, Guru Angad, according to Mangat Bhardwaj the Gurmukhi script or its antecedents pre-date the development of Sikhism by several centuries.[33] Sikh scholars themselves, such as Kahn Singh of Nabha (1930), G. B. Singh (1950), Piara Singh Padam (1954), and G. S. Sidhu (2004), have documented Gurmukhi prior to the arising of Sikhism.[33] The glyphs and symbols employed in Gurmukhi pre-date Sikhism and it is more likely that Guru Angad standardized the pre-existing scripts around 1530–1535 to create the standard Gurmukhi script under the purview of Guru Nanak.[33]
Langar and community work[edit | edit source]
Guru Angad is notable for systematising the institution of langar in all Sikh gurdwara premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a communal seating.[9][34] He also set the rules and training method for volunteers (sevadars) who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.[9]
Angad visited other places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He established new centres and thus strengthened its base.[9]
Mall Akhara[edit | edit source]
Angad, being a great patron of wrestling,[35] started a Mall Akhara (wrestling arena) system where physical exercises, martial arts, and wrestling was taught as well as health topics such as staying away from tobacco and other toxic substances.[36][37] He placed emphasis on keeping the body healthy and exercising daily.[37] He founded many such Mall Akharas in many villages including a few in Khandur.[38] Typically the wrestling was done after daily prayers and also included games and light wrestling.[39]
Biography of Nanak[edit | edit source]
It is said that Guru Angad commissioned the compiling of a biography covering the life of his predecessor, Guru Nanak.[11] However, the identity of the work and whether or not it ever existed or even survives to the present-day, is debated.[11] Some believe the Bhai Bala Vali tradition of the Janamsakhi literature was the biography on Nanak ordered by Angad.[11]
Literature[edit | edit source]
In-contrast to his predecessor, Guru Angad only left a small number of written works that he authored. Some salok poetry found in the Guru Granth Sahib was authored by Angad.[40]
Gallery[edit | edit source]
-
Guru Nanak (left) with Bhai Lehna (right, who would later be known as Guru Angad). -
Guru Angad taking-leave of Guru Nanak, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi. -
Bhai Bala (left) recites the life story of Guru Nanak to Guru Angad amid onlookers. Janamsakhi painting. -
Miniature painting of Guru Angad. -
Guru Angad drawing from early 19th century. -
Guru Angad Seated on a Terrace Beneath a Canopy With an Attendant, Punjab Plains, circa 1830. -
Gurmukhi inscription handwritten by Guru Angad Dev
_05.jpg)
,_Seated_on_a_Terrace_Beneath_a_Canopy_With_an_Attendant.png)
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 McLeod, W.H. "Guru Angad". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Punjabi. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ↑ Clarke, Peter B.; Beyer, Peter (2009). The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 565. ISBN 9781135210991.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4.
Guru Angad became a Sikh sometime after Guru Nanak settled at Kartarpur. He was a Khatri of the Trehan got, from the village of Matta di Sarai, in the Ferozepur district, who, on his marriage to Khivi, the daughter of a Khatri, moved to her village of Khadur where he became priest of the temple of Durga. He met the Guru with a group of villagers and decided to join him in Kartarpur. He and his family moved to be with him. He is said to have been born in 1504, but neither the date of his conversion nor that of his installation is known. He became Guru on the death of the first Master in 1539 and died in 1552.
- ↑ Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. xiii–xiv. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Kushwant Singh. "Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjab University Patiala. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-1-4411-0231-7.
- ↑ "Guru Angad Sahib (Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji)". SGPC (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)(Supreme Gurdwara Management Committee) official website.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 Jain, Harish C. (2003). The Making of Punjab. Unistar Books. pp. 271–272.
- ↑ Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. xv. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
- ↑ Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (11 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
LAHINA (1504–1552). A Trehan Khatri of Khadur who became a disci- ple of Nanak. He was later renamed Angad and succeeded Nanak as the Second Guru of the Sikhs in 1539.
- ↑ Sikka, A.S. (2003). Complete Poetical Works of Ajit Singh Sikka. Atlantic Publishers and Distribution. p. 951.
- ↑ Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 18. ISBN 0-7100-8842-6.
- ↑ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Sri Guru Granth Sahib, ang 83".
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–44. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
- ↑ Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780191004124.
- ↑ Singh, Ajit (2005). Suraj Prakash Granth part 5 ras 4. p. 177. ISBN 81-7601-685-3.
- ↑ Singh, Gurpreet (2001). Ten Masters. New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 53. ISBN 9788171829460.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
- ↑ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. pp. 14–17, 52–56. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
- ↑ Singh, Pashaura (3 April 2021). "Ideological basis in the formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal: exploring the concept of Guru-Panth". Sikh Formations. 17 (1–2): 3–4. doi:10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656. ISSN 1744-8727. S2CID 234146387.
The second Guru, Angad (1504–1552), established a new Sikh center at his native village Khadur because Guru Nanak's sons made the legal claim as rightful heirs of their father's properties at Kartarpur. It confirmed an organizational principle – that the communal establishment at Kartarpur should not be considered a unique institution, but rather a model that could be cloned and imitated elsewhere. Similarly, the sons of Guru Angad inherited the establishment at Khadur, forcing his successor to move to Goindval ('City of Govind', an epithet of God) on the right bank of the river Beas.
- ↑ Singh, Surender Pal (19 July 2021). "Politics of the Sword Warrior Guru". Sikh Research Institute. Retrieved 24 March 2026.
We can find many parallels to this response of the Guru in the Guru period itself; one example is of Guru Amardas Sahib. When Bhai Datu, the son of Guru Angad Sahib, did not like the fact that the Guruship went to Guru Amardas Sahib, he went to the court of Guru Amardas Sahib and kicked him. The devotees were shocked. However, the Guru got up and touched the feet of Bhai Datu with humility, saying that his bones have become hard due to his old age, and they must have hurt Bhai Datu's tender feet. In addition, Guru Amardas Sahib left Goindwal, in all probability, to avoid further friction. He moved to his native village Basarke and started working for the growth and development of Sikhi from there.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. xvii–xviii. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
- ↑ Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
- ↑ Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
- ↑ Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4411-0231-7.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 19. ISBN 0-7100-8842-6.
- ↑ Danesh Jain; George Cardona (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 594–596. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
- ↑ Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. xviii. ISBN 0-415-26604-1.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 380. ISBN 9781317643265.
- ↑ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
- ↑ Green, Thomas (2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 286. ISBN 9781598842432.
- ↑ Sharma, Rajkumar (2014). Second Sikh Guru: Shri Guru Angad Sahib Ji. Lulu Press. ISBN 9781312189553.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Chowdhry, Mohindra (2018). Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars. Leicestershire: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 48. ISBN 9781789010985.
- ↑ Dogra, R. C.; Mansukhani, Gobind (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture. Vikas Publishing House. p. 18. ISBN 9780706983685.
- ↑ Sikh Cultural Centre (2004). "Physical Fitness: Sangati Mal Akhara". The Sikh Review. 52 (1–6, Issues 601–606): 94.
- ↑ Shackle, Christopher (2014). "8: Survey of Literature in the Sikh Tradition". In Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 109–124. ISBN 9780199699308.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY (in English) in 10 volumes, especially volume 1 (published by Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2009–2011).
- Sikh Gurus, Their Lives and Teachings, K.S. Duggal
External links[edit | edit source]
| Preceded by Guru Nanak |
Sikh Guru 7 September 1539 – 26 March 1552 |
Succeeded by Guru Amar Das |